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GIS for coastal zone management 1st Edition Darius J.
Bartlett Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Darius J. Bartlett, Jennifer L. Smith
ISBN(s): 0415319722
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 GIS
for
Coastal Zone
Management
 GIS
for
Coastal Zone
Management

Edited by
Darius Bartlett and
Jennifer Smith

CRC PR E S S
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
TF1714 disclaimer.fm Page 1 Tuesday, June 29, 2004 8:58 AM

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

CoastGIS '01 Conference (2001 : Halifax, N.S.)

GIS for coastal zone management / edited by Darius J. Bartlett and Jennifer L. Smith.
p. cm.
Includes updated and edited presentations made to the CoastGIS '01 Conference in
Halifax, Canada 18-20 June 2001.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-31972-2
1. Coast changes—Congresses. 2. Environmental mapping—Congresses. 3. Coastal zone
management—Congresses. 4. Geographic information systems—Congresses. I. Bartlett,
Darius J., 1955- II. Smith, Jennifer L. III. Title.

GB450.2.C625 2001
333.91'7'0285-dc22 2004050302

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
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No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 0-415-31972-2
Library of Congress Card Number 2004050302
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
 Contents
Foreword ix
Ron Furness and Andy Sherin

Preface xiii
Darius Bartlett and Jennifer Smith

Contributors xv

Chapter One 1
Coastal Spatial Data Infrastructure
Roger A. Longhorn

Chapter Two 17
Bridging the Land-Sea Divide Through Digital Technologies
Simon Gomm

Chapter Three 27
A Comparative Study of Shoreline Mapping Techniques
Ron Li, Kaichang Di and Ruijin Ma

Chapter Four 35
Monitoring Coastal Environments Using Remote Sensing
and GIS
Paul S.Y. Pan

Chapter Five 51
Spatial Uncertainty in Marine and Coastal GIS
Eleanor Bruce

Chapter Six 63
New Directions for Coastal and Marine Monitoring: Web Mapping
and Mobile Application Technologies
Sam Ng'ang'a Macharia

Chapter Seven 77
Exploring the Optimum Spatial Resolution for Satellite Imagery:
A Coastal Area Case Study
Chul-sue Hwang and Cha Yong Ku
vi GIS for Coastal Zone Management

Chapter Eight 95
Visualisation for Coastal Zone Management
Simon R. Jude, Andrew P. Jones and Julian E. Andrews

Chapter Nine 109

Application of a Decision Support System in the Development of a
Hydrodynamic Model for a Coastal Area
Roberto Mayerle and Fernando Toro

Chapter Ten 125

Decision-Making in the Coastal Zone Using Hydrodynamic Modelling
with a GIS Interface
Jacques Populus, Lionel Loubersac, Jean-François Le Roux, Frank
Dumas, Valerie Cummins, and Gerry Sutton

Chapter Eleven 141

Towards an Institutional GIS for the Iroise Sea (France)
Françoise Gourmelon and Iwan Le Berre

Chapter Twelve 153

Culture Intermixing, the Diffusion of GIS and its Application to
Coastal Management in Developing Countries
Darius Bartlett and R. Sudarshana

Chapter Thirteen 165

The Use of GIS to Enhance Communications of Cultural and Natural
Resources and Contamination
John A. Lindsay, Thomas J. Simon, Aquilina D. Lestenkof and Phillip A.
Zavadil

Chapter Fourteen 181

GIS Applications in Coastal Management: A View from the
Developing World
Peter C. Nwilo

Chapter Fifteen 195

High-Resolution Elevation and Image Data Within the Bay of Fundy
Coastal Zone, Nova Scotia, Canada
Tim Webster, Montfield Christian, Charles Sangster
and Dennis Kingston

Chapter Sixteen 219

Mapping and Analysing Historical Shoreline Changes Using GIS
Courtney A. Schupp, E. Robert Thieler and James F. O’Connell
Contents vii

Chapter Seventeen 229

GIS for Assessing Land-Based Activities that Pollute Coastal
Environments
J.I. Euán-Avila, M.A. Liceaga-Correa and H. Rodríguez-Sánchez

Chapter Eighteen 239

Applying the Geospatial Technologies to Estuary Environments
David R. Green and Stephen D. King

Chapter Nineteen 257

A Territorial Information System (TIS) for the Management of the
Seine Estuary – Environmental and Management Applications
Jean-Côme Bourcier

Chapter Twenty 269

Developing an Environmental Oil Spill Sensitivity Atlas for the West
Greenland Coastal Zone
Anders Mosbech, David Boertmann, Louise Grøndahl, Frants von Platen,
Søren S. Nielsen, Niels Nielsen, Morten Rasch and Hans Kapel

Chapter Twenty-one 281

Environment Canada’s Atlantic Sensitivity Mapping Program
André Laflamme, Stéphane R. Leblanc and Roger J. Percy

Epilogue: Meeting the Needs of Integrated Coastal Zone Management 295

Jennifer L. Smith and Darius J. Bartlett

Index 301
 Foreword

The material presented in this volume comprises updated and edited presentations
first made to the CoastGIS’01 Conference conducted in Halifax, Canada between
the 18th and 20th June 2001 together with chapters commissioned by the Editors.

The CoastGIS series of conferences have been the outcome of a fruitful

collaboration between the International Geographical Union’s Commission on
Coastal Systems and the International Cartographic Association’s Commission on
Marine Cartography. Generally entitled “International Symposium on GIS and
Computer Mapping for Coastal Zone Management” we have seen five successful
CoastGIS conferences held over this decade-long collaboration.

These conferences were held in Ireland (Cork, 1995), Scotland (Aberdeen, 1997),
France (Brest, 1999) Canada (Halifax, 2001) and Italy (Genoa, 2003). A closely
allied CoastalGIS conference was conducted in Wollongong, Australia in July
2003. Future conferences are planned for Scotland, Australia and Barbados.

At the first meeting in Cork, we had the honour of being addressed in a keynote
presentation by Lord Chorley, who referred in his address to the House of
Commons Environment Select Committee’s 1992 Report on coastal zone
protection and planning. Reflecting on the findings of that Report, Lord Chorley
was then struck by three main points.

“First, it is only in recent years that the coastal zone has been recognised as one
important topic in its own right. Second, the huge range of relevant aspects or
considerations. (Thirdly): the huge number of agencies involved, often with
overlapping and perhaps incompatible responsibilities, jurisdictions and
objectives.”

These themes have recurred throughout the conferences that followed.

Halifax 2001

CoastGIS’01 was convened in Halifax, Canada, at Saint Mary’s University

between 18th – 20th June 2001. The conference attracted over 150 delegates from
the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia who presented 36 oral
presentations and live demonstrations in a single stream format and 50 posters.
The theme selected by the 2001 Science Committee was “Managing the
Interfaces,” a theme with a multitude of possible interpretations. Overall, the shift
in emphasis towards integration of systems for coastal management and the
x GIS for Coastal Zone Management

growing interest in coastal spatial data infrastructures were especially in evidence

at this meeting. So too was the international dimension of coastal GIS.

Notably, for the first time, financial assistance from the Canadian International
Development Agency and the Geomatics Association of Nova Scotia permitted
CoastGIS 2001 to fund ten delegates from the developing world to participate in
the conference. Two chapters in the book result from this initiative (those by
Nwilo and Euán-Avila et al.).

CoastGIS 2001 also instituted demonstrations of live GIS systems. Three chapters
in this volume arose from this innovation (Laflamme et al., Mosbech et al. and
Bourcier). There were field trips to Nova Scotia Community College's Centre for
Geographical Sciences in the Annapolis Valley and to the Bay of Fundy, where we
considered the coastal issues facing a region that experiences the highest tides in
the world.

This setting drove home the dynamic nature of the coastal zone interface of land,
sea and air. Within this framework, several of the conference presentations that
evolved into chapters in this volume deal with the dynamics of the coastal zone,
while others address approaches to bridging the land-sea divide.

Many presentations at the Halifax gathering focused on the need for an effective
interface amongst the range of participants and stakeholders involved in coastal
management. The chapters in this volume that describe applications and case
studies and those that include traditional ecological knowledge demonstrate the
impact of effective communication between these parties.

The use of increasingly advanced technologies in the coastal zone (notably remote
sensing, web mapping and mobile application technologies, visualization
techniques, and LiDAR) to support research and management was a highlight of
the conference and is detailed in several chapters.

The reader will no doubt be well aware of the amazing developments of GIS
capability over the last decade in particular. Nonetheless, the development of
standards, formats and data models together with the sheer genius of GIS
technological developments and ultimate cost effectiveness are perhaps still
hampered by the paucity of available data sets. At CoastGIS 2001, the
development of spatial data infrastructures was highlighted. Susan Lambert, then
the Executive Director of the Kentucky Office of Geographic Information and now
with the United States Geological Survey, presented a keynote lecture on the
development of the GeoData Alliance, a nonprofit organization open to all
individuals and institutions committed to using geographic information to improve
the health of our communities, our economies and the Earth. A presentation was
also made on Canada's Marine Geospatial Data Infrastructure. The Editors of this
volume invited Roger Longhorn to summarize the progress in the development of
coastal spatial data infrastructures for this volume.
Foreword xi

Genoa 2003 and beyond

One advantage the authors have in writing this Foreword is being able to do it
immediately after the successful conclusion of this successful conference, which
ran from October 16 to 18, 2003. Exploration of the SDI theme continued at the
2003 CoastGIS conference held in Genoa, Italy. At this gathering emphasis was
placed upon many of the non-science and non-technology issues that continue to
adversely impact the success and long-term sustainability of many coastal zone
projects and wider coastal zone monitoring initiatives at national and regional
levels due to barriers to the access to data and information.

In summarizing the outcomes of the Genoa conference on behalf of the Scientific

Committee, Roger Longhorn noted that virtually all presentations had covered
coastal zone research, monitoring or management work in a single nation, often in
a single sub-national region. Very few therefore faced the added difficulties that
can arise when trying to locate, access, understand and agree on the usage and
dissemination terms for data from owners outside not only one’s own discipline,
but outside one’s national legislative infrastructure for information use. The
ocean, as Longhorn pointed out, has a “nasty” way of connecting one piece of
coastline to another, and neither the ocean nor the physical coastline show any
respect for national boundaries and differing jurisdictions.

Some of the key points highlighted by different members of the Scientific

Committee at a meeting held on the last day of the conference included the
following:

1. We need political champions to help guard our interests in seeing that coastal
information needs are not forgotten as larger national and regional (trans-national)
spatial data infrastructure (SDI) frameworks are created.

2. GIS in the coastal zone is certainly about supporting “science work”, but there
are also non-scientific and non-technical issues to be considered, hence the need
for a policy level of collaboration.

3. Data usability is a key concern and continues to require both research and
information management focus for continued development of ways to harmonise
data for wider use.

4. Information infrastructure developments are needed that permit easier discovery

of existing data and use of data once located, in a variety of forms, from multiple
data owners or custodians.

5. We need to find ways to engage stakeholders (data creators, custodians and

users) even more widely in the data management and access issues.

With the launch of the EU Water Framework Directive in 2000, to be fully

implemented by December 2003 in all EU Member States, we have seen the first
institutionalized, regional (trans-national) legal requirement that GIS be used in
xii GIS for Coastal Zone Management

monitoring the implementation of a major EU policy, and one of extremely high

importance on a global level - i.e., maintaining good quality water resources in
river basins, groundwater, coastal zones and the off-shore transitional waters
leading to the coastal zone. In all likelihood this is only the first such legal
requirement that we will see coming from major international institutions for use
of spatial information and GIS tools for planning and monitoring purposes.

Therefore, coastal GIS practitioners need to address their next efforts towards
effective usability of coastal knowledge (not just coastal data) as a major
contribution to regional planning and monitoring, even at transnational level. In
regard to this perceived need, two issues arise:

1. The landscape/seascape paradigm offers a comprehensive perspective of both

the physical and human/cultural aspects and their interaction, defining the present
state and heritage. At the European level, the European Landscape Convention
(2000) may be assumed as a reference for Coastal GIS attuned for Administration
in the governance, planning and design phases. Definition of relationships with
non-European landscape policies should be sought.

2. The operation of data, jointly with the implementation of data infrastructures,

may be regarded as a chief subject for GIS optimisation. It is hoped to create a link
with the running global and pan-European initiatives and/or policies by offering a
contribution for Data Infrastructure Profiles suitable for coastal GIS and or
promoting these achievements towards non-GIS and non-ICAM specialists,
addressing the concerned stakeholders in public administration and industry.

The legal requirement to use GIS for monitoring the Water Framework Directive,
and the implied directive to use GIS to monitor the EU ICZM Recommendation
both focus on primarily physical data, i.e., coastal or benthic flora and fauna,
geomorphology, etc. Yet for wider planning and monitoring purposes, many
administrative and non-physical data sources will be needed. These must somehow
be accommodated by the evolving coastal SDI.

As we write, it is fairly clear that CoastGIS as a gathering will be around for the
foreseeable future. Perhaps the main intangible, but nonetheless very real, benefit
from the series of gatherings has been the camaraderie and consequent networking
of many of the main contributors. However, as researchers and practitioners we
all need more tangible records of these significant events. We trust that the
presentation of part of the ongoing record in this volume will contribute to the
development and improvement of coastal zone management around the globe.

Ron Furness – Chair, International Cartographic Association Commission on

Marine Cartography
Andy Sherin – Chair, CoastGIS 2001 Science Committee, Co-chair of the
CoastGIS 2001 Organizing Committee and Coastal Information Specialist,
Geological Survey of Canada
Sydney and Ottawa, 13th November 2003
 Preface

Darius Bartlett and Jennifer Smith

This book has arisen out of a decade-long collaborative initiative between the
Commission on Marine Cartography of the International Cartographic Association
and the Commission on Coastal Systems of the International Geographical Union,
and manifested in the series of conferences known as the CoastGIS Symposia.
The first CoastGIS meeting was held in Cork, Ireland, in February 1995. Since
then, successive events have taken place in Aberdeen, Scotland (1997), Brest,
France (1999) and Halifax, Nova Scotia (2001). The majority of chapters
presented in the pages that follow had their origins in papers presented at the
Halifax meeting, supplemented by a selection of additional contributions
commissioned by the editors specifically for this volume.
Previous volumes have focused on GIS research in the marine and coastal
realms (Wright and Bartlett, 2000) and on the application of GIS to oceanography
and fisheries (Valavanis, 2002). The current volume is, to the best of our
knowledge, the first to focus specifically on the role of GIS in integrated coastal
zone management. We hope it will provide guidance, inspiration, encouragement
and, where merited, a degree of caution, for all those tasked with the stewardship
of the world’s coasts, as well as for those whose interests are more academic and
research-oriented.
The wide diversity of perspectives that can and must be brought to bear on
the challenge of coastal zone management is reflected in the range and
organisation of chapters in this book. Thus the opening chapters focus on technical
issues, ranging from the incorporation of GIS within wider information
infrastructures to techniques of visualisation, the importance of error and
uncertainty in coastal databases, and the interfacing of GIS with simulation and
process models. This is followed by a number of chapters that step back from
technology, and which seek to put coastal zone GIS into a more human context,
particularly through examination of cultural issues and exploration of techniques
for incorporating traditional ecological knowledge within GIS-enabled coastal
management regimes; and, finally, attention focuses on the use of GIS to historic
shoreline change analysis, the application of geomatics to estuary management,
xiv GIS for Coastal Zone Management

and to better understanding and management of environmentally sensitive

shorelines.
We are particularly delighted that contributions to this volume have come
from each of the inhabited continents of the world, namely from Africa, Asia,
Australia, Europe and North and South America. The diversity of perspectives on
coastal management arising from the cultural and professional backgrounds of the
authors, and also from the range of geographic locations used in the case studies
and applications reported on, underscores the truly international dimension of
coastal management today.
As always, compilation of an edited collection of papers depends on the
support, encouragement and assistance of a vast number of people who have
worked “behind the scenes.” It is, of course, a pleasure to thank the authors who
have contributed chapters to the book, and who have borne with cheerful patience
the many demands – some reasonable, some perhaps less so – of the editors. We
also acknowledge with gratitude the support of the International Geographical
Union and the International Cartographic Association.
On an individual level, to merely “thank” Ron Furness and Andy Sherin
seems woefully inadequate: it is no exaggeration to say that, without the sustained
friendship and cheerful encouragement of both these gentlemen, this volume
simply would never have seen the light of day. No less valued was the
encouragement of our friends and colleagues on the International CoastGIS
Scientific Committee, past and present.
Closer to home, Darius Bartlett wishes to thank friends and colleagues within
the Geography Department and the Coastal and Marine Resources Centre at
University College Cork; his postgraduate students for their lively discussions and
thought-provoking questions; and, above all Mary-Anne, Becky and dog Jessa for
putting up with my irregular hours, my absences from home and my all-too-
frequent neglect of domestic duties and responsibilities. For her part, Jennifer
Smith would like to thank Andy Sherin and the Canadian CoastGIS committee
who facilitated her involvement in this project.
Finally, both authors acknowledge with gratitude the assistance, support and
guidance of Tony Moore at Taylor & Francis in London and Randi Cohen and Jay
Margolis at CRC Press in Florida, who helped steer production of this volume
from conception through all stages of publication to its final appearance on
booksellers’ shelves.

REFERENCES

Valavanis, V. D., 2002, Geographic Information Systems in Oceanography and

Fisheries, (London: Taylor and Francis).

Wright, D.J. and Bartlett, D.J., 2000, Marine and Coastal Geographical
Information Systems. (London: Taylor and Francis).
 Contributors

THE EDITORS

Darius Bartlett
Department of Geography, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. Phone: +353
21 4902835;
Fax: +353 21 4902190; e-mail: [email protected]

Darius Bartlett first encountered GIS as a postgraduate student at Edinburgh

University in about 1982, and has been researching and writing on conceptual,
institutional and related issues arising out of coastal zone applications of GIS since
the mid-1980s. More recently, he has started investigating the incorporation of
marine and coastal areas into SDI initiatives, issues surrounding the diffusion to
and use of GIS in the Developing World, and use of GIS by community groups,
voluntary organisations and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). An avid
traveller, he has so far visited over 65 countries around the world, and looks
forward to visiting the remainder in due course. He is a Member of the
International Geographical Union's Commission on Coastal Systems; and was one
of the founder organisers of the CoastGIS series of biannual conferences.

Jennifer L. Smith
World Wildlife Fund Canada, Atlantic Office, Suite 1202, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada, B3J 1P3. Phone: (902) 482-1105; Fax: (902) 482-1107; e-mail:
[email protected]

Jennifer Smith manages the application of GIS in conservation planning for World
Wildlife Fund Canada’s Marine Program. She holds an Honours degree in
Geography from McGill University, Montreal. Her interests in work and studies
have focused on environmental monitoring, change in ecological systems, seagrass
ecosystems, developing areas and GIS-based decision support for protected areas
network design.
xvi GIS for Coastal Zone Management

THE AUTHORS

Roger A. Longhorn
[email protected]

Roger Longhorn is an independent ICT policy consultant who holds B.Sc. and
M.Sc. degrees in Ocean Engineering and Shipping Management from M.I.T,
Cambridge, MA, USA. After more than a decade of implementing marine
information systems for global maritime clients, in 1989 Roger became an external
ICT expert to the European Commission, where since 1992 he focused on GIS
technology and markets in the evolving Information Society. His special area of
interest is GIS applied to the coastal zone. Currently a Ph.D. candidate in
Information Policy at City University, London, his research focuses on regional
spatial data infrastructures.

Simon Gomm
Ordnance Survey, Romsey Road, Southampton. SO16 4GU. UK. Phone: (+44)023
80305149

Simon has worked for Ordnance Survey in a variety of roles including

geodetic surveying and data quality assurance and is now a Senior Research
Leader where he is responsible for coordinating research on topics related
to the capture, maintenance and use of spatial data.

Rongxing (Ron) Li
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, The
Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH
43210-1275, Tel. (614) 292-6946, Fax. (614) 292-2957; e-mail: [email protected],
http://shoreline.eng.ohio-state.edu

Dr. Ron Li is a professor at the Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering

and Geodetic Science of The Ohio State University. His research interests include
digital mapping, coastal and marine GIS, spatial data structure, Mars Rover
localization and landing site mapping.

Kaichang Di
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, The
Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH
43210-1275, Tel. (614) 292-4303, Fax. (614) 292-2957; e-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Kaichang Di is a research associate at the Department of Civil &

Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science of The Ohio State University.
His current research interests are coastal mapping using high-resolution satellite
imagery, Mars Rover localization and landing site mapping.
Contributors xvii

Ruijin Ma
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science, The
Ohio State University, 470 Hitchcock Hall, 2070 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH
43210-1275, Tel. (614) 292-4950, Fax. (614) 292-2957; e-mail: [email protected]

Mr. Ruijin Ma is a Ph.D. candidate at the Department of Civil & Environmental

Engineering and Geodetic Science of The Ohio State University. His current
research interests are coastal mapping and GIS, 3D model reconstruction from
LiDAR and photographs, and remote sensing applications.

Paul Pan
62 Llanishen Street, Cardiff, CF 14 3QD, United Kingdom; e-mail:
[email protected]

Paul Pan was the Principal Investigator for a number of innovative coastal
monitoring projects in South Wales. He lectured and researched on GIS with the
University of Wales, Swansea and Cardiff University for over 10 years. Paul now
works as an independent consultant

Eleanor Bruce
School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
Phone: +61 2 9351 6443; Fax: +61 2 9351 3644; e-mail:
[email protected]

Eleanor Bruce is a senior lecturer in the School of Geosciences at the University of

Sydney. She teaches GIS, coastal management and advanced spatial data
analysis. Her research interests include the use of GIS for marine park zoning,
nearshore habitat mapping and coastal system modelling. Currently, she is
Assistant Director of the Spatial Science Innovation Unit at the University of
Sydney.

Sam Macharia Ng'ang'a

Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New
Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, E3B 5A3.
Phone: (506) 447-3259 or (506) 455-7073; e-mail: [email protected]

Sam Macharia Ng'ang'a obtained a Bachelor’s degree in surveying from the

University of Nairobi, Kenya and a Master’s degree (Land Information Systems)
from the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New
Brunswick (Canada). He is a part time lecturer at UNB and is currently completing
his Doctorate degree on marine protected area information systems. He holds
memberships in (among other institutions) the Canadian Institute of Geomatics
(CIG) and the Canadian Hydrographic Association (CHA).
xviii GIS for Coastal Zone Management

Chul-sue Hwang
Department of Geography, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 131-701, Republic of
Korea. Phone: +82-2-961-9313; e-mail: [email protected]

Chul-sue Hwang is assistant professor of geography at Kyung Hee University,

Korea, and a member of the editorial board of the Journal of the Geographical
Information System Association of Korea. His recent research focuses on
uncertainty of remote sensing data, spatial data mining, and exploratory spatial
data analysis.

Cha Yong Ku
Department of Geography, Sangmyung University, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-743,
Republic of Korea. Phone: +82-2-2287-5043; e-mail: [email protected]

Cha Yong Ku is assistant professor of geography at Sangmyung University. His

research interests include the integration of GIS and remote sensing, classification
accuracy assessment and scale effects in remote sensing, and land use/land cover
information extraction and modelling for coastal wetlands. He received his Ph.D.
in Geography from Seoul National University.

Simon Jude
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk,
United Kingdom, NR4 7TJ. Phone: +00 44 1603 591360; e-mail:
[email protected].

Dr. Simon Jude is a research associate in the School of Environmental Sciences at

the University of East Anglia UK. His research involves developing the use of
GIS, virtual reality and visualisation techniques for coastal decision-making.

Andrew Jones
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk,
United Kingdom, NR4 7TJ. Phone: +00 44 1603 593127; e-mail:
[email protected]

Dr. Andrew P. Jones is a lecturer in the School of Environmental Sciences at the

University of East Anglia UK.

Julian Andrews
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk,
United Kingdom, NR3 7TJ. Phone: +00 44 1603 592536.

Dr. Julian E. Andrews is a sedimentologist at the School of Environmental

Sciences (University of East Anglia, Norwich UK) with special interest in modern
and Holocene coastal sediments.
Contributors xix

Roberto Mayerle
Coastal Research Laboratory (Corelab), Christian Albrechts University, Otto
Hahn Platz 3, 24118 Kiel, Germany; e-mail: [email protected]

Professor Mayerle is a specialist in numerical modelling of waves, currents,

sediment transport and morphological changes in rivers, coastal areas and near
hydraulic structures, with extensive experience in physical modelling of
hydroelectric power schemes. He graduated as a civil engineer at the Federal
University of Paraná in Brazil in 1979 where he worked for an energy concern
involved in the construction and operation of several major hydropower schemes
such as Itaipu. In 1988 he got his Ph.D. degree at the University of Newcastle-
upon-Tyne in England. From 1989 till 1992 he was in-charge of a team working
on the development of numerical models at the National Centre for Computational
Hydroscience and Engineering in Oxford, USA. From 1992 till 1996 he worked at
the Institute of Fluid Mechanics of the University of Hanover in Germany, being in
charge of several research projects dealing with the investigation of the impact of
climate changes on the morphological development both on the German North and
Baltic Seas. Since 1996 he heads the Coastal Research Laboratory (Corelab) of the
University of Kiel. Corelab is a research and teaching unit established to foster
research in coastal environments. The Laboratory is engaged in applied research
using a combination of in situ measurements and investigations as well as
databases and numerical models embedded into decision support systems to help in
the management of coastal areas.

Fernando Toro
Wilrijkstraat 37, 2140 Antwerpen, Belgium; e-mail: [email protected]

Fernando Toro was born in Medellin, Colombia. He received his degree in civil
engineering in 1993. He worked in Colombia in the construction of the Metro in
the city of Medellin and in an engineering consultant company for three years. He
pursued a Master of Science in computational hydrosciences, in the National
Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering, at The University of
Mississippi, USA, from 1996 to 1998. In 1998, he moved to Germany and did his
Doctorate studies in the Coastal Research Laboratory, at the Christian Albrechts
University in Kiel, until Summer 2003. He is presently working in an engineering
consultant company in Antwerp, Belgium. His interests are numerical models and
GIS applied to engineering problems.

Jacques Populus
Service des Applications Opérationnelles DEL/AO, IFREMER, BP 70, 29280
Plouzané, France
Phone: 0298224310; Fax : 0298224555; e-mail: [email protected]

Jacques Populus is a civil engineer who originally specialised in applications of

high resolution remote sensing to coastal studies. His current activities concern the
handling of geo-information for coastal applications, with a view to making it
available to practitioners, in both developed and developing countries. This
concerns GI as output of data analysis, remote sensing and hydrodynamic
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Computer Science - Quick Reference
Third 2025 - Program

Prepared by: Teaching Assistant Jones

Date: July 28, 2025

Unit 1: Statistical analysis and interpretation

Learning Objective 1: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 9: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 2: Experimental procedures and results
Practice Problem 10: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 12: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 13: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 14: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 3: Practical applications and examples
Practice Problem 20: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 29: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Results 4: Fundamental concepts and principles
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 31: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 34: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 37: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 5: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 47: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Background 6: Case studies and real-world applications
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 52: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 7: Key terms and definitions
Example 60: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 8: Ethical considerations and implications
Example 70: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 71: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 71: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 73: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 74: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 75: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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