‘Pure’ word means that there is no mixing in a substance. But according to scientific language all things are mixture of so many substances, not of single one, That's why they are not pure. E.g. Milk, water, fat,ete. + Puresubstances means that all elements have same chemical properties + Apuresubstance is made up ofsame kind of elements. Substance : A substance is a kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kind of matter by any physical process. A pure substance is made up of same kind of elements. Whatisa mixture? It isa substance in which two ormore substances (clement or compound) are simply mixed together in any proportion. Examples : The air is a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. Types of Mixture : Mixture is of two types: (i) Homogenous mixture (i) Heterogenous mixture Homogenous Mixture : These types of mixtures have no visible boundaries of separation between the various constituents. Example : Sugar in water, It has auniform composition throughout its mass. Heterogenous Mixture : These types of mixtures have visible boundaries of separation between the various constituents. Example : Mixture of sugar and sand, It does not have a uniform compos throughout its mass. Solution : A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. E.g., Nimboo pani, soda water. Solution » A solution has a solvent and a solute as its components. The component of the solution that dissolves the other component in it is called the solvent. The component of the solution that is dissolved in the solventis called the solute. ___ Solute mt (Substance dissolved) 77 Substance in which dissolved) eg, Sugar + Water = Sugar solution 14Types of Mixtures. True Colloidal Suspension 1. Size of solute 1. Size of solute particles bigger than | 1. Size of particles particles is smallest. | true but smaller than suspension. In biggest. > 10° m. <10°m. between 10” to 10° m. 2. Solute particles 2. Solute particles can't be seen with 2. Can be seen can't be seen with Naked eye. with naked eye. naked eye. 3. Heterogenous mixture. 3. Homogenous mixture. 4. Particles can't . Particles can't be separated by 4. Can be Separated be separated by filteration. by filteration, filteration. 5. Transparent 5. Translucent 5. Opaque 6. Stable solutions | 6. Stable solutions. 6. Unstable - Le., solute solution — solute particles settle upon keeping. particles do not settle on keeping, 7. Do not show 7. Show tyndall effect. 7. May or may not tyndall effect. show tyndall effect. 8. Solution diffuse} 8. Colloid particles pass through filter | 8. Suspension rapidly through paper but not through parchment paper.} particles do not filter paper as pass through filter well as parchment paper as well as paper. parchment paper. 9. e.g., Sugar in water. 9. e.g., Sand/mud in water. Dispersal Phase : Type Example (Solute) (Solvent) 1. | Liquid Gas ‘Aerosol Fog, cloud 2. | Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke 153 Gas Liquid Foam Shaving Cream, 4, Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face cream, emulsion paint 5 Solid Liquid Sol Mud, digene 6. Gas Solid Foam Foam, rubber sponge 7. | Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese 8. Solid Solid Solid sol Coloured gemstones, glass (milky, coloured) * Gas in gas is not a colloidal solution — it is called a mixture. Concentration of Solution mass of solute 1. Mass by mass percentage —ee . p es ‘mass of solution mass of solute v — —tuss of solute 2. Mass by volume percentage — Methods of Separation of Mixtures : (1) Evaporation: Basic principal : Out of the two components of a mixture one can evaporate [i less boiling point] and other has higher boiling point. Example : Mixture of dye [higher boiling point] and water, Out of water and dye, water evaporates but dye is left behind in petri dish. Winter evaporates Ink has Dye left bein ‘Beaker Mixture “Tripod stand Bumer (2) Centrifugation: Basie principle : Separation of Substances or particles on the basis of 16their density, when mixture is rotated very fast, then denser particles are forced at the bottom and lighter particles stay above. Lightest Lighter Densest particle Example : Separating cream from milk Can you think what is toned and double toned milk? Applications (2) Used indiagnostic labs for blood and urine tests. (6) Used in dairies and home to separate butter from cream. (©) Used inwashing machines dryers to squeeze out water from clothes. Have you seen dust particles from our clothes settle at the bottom of washing tub. Doyou know why now? (3) — BySeparating Funnel: Basic principle : Two immiscible liquids (which do not dissolve in each other) can be easily separated by putting in a separating funnel. Example : Water from oil can be separated by first opening the stop cock till water is removed in one beaker, then afterwards oil can be collected ina separate beaker. Separating fe Kerosene oil ‘Water StopeackApplications : (a) Separation of oil from water. (b) Extraction of iron from its ore. Lighter slag is removed from above the molteniron, (4) Sublimation; Basic principle : Out of the two components, one will sublime (directly converts to gas from solid) and other will not. Example: NH,CI (ammonium chloride) and NaC] common salt mixture can be easily separated by heating so the NH,CI sublimes but common salt remains behind. apours of ‘montis ‘a a Applications + {a) Camphor, naphthalene, anthracene, NH,Cl can sublime. (5) Chromatography : Basic principle ; Coloured components of a mixture can be separated by using an Adsorbent on which they are adsorbed at different rates. (Adsorption is the process of surface absorption.) +}— Chromatography Paper Ink Spot (enivtu Line drawn of colors) bby pencil Water / Solvent When water/any suitable solvent moves up the chromatography paper ink with two different colours separates because both colours are absorbed at different speeds. 18Glass rod Paper clips ‘Strip of filter, Jar aaa Strip of filter Paper | Line drawn Spot of ink by pencil aes ©) spot of ink es Applications : (a) Toseparate colours ofa dye. (b) — Toseparate pigments from natural colours like chlorophyll. (c) Toseparate drugs from blood. (Can you guess what is done when athletes undergo a doping test for their blood?) (6) —_ Distillatios Basic principle : Based on Separating mixture of miscible liquids having different boiling points, followed by condensation. Out of the two components one has a lower boiling point and other has higher boiling point. This is used to separate two or more miscible liquids. |. ~reseesaeaee Clamp —~ Distillation flask of acetone and water Cold water in Acetone: Example : When mixture of acetone and water is heated, acetone having lesser boiling point, boils and moves to delivery tube, within which it condenses back to liquid with the help of a condenser clamped to it. Thus, acetone is separated out in a beaker and water is left in the distillation flask. Note : ifthere are more than two components (liquids) mixed (with different boiling points) then we use a fractionating column to separate all the components from each other: This process is done for air, petroleum etc. 19mM Petroleum is separated into paraffin wax, lubricating oil, diesel, kerosene, petrol and petrol gas by this method. Fractional Distillation of Air: Air is also separated by this method. compressed and <4 9: (Aig eet Liquid air—e Allowed to warm —+ Gases separated up slowly ina at different heights fractionating column Some of the applications of fractional distillation : (a) _Inoil refineries to separate crude oil into useful substances (or fractions). (b) In the separation of oxygen, liquid nitrogen and argon from air. Crystallisation : Basic principle ; To remove impurities from a mixture by first dissolving in a suitable solvent and then crystallising out one component. For example : Copper sulphate crystals (impure) are first dissolved in sulphuric acid and then heated to saturated solution. Now, this solution is left overnight. So, only pure copper sulphate crystals on filter paper. Why is crystallisation better than evaporation ? (i) Some solids decompose or get charred upon heating to dryness during evaporation. e.g., sugar. (ii) Some impurities remain dissolved in solution after filteration. On evaporation, these impurities do not evaporate and remain with the mixture. Applications : (a) Purification of salt from sea water. (b) Separation of crystals [e.g., alum (phitkari), copper sulphate] from their impure crystals. 20Water purification in water treatment plants Reservoir » Sedimentation tank ___, Loading tank (Impure water) (Solids setile down) (Sedimentation of suspended impurities using alum ete.) Water supply Chlorination tank Filtration tank to homes (Addition of chlorine (All impurities filtered) to kill germs) Toaliow Tosediment Fine Coarse sand gravel Resorvoir solids to the suspended, settle impurities Water | Gravel Sedimentation Loading Filtration tank tank tank To home Chionnation to kill bacteria : Physical Vs Chemical Changes Chemical Physical . Noteasily reversible . Easily reversible . New Product(s) formed . No new products . Reactants used up . Often just a state change . Often heat/light/sound/ | + e.g., ice melting fizzing occurs . Electricity may be produced . Aprecipitate may form e.g., Wood burning Elements Made of same type of atoms S.No. | Metals Non-metals Metalloids 1, [Lustrous Non-lustrous Metallaoids have intermediate properties between metals and non-metals. 212. Malleable, ductile Non-malleable, non- | E.g., Boron, Germanium, ductile Silicon 3. Sonorous Non-sonorous | 4. Good conductors of | Bad conductors heat & electricity 5. e.g., Gold, iron ete. e.g., Oxygen, Phosphorus Mixture ‘Compound 1. Elements or compounds are | 1. Substances are reacted together simply mixed so no new substance with each other to make a new is formed. substance. 2, Elements do not combine in a | 2, Composition of the components is fixed ratio. fixed i.e., they combine together in a fixed ratio according to their masses. 3. Amixture shows the properties of | 3. Compound doesn't show the its components. properties of component elements. 4. Components can be easily | 4. Components can't be separated separated by any mechanical from each other by simple method which is suitable. mechanical methods. 5. ¢.g., sugar in water, oil in water 5. e.g., Iron and sulphur react to from iron sulphide.