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St William of York
 YORK MEDIEVAL PRESS

York Medieval Press is published by the University of York’s Centre for

Medieval Studies in association with Boydell & Brewer Limited. Our objective is
the promotion of innovative scholarship and fresh criticism on medieval culture.
We have a special commitment to interdisciplinary study, in line with the
Centre’s belief that the future of Medieval Studies lies in those areas in which its
major constituent disciplines at once inform and challenge each other.

Editorial Board (2005–2008):

Professor J. G. Wogan-Browne (Dept of English and Related Literature)

Dr T. Ayers (Dept of History of Art)
Professor P. P. A. Biller (Dept of History)
Dr J. W. Binns (Emeritus, Dept of English and Related Literature)
Dr Gabriella Corona (Dept of English and Related Literature)
Professor W. M. Ormrod (Chair, Dept of History)
Professor J. D. Richards (Dept of Archaeology).

All enquiries of an editorial kind, including suggestions for monographs and

essay collections, should be addressed to: The Director, University of York,
Centre for Medieval Studies, The King’s Manor, York, YO1 7EP (E-mail:
[email protected]).

Publications of York Medieval Press are listed at the back of this volume.
St William of York

Christopher Norton

YORK MEDIEVAL PRESS

 © Christopher Norton 2006

All rights reserved. Except as permitted under current legislation

no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system,
published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast,
transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission of the copyright owner

The right of Christopher Norton to be identified as

the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988

First published 2006

A York Medieval Press publication

in association with The Boydell Press
an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd
PO Box 9 Woodbridge Suffolk IP12 3DF UK
and of Boydell & Brewer Inc.
668 Mt Hope Avenue Rochester NY 14620 USA
website: www.boydellandbrewer.com
and with the
Centre for Medieval Studies, University of York

ISBN 1 903153 17 4

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available

from the British Library

Typeset by Word and Page, Chester

Disclaimer:
Printed in Great Britain by
Some images in the printed version
CromwellofPress,
this book are notWiltshire
Trowbridge, available for inclusion in the eBook.
To view these images please refer to the printed version of this book.
 CONTENTS

List of Illustrations vi
List of Tables viii
List of Genealogical Tables viii
Preface ix
Abbreviations xi

Introduction 1

1 William fitzHerbert 5

2 William the Treasurer 27

3 Archbishop William: The First Archiepiscopate 76

4 Archbishop William: The Second Archiepiscopate 124

5 Saint William 149

Epilogue 202

Appendix A. The Family and Estates of Herbert the Chamberlain 203

Appendix B. Paulinus of Leeds and the Family of Ralph Nowell 229

Appendix C. An Itinerary of William fitzHerbert 239

Bibliography 243
Index 257
 Disclaimer:
Some images in the printed version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook.
To view these images please refer to the printed version of this book.

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1. Map showing Herbert the Chamberlain’s estates in Southern

England. 10
Drawing: Pat Gibbs

Fig. 2. Map showing the Archdeaconry of the East Riding and the
Yorkshire estates of Herbert the Chamberlain. 13
Drawing: Pat Gibbs

Fig. 3. Map of Winchester c. 1110. 18

Drawing: Pat Gibbs, based on Winchester in the Early Middle Ages, ed. M.
Biddle (Oxford, 1976), fig. 26.

Fig. 4. Map of York in the early twelfth century. 21

Drawing: Pat Gibbs, based on C. Norton, ‘The York Fire of 1137:
Conflagration or Consecration?’, Northern History 34 (1998), 194–204, map 1.

Fig. 5. Map of the Minster area in York in the early twelfth century. 22
Drawing: Pat Gibbs, based on C. Norton, ‘The Anglo-Saxon Cathedral at
York and the Topography of the Anglian City’, Journal of the British
Archaeological Association 151 (1998), 1–42, fig. 2.

Fig. 6. Anglo-Saxon wall-paintings on the chancel arch of the church

of Nether Wallop, Hants. 52
Photograph: © Crown copyright. NMR.

Fig. 7. Drawing of the inscribed sun-dial at Weaverthorpe Church. 53

Drawing: W. G. Collingwood, reproduced from J. Bilson, ‘Weaverthorpe
Church and Its Builder’, Archaeologia 72 (1922), 51–70, fig. 3.

Fig. 8. Plan of Weaverthorpe Church. 55

Drawing: John Bilson, reproduced from J. Bilson, ‘Weaverthorpe Church
and Its Builder’, Archaeologia 72 (1922), 51–70, fig. 1.

Fig. 9. Weaverthorpe Church from the south-west. 56

Photograph: reproduced by permission of English Heritage. NMR.

Fig. 10. Weaverthorpe Church, interior looking east. 56

Photograph: reproduced by permission of English Heritage. NMR.

Fig. 11. Map of Weaverthorpe village. 59

Drawing: Pat Gibbs, based on T. C. H. Brewster, ‘An Excavation at
Weaverthorpe Manor, East Riding, 1960’, YAJ 44 (1972), 114–33, fig. 2.
Fig. 12. Map of Yorkshire in the mid-twelfth century. 101
Drawing: Pat Gibbs.

Fig. 13. The tomb of Archbishop Godfrey de Ludham. 108

Photograph: © Crown copyright. NMR. Reproduced by kind permission of
the Dean and Chapter of York.

Fig. 14. Seal of Archbishop William fitzHerbert (Durham Cathedral

Muniments 4.1 Archiep. 7). 110
Photograph: reproduced by kind permission of the Dean and Chapter of
Durham.

Fig. 15. Siculo-Arabic casket at York Minster. 119

Photograph: reproduced by kind permission of the Dean and Chapter of
York.

Fig. 16. Map of Winchester c. 1148. 126

Drawing: Pat Gibbs, based on Winchester in the Early Middle Ages,
ed. M. Biddle (Oxford, 1976), fig. 27.

Fig. 17. The St Cuthbert or Stonyhurst Gospel Book. 141

Photograph: British Library, reproduced by kind permission of The Society
of Jesus (British Province).

Fig. 18. Plan of York Minster in William fitzHerbert’s time. 145

Drawing: Stuart Harrison.

Fig. 19. Map showing the origins of individuals cured at the tomb of
St William in 1177. 157
Drawing: Pat Gibbs.

Fig. 20. Engraving by Henry Cave of the west wall of St William’s

Chapel on Ouse bridge during demolition. 167
Photograph: Gordon Smith, from H. Cave, Antiquities of York (London, 1813),
pl. 27.

Fig. 21. The opening page of the Vita Sancti Willelmi, from Thornton
Abbey (British Library, MS Harley 2, f. 76r). 182
Photograph: by permission of the British Library.

Fig. 22. Engraving by Joseph Halfpenny of St William’s Chapel on

Ouse bridge. 196
Photograph: Gordon Smith from J. Halfpenny, Fragmenta Vetusta, or the
Remains of Ancient Buildings in York (York, 1807), pl. 22.
 TABLES

1 The 1177 miracles 154

2 Posthumous miracles in the Vita 189

3 Herbert the Chamberlain’s estates 228

GENEALOGICAL TABLES

1 The family connections of Herbert the Chamberlain and his wife

Emma xiii

2 The FitzHerbert family in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries xiv

3 The FitzHerbert family in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries xv

4 The family of Ralph Nowell and Paulinus of Leeds xvi

 PREFACE

This book was researched and written during my tenure of a British Academy
Research Readership between October 2002 and September 2004. My first and
greatest debt is to the British Academy for making it possible to immerse
myself in the complexities of the twelfth century free from the routine dis-
tractions of university life. I am equally indebted to my colleagues in the
History of Art Department of the University of York for making it possible for
me to take leave of absence from the usual obligations of teaching and
administration during this period.
Special thanks are due to the staff of York Minster Library, particularly
Mrs Deirdre Mortimer and Mr John Powell, who, together with the Minster
Archivist, Mr Peter Young, provided a service of unfailing courtesy and
efficiency, even during circumstances of the greatest difficulty. The excellent
resources of the Minster Library and Archives provided convenient access to
most of the materials required for the research. Additional resources were
provided by the University of York Library, to whose staff I am equally
indebted.
I have benefited enormously over the years from discussions with and
help from many colleagues at the Centre for Medieval Studies at the
University of York. In particular, Dr Sarah Rees Jones, Professor David Smith,
Dr James Binns and Chris Daniell have assisted on a number of points of
detail, and Mrs Louise Harrison has provided unfailing and ever-cheerful
service on the word-processor. Professor David Palliser has also advised on a
number of issues. My scholarly debt to previous labourers in the field of
twelfth-century ecclesiastical history will be apparent on every page that
follows. Any tares that remain are my own responsibility.
This project was originally undertaken as essential background research
for a study of the early fifteenth-century stained glass window in York
Minster illustrating the life and miracles of St William of York. It rapidly
became apparent, however, that much of the historical spadework on
William fitzHerbert and such key sources as the Vita of St William had yet to
be done, and that it required far more extensive treatment than could
possibly be fitted into a preliminary chapter in a book on the St William
Window. The result will, I hope, stand on its own merits. I also hope that time
will permit a detailed examination of the St William Window on another
occasion. In the meantime, the opportunity to study the stained-glass panels
as they pass through the workshop during the current programme of
conservation and restoration has been a constant inspiration, and I am most
grateful to the staff of the York Glaziers Trust for providing access to the glass

ix
and for many stimulating discussions. By a happy coincidence, this book is
due to appear about the time that the completed window is unveiled.
Last but not least, this book would never have been completed without the
constant support of my wife, Sue.

x
 ABBREVIATIONS

AY The Archaeology of York

BAACT British Archaeological Association Conference
Transactions
Chronica Pontificum Chronica Pontificum Ecclesiae Eboracensis in HCY II,
312–445
CRR Curia Regis Rolls, I–VIII (London, 1922–38)
CS Councils and Synods with Other Documents Relating
to the English Church, I, AD 871–1204, Part II,
1066–1204, ed. D. Whitelock, M. Brett and
C. N. L. Brooke (Oxford, 1981)
DB Domesday Book
EEA English Episcopal Acta
EEA V English Episcopal Acta, V, York 1070–1154,
ed. J. Burton (Oxford, 1988)
EEA XX English Episcopal Acta, XX, York 1154–1181,
ed. M. Lovatt (Oxford, 2000)
EEA XXVII English Episcopal Acta, XXVII, York 1189–1212,
ed. M. Lovatt (Oxford, 2004)
EHD II English Historical Documents II, 1042–1189,
ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway,
2nd edn (London, 1981)
EHR English Historical Review
EYC I–III Early Yorkshire Charters, vols 1–3, ed. W. Farrer
(Edinburgh, 1914–16), with Consolidated Index,
ed. C. T. Clay and E. M. Clay, YASRS Extra Series
4 (1942)
EYC IV–XII Early Yorkshire Charters, vols 4–12, ed. C. T. Clay,
YASRS Extra Series 1–3 and 5–10 (1935–65)
Gervase Gervase of Canterbury, Chronica, in The Historical
Works of Gervase of Canterbury, I, ed. W. Stubbs,
RS 73 (London, 1879)
HCY I–III The Historians of the Church of York and Its
Archbishops, 3 vols, ed. J. Raine, RS 71
(London, 1879–94)
Historia Abbendonensis Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis: The History of the
Church of Abingdon, II, ed. J. Hudson, OMT
(Oxford, 2002)

xi
 Abbreviations
Hugh the Chanter Hugh the Chanter, The History of the Church of York
1066–1127, ed. C. Johnson, M. Brett, C. N. L. Brooke
and M. Winterbottom, revised edn, OMT (Oxford,
1990)
John of Hexham John of Hexham, Historia in Symeonis Monachi
Opera Omnia, ed. T. Arnold, II, RS 75 (London,
1885)
Miracula Miracula Quaedam Sancti Willelmi, in HCY III,
531–43
OMT Oxford Medieval Texts
PR 1130 Magnum Rotulum Scaccarii, vel Magnum Rotulum
Pipae de Anno Tricesimo-Primo Regni Henrici Primi,
ed. J. Hunter (London, 1833)
PR 1159– The Great Roll of the Pipe AD 1158–1159,
Publications of the Pipe Roll Society, I (1884),
and subsequent volumes for subsequent years
PUE II–III Papsturkunden in England, II–III, ed. W. Holtzmann
(Berlin, 1935 and Göttingen, 1952)
RCHM Royal Commission on Historical Monuments,
England
Red Book Red Book of the Exchequer, 3 vols, ed. H. Hall, RS 99
(London, 1896)
Roger of Howden Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, 4 vols,
ed. W. Stubbs, RS 51 (London, 1868–71)
RRAN I–III Regesta Regum Anglo-Normannorum 1066–1154,
Volume I, ed. H. W. C. Davis (Oxford, 1913);
Volume II, Regesta Henrici Primi 1100–1135,
ed. C. Johnson and H. A. Cronne (Oxford, 1956);
Volume III, Regesta Regis Stephani ac Mathildis
Imperatricis ac Gaufridi et Henrici Ducum
Normannorum, 1135–54, ed. H. A. Cronne and
R. H. C. Davis (Oxford, 1968)
RS Rolls Series
SS Surtees Society
TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
VCH Victoria County History
Vita Vita Sancti Willelmi Auctore Anonymo, in HCY II,
270–91
William of Newburgh William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum
in Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and
Richard I, I, ed. R. Howlett, RS 82 (London, 1884)
YAJ Yorkshire Archaeological Journal
YASRS Yorkshire Archaeological Society Record Series

xii
 Genealogical Table 1. The family connections of Herbert the Chamberlain and his wife Emma

Herbert Wake-Dog
count of Maine Tancred of
d. 1036 Hauteville

Hugh II Theobald III = Gersendis = Azzo Robert daughter Roger I

count of Maine count of Blois marquess of Guiscard count of
d. 1051 d. 1089/90 Liguria d. 1085 Sicily
d. 1101

Herbert II Margaret Hugh = Heria Geoffrey of

count of Maine (betrothed to Conversano
d. c. 1062 Robert of William the
Normandy) Conqueror
d. c. 1062 d. 1087

Roger II
king of Sicily
d. 1154
Herbert the = Emma Stephen = Adela Robert = Sibyl
Chamberlain alive 1130 count of Blois duke of
d. c. 1120 d. 1102 Normandy
d. 1134

Roger
Herbert = Adela/ William other children Theobald IV Stephen William Henry duke of
fitzHerbert Sibyl fitzHerbert count of Blois king of of Blois Apulia
d. 1148 (mistress archbishop d. 1152 England bishop of d. 1149
x 1155 of Henry I) of York d. 1154 Winchester
alive 1157 d. 1154 d. 1171

Henry de Sully
Elizabeth abbot of
Fécamp
=
 Genealogical Table 2. The FitzHerbert family in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries

Herbert the Chamberlain = Emma

d. c. 1120 alive 1130
Robert Corbet Hunger son of Odin
of Alcester of Broad Windsor

Henry I Sibyl Corbet = Herbert William daughter = William Croc daughter = Robert de Gilbert Geoffrey Arnulf = ? daughter Osbert
d. 1135 alive 1157 fitzHerbert I fitzHerbert Venuiz fitzHerbert fitzHerbert d.s.p.?
d. 1148 x 55 archbishop alive alive 1111
of York 1109 x 1114 Gervase
Reginald, earl of d. 1154
Cornwall d.1175 Herbert
William alive 1187 fitzGeoffrey
Gundred alive 1148
Rohese
Alexander I = Sibyl d.1122
of Scotland
d.s.p. 1124

Robert Herbert fitzHerbert II = Lucy Henry fitzHerbert

fitzHerbert d. winter 1203-4 daughter and co-heir of occurs 1158-65
d.s.p. 1165 Milo, earl of Hereford
d. 1219 x 1220 William de = Mabel Patric
Mandeville

1 2
Reginald fitzHerbert Alice = Peter fitzHerbert = Isabel de Ferrers Matthew fitzHerbert = Joan
d.s.p. 1192 daughter d. 1235 widow of Roger d. 1231
of Robert Mortimer I
fitzRoger d. 1252

Herbert fitzMatthew Peter fitzMatthew John fitzMatthew

d.s.p. 1245 d.s.p. 1255 alive 1282

Cont’d
Matthew fitzJohn = Eleanor
d.s.p. 1309 alive 1316
 Genealogical Table 3. The FitzHerbert family in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries

Cont’d
1 2
Sibyl = William = Margaret
daughter of de Ferrers daughter and
William earl of Derby coheiress of
Marshall earl d. 1254 Roger de
of Pembroke Quincy earl of
1 2 Winchester
Alice = Peter fitzHerbert = Isabel de Ferrers William = Maud
daughter of d. 1235 widow of Roger Mortimer I de Vivonne de Ferrers
Robert d. 1252 d. 1259 d. 1299
fitzRoger

William = Lucy Herbert fitzPeter Isabel = Reginald fitzPeter = Joan de Vivonne Robert William Ferrers
de Ros alive 1266 d.s.p. 1248 daughter of d. 1286 d. 1314 earl of Derby of Groby
d. 1264 William de deprived 1266 d. 1287
Braose heiress
of Blenlevny

John fitzReginald Walter fitzReginald Peter fitzReginald Herbert fitzReginald William Ferrers
of Blenlevny portioner of of Chewton d. 1325
alive 1308 Pontesbury d. 1322
alive 1277-8

Herbert fitzJohn Roger fitzPeter Reginald fitzHerbert Henry, lord

d. 1321 d. 1347 Ferrers of Groby
d. 1343

Margaret = Matthew fitzHerbert Reginald fitzHerbert Edmund fitzReginald William, lord

d. 1356 d.s.p. 1356 Ferrers of Groby
d. 1371
daughter daughter
 Genealogical Table 4. The family of Ralph Nowell and Paulinus of Leeds

Thurwif

Lefwin = Juliana le Gras

Ralph Nowell de Marisco
bishop of the Orkneys
alive 1154

Gilbert Peter Adam Thomas Paulinus = daughter Hugh Gerard Walter

canon of priest of the priest of Leeds parson of chaplain
Ripon Wakefield d. c. 1202 Stokesley de Marisco

1 2 1
? = Ralph Nowell = Helen = Robert John (Nowell)
alive 1227 Wilstrop of Wilstrop chaplain
de Marisco
?

Peter Richard

Agnes
daughter
and heiress
alive 1278
 Introduction

St William of York is one of the more obscure saints of medieval England.

Even in the city whose name he bears he is less well known than his younger
contemporaries Aelred of Rievaulx and Thomas Becket. If he is remembered
at all, it is as likely as not for the miracle of Ouse bridge – surely one of the
least remarkable miracles in the annals of hagiography – or for the unedifying
mystery surrounding his death. Outside York, few people have ever heard of
St William – unless they be twelfth-century ecclesiastical historians, among
whom he has achieved a certain notoriety as the man at the centre of one of
the most protracted and convoluted election disputes ever to have afflicted
the English church. For cognoscenti of ecclesiastical rows, the ‘case of
St William of York’, as it has come to be known from the title of a famous
article by Dom David Knowles,1 has assumed the status of a classic. And not
without reason. The election of a new archbishop of York developed from
being a little local difficulty into an international cause célèbre involving kings,
cardinals, popes and several men who were subsequently to be reckoned as
saints, all divided between the different factions.
Yet the intense spot-light which has been shone on the election dispute has
tended to leave in the shadows other aspects of William fitzHerbert’s career.
For thirty-five years prior to his consecration as archbishop of York, William
held the twin offices of treasurer of York Minster and archdeacon of the East
Riding. These decades have generally been passed over more or less in
silence, on the grounds that the details of his early career are few;2 yet his
family connections and lengthy ecclesiastical apprenticeship are by no means
as poorly documented as has been supposed, and are essential for under-
standing the troubled, final years of his life. The procedural twists and turns
surrounding William’s election and consecration, his deposition, and his
eventual return as archbishop inevitably constitute a dominant theme in the
last decade and a half of his life, but there are other aspects of this period
which equally merit attention. As for William’s canonisation and the early

1
D. Knowles, ‘The Case of St William of York’, Cambridge Historical Journal, 5.2 (1936),
162–77 and 212–14, reprinted with additional notes in his collected essays,
The Historian and Character and Other Essays (Cambridge, 1963), pp. 76–97.
2
D. Baker, ‘Viri Religiosi and the York Election Dispute’, in Councils and Assemblies,
ed. G. J. Cuming and D. Baker, Studies in Church History 7 (Cambridge, 1971),
pp. 82–100, at p. 98.

1
 St William of York
development of his cult as a saint, the considerable body of evidence which
survives has never received the critical attention which it deserves.
Modern assessments of William’s personal qualities have generally been at
best disparaging, if not overtly negative. Wealthy, indolent and immoral is
the not untypical view of one modern scholar.3 Derek Baker has been in a
minority in suggesting that it was precisely William’s experience and com-
petence which aroused the opposition at the start of the election dispute of
ambitious clergy less well qualified than himself.4 The final years of William’s
life were blighted by the opposition of the Cistercians and their allies, and his
modern reputation has also suffered from what might be called a Cistercian
tendency. William left no letters or other writings to counter-balance the
contemporary effusions of his enemy, St Bernard. Even Bernard’s modern
admirers have conceded that some of his letters on the subject of the York
election dispute, and some of the aspersions cast on William fitzHerbert, are
among the most forceful and extreme ever to have come from his pen. Yet
such has been the power of Bernard’s rhetoric and the force of his reputation
that William’s character has been blackened,5 in spite of the fact that his
opponents failed repeatedly to prove any of the charges proferred against
him in the ecclesiastical courts appointed to determine the case, until
eventually the day arrived when the final arbiter (the pope) happened to be a
Cistercian pupil of St Bernard. The general feeling that William was
something of a worthless or unsavoury character is summed up by the
opinion, attributed recently to a canon of York Minster, that he was ‘not the
kind of saint we would wish to commemorate’. His name is surrounded by a
faint but unmistakable aura of embarrassment and disapprobation.
Certainly, William fitzHerbert divided his contemporaries, and he con-
tinues to divide opinion to this day. It has been no part of my purpose to
rehabilitate him. If, however, the picture of him which emerges from these
pages seems unexpectedly sympathetic, it is because I have been led to the
conclusion that the judgements which have been passed on him have been
very partial. Partial, firstly, in the sense that the extant sources relating to the
election dispute are heavily biased in favour of his opponents’ point of view;
and partial also in the sense that the election dispute, however significant in
its own right, occupied only a small part of his life. William’s career spanned
nearly five decades, during which he moved in the highest circles of politics
and administration, both ecclesiastical and secular. The election dispute was
the last but not necessarily the most difficult or harrowing of the intrigues
and dramas through which he lived.
William was not someone, like Bernard or Thomas Becket, who forced

3
G. V. Scammell, Hugh du Puiset, Bishop of Durham (Cambridge, 1956), p. 10.
4
Baker, ‘Viri Religiosi’.
5
See for example the comments in The Letters of St Bernard of Clairvaux, ed. B. S. James,
2nd edn (Stroud, 1998), p. 271.

2
 Introduction
himself upon the attention of his contemporaries by the strength of his
character and his convictions. On the contrary, he seems, from the few hints
that we have about his personality, at least towards the end of his life, to have
been a mild-mannered and probably cautious man. Yet he had the knack of
being at the right place at the right time and of meeting the people who
mattered. William was a cleric of unexceptional abilities but privileged
background and fortune. To what extent he actively affected the course of
events in his lifetime is debatable; but, to borrow a metaphor beloved of
medieval authors, he can be seen as a mirror of his world, in life and in death.
His career and his canonisation both reflect and illuminate the aspirations,
the struggles, the disappointments and the surprises of life in the upper
echelons of the church in the twelfth century.

Almost all of the sources cited in this study are available in printed editions.
The majority of the narrative and chronicle sources were published in the
nineteenth century, often in the volumes of the Rolls Series or the Surtees
Society. In some cases these have now been superseded by modern editions.
Even when recent editions do not exist, there are generally modern critical
studies in print. It has therefore seldom been necessary to discuss the sources
per se. As regards the specifically York or Yorkshire sources, however, the
situation is less satisfactory. The majority of the relevant texts were printed by
James Raine in the three volumes of The Historians of the Church of York in the
Rolls Series between 1879 and 1894.6 His text of Hugh the Chanter’s History of
the Church of York has now been superseded by the valuable critical edition
and translation in the Oxford Medieval Texts series,7 but for other sources we
are still dependent on Raine. The York Chronica Pontificum, for instance,
would benefit from a critical edition and might be better known if it had been
translated. I suspect that it would emerge as a more interesting source than it
is usually thought to be. As for the early thirteenth-century Vita of St William
and the collection of early miracles which pass under the name of the
Miracula, they have never received any critical examination in print, and I
have therefore devoted some space in Chapter Five to an analysis of these
two key texts. For Alured of Beverley’s Annales we are still dependent on the
1716 edition by Thomas Hearne.8
For the years of the election dispute, the narrative sources are comple-
mented by an important dossier of letters preserved among the corres-
pondence of St Bernard, and by a handful of papal letters. This is the only
phase of William’s life for which there exists a coherent historiography. The
fundamental chronology of the years 1140 to 1147 was established by David

6
HCY.
7
Hugh the Chanter.
8
Aluredi Beverlacensis, Annales sive Historia de Gestis Regum, ed. T. Hearne (Oxford,
1716).

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