(Ebook) The Routledge History of East Central Europe

since 1700 by Irina Livezeanu (editor), Arpad von Klimo

(editor) ISBN 9780415584333, 0415584337 Pdf Download

https://ebooknice.com/product/the-routledge-history-of-east-central-
europe-since-1700-35134742

★★★★★
4.9 out of 5.0 (43 reviews )

DOWNLOAD PDF

ebooknice.com
 (Ebook) The Routledge History of East Central Europe since
1700 by Irina Livezeanu (editor), Arpad von Klimo (editor)
ISBN 9780415584333, 0415584337 Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

(Ebook) Vagabond, Vol. 29 (29) by Inoue, Takehiko ISBN 9781421531489,

1421531488

https://ebooknice.com/product/vagabond-vol-29-29-37511002

(Ebook) The Routledge History of Women in Europe since 1700 by Deborah

Simonton ISBN 9780203969120, 9780415301039, 0415301033, 020396912X

https://ebooknice.com/product/the-routledge-history-of-women-in-
europe-since-1700-1477688

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason; Viles, James

ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571, 9781925268492, 1459699815,
1743365578, 1925268497

https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

(Ebook) History of Technology: Volume 29. Technology in China by Ian

Inkster (Editor) ISBN 9781441136114, 1441136118

https://ebooknice.com/product/history-of-technology-
volume-29-technology-in-china-2252790
(Ebook) Theatre History Studies 2009, Volume 29 by Rhona Justice-
Malloy ISBN 9780817355548, 0817355545

https://ebooknice.com/product/theatre-history-
studies-2009-volume-29-2523366

(Ebook) Boeing B-29 Superfortress ISBN 9780764302725, 0764302728

https://ebooknice.com/product/boeing-b-29-superfortress-1573658

(Ebook) Horticultural Reviews, Volume 29: Wild Apple and Fruit Trees
of Central Asia by Jules Janick ISBN 9780471219682, 9780471463375,
0471219681, 047146337X

https://ebooknice.com/product/horticultural-reviews-volume-29-wild-
apple-and-fruit-trees-of-central-asia-1900318

(Ebook) Jahrbuch für Geschichte: Band 29 ISBN 9783112622223,

3112622227

https://ebooknice.com/product/jahrbuch-fur-geschichte-band-29-50958290

(Ebook) Harrow County 29 by Cullen Bunn, Tyler Crook

https://ebooknice.com/product/harrow-county-29-53599548
 T H E RO U TL E DGE HIS TORY OF
E A S T CE N TRAL E U R OPE S IN C E 1 7 0 0

Covering territory from Russia in the east to Germany and Austria in the west, The Routledge
History of East Central Europe since 1700 explores the origins and evolution of modernity in this
turbulent region. This book applies fresh critical approaches to major historical controversies
and debates, expanding the study of a region that has experienced persistent and profound
change and yet has long been dominated by narrowly nationalist interpretations.
Written by an international team of contributors that reflects the increasing globalization
and pluralism of East Central European studies, chapters discuss key themes such as economic
development, the relationship between religion and ethnicity, the intersection between culture
and imperial, national, wartime, and revolutionary political agendas, migration, women’s and
gender history, ideologies and political movements, the legacy of communism, and the ways
in which various states in East Central Europe deployed and were formed by the politics of
memory and commemoration. This book uses new methodologies in order to fundamentally
reshape perspectives on the development of East Central Europe over the past three centuries.
Transnational and comparative in approach, this volume presents the latest research on the
social, cultural, political and economic history of modern East Central Europe, providing an
analytical and comprehensive overview for all students of this region.

Irina Livezeanu is Associate Professor of modern European history at the University of

Pittsburgh, USA. Her research has focused on culture and politics in twentieth-century
Romania and Moldova. She is the author of Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism,
Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930 (1995). Her articles have appeared in Soviet
Studies, Südosteuropa-Jahrbuch, Austrian History Yearbook, East European Politics & Societies, and La
Nouvelle Alternative, among others. Her essays have been published in collective volumes in
France, Romania, Britain, and the USA. She is past president of the Society for Romanian
Studies, and co-editor of the Studii Româneşti/Romanian Studies/Études Roumaines/Rumänische
Studien book series at Polirom in Iaşi, Romania.

Árpád von Klimó is Associate Professor of History at The Catholic University of America
in Washington, DC, USA. His courses cover Modern Europe since 1789 and the History of
Catholicism in the Global Age. He has published and conducted extensive research on nine-
teenth- and twentieth-century Hungarian, Italian and German social history. Recently, he
also completed a monograph on the memory of World War II and the Holocaust in Hungary,
focusing on the Novi Sad massacre of 1942 (Remembering Cold Days, 2017). His current project
is on world-wide Catholicism and Anti-Communism during the second half of the 1970s,
focusing on the figure of Cardinal József Mindszenty.
 THE ROUTLEDGE HISTORIES

The Routledge Histories is a series of landmark books surveying some of the most
­important topics and themes in history today. Edited and written by an international
team of world-renowned experts, they are the works against which all future books on
their subjects will be judged.

THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y

OF SEX AND THE BODY OF RURAL AMERIC A
Edited by Kate Fisher and Sarah Toulalan Edited by Pamela Riney-Kehrberg

THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y

OF WESTERN EMPIRES OF DISEASE
Edited by Robert Aldrich and Edited by Mark Jackson
Kirsten McKenzie
THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y
THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y OF AMERIC AN SPORT
OF FOOD Edited by Linda J. Borish, David K. Wiggins,
Edited by Carol Helstosky and Gerald R. Gems

THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y OF

OF TERRORISM LATIN AMERIC AN CULTURE
Edited by Randall D. Law Edited by Carlos Salomon

THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y OF THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y

MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANITY OF NINETEENTH-CENTUR Y
Edited by Robert Swanson AMERIC A
Edited by Jonathan Daniel Wells
THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y
OF GENOCIDE THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y
Edited by Cathie Carmichael and OF ITALIAN AMERIC ANS
Richard C. Maguire Edited by William J. Connell and
Stanislao G. Pugilese
THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y
OF AMERIC AN FOODWAY S THE ROUTLEDGE HISTOR Y
Edited by Michael Wise and OF THE RENAISSANCE
Jennifer Jensen Wallach Edited by William Caferro
 T H E R O U TL ED G E
H I S T O R Y OF
E A S T C E NT R A L EUR OPE
S I N C E 1700

Edited by Irina Livezeanu

and Árpád von Klimó
 First published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 Irina Livezeanu and Árpád von Klimó
The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the
editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters,
has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification
and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Livezeanu, Irina, editor of compilation. | Klimo, Arpad von
editor of compilation.
Title: The Routledge history of East Central Europe since 1700 /
edited by Irina Livezeanu and Arpad von Klimo.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, [2017] |
Series: The Routledge histories | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016056772| ISBN 9780415584333
(hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315230894 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Europe, Eastern—History. |
Europe, Central—History.
Classification: LCC DJK4 .R68 2017 | DDC 943.7—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016056772

ISBN: 978-0-415-58433-3 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-23089-4 (ebk)

Typeset in New Baskerville Std

by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK
 CONTE NT S

List of maps vii

List of figures viii
List of tables ix
Notes on contributors x
Acknowledgments xv

Introduction1
IRINA LIVEZEANU AND ÁRPÁD VON KLIMÓ

1 Space: empires, nations, borders 27

JAMES KORANYI AND BERNHARD STRUCK

2 Rural and urban worlds: between economic modernization

and persistent backwardness 81
JACEK KOCHANOWICZ AND BOGDAN MURGESCU

3 Demography and population movements 126

THEODORA DRAGOSTINOVA AND DAVID GERLACH

4 Religion and ethnicity: conflicting and

converging identifications 176
JOEL BRADY AND EDIN HAJDARPASIC

5 The cultures of East Central Europe: imperial,

national, revolutionary 215
IRINA LIVEZEANU, THOMAS ORT, AND ALEX DRACE-FRANCIS

6 Women’s and gender history 278

KRASSIMIRA DASKALOVA AND SUSAN ZIMMERMANN

7 Political ideologies and political movements 323

ULF BRUNNBAUER AND PAUL HANEBRINK

v
 C ontents

8 Communism and its legacy 365

MALGORZATA FIDELIS AND IRINA GIGOVA

9 Returning to “Europe” and the rise of Europragmatism:

party politics and the European Union since 1989 415
REINHARD HEINISCH

10 Uses and abuses of the past 465

PATRICE M. DABROWSKI AND STEFAN TROEBST

Index 507

vi
 MAP S

1.1 East Central Europe, 2000 28

1.2 East Central Europe, ca. 1721 29
1.3 Europe, ca. 1740 38
1.4 The partitions of Poland, 1772–95 41
1.5 East Central Europe, 1815 46
1.6 East Central Europe, 1910 50
1.7 World War I, 1914–18 52
1.8 Nazi-dominated Europe, 1942 58
3.1 Population movements, 1944–48 157
8.1 Cold War Europe 368
9.1 EU accession dates 416

vii
 FIGUR ES

2.1 Per capita GDP of European socialist countries (1950–89) 107

2.2 Per capita GDP of post-communist countries 112
9.1 Support for EU membership among Central and East Central
European member states, 2011 442
9.2 Trust in the national government versus trust in the EU among
member states, 2011 443
9.3 Perceived benefit of membership of the EU, 2011 444
9.4 Trends in support for EU membership among East Central
European countries 445
9.5 Cumulative vote share of Euroskeptic parties in East Central
European countries 449
9.6 Protest parties in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia 450
9.7 Average corruption scores 2001–11, based on Corruption
Perception Index 451

viii
 TABLES

2.1 The average yearly rates of growth of the world economy and
selected regions, 1500–2000 (%) 85
2.2 GDP per capita 0–2000 (1990 international Geary-Khamis dollars) 85
2.3 Per capita industrialization level of East Central European countries
(interwar borders) compared with UK = 10099
2.4 Per capita GDP in East Central European countries during the
interwar period (1990 international Geary-Khamis dollars) 100
2.5 GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) (EU-27 = 100) 113
3.1 Immigration from East Central Europe to the
United States, 1899–1914 (partial data) 140
3.2 Immigration from East Central Europe to the United States and return
migration to Eastern Europe, 1908–23 141
3.3 Muslim migrations in the Balkans, 1815–1920 (partial data) 144
3.4 Migrations in the Balkans during the Balkan Wars and
World War I, 1912–18 (partial data) 146
3.5 Minorities in Eastern Europe in the interwar period 150
3.6 Wartime transfers, expulsions, and related population movements,
1939–44152
3.7 Total number of civilian workers in Nazi Germany, 1938–45 153
3.8 Postwar transfers, expulsions, and related population movements,
1944–48155
3.9 Prewar and postwar population in East Central European Countries
(in thousands) 159
3.10 The population of Yugoslavia according to nationality, based on the
1981 census 163
3.11 Internally displaced persons in the former Yugoslavia in 1993 164

ix
 CONTRIBUT O R S

Joel Brady is Teaching Consultant and Coordinator of Teaching Assistant Services at

the University of Pittsburgh’s Center for Teaching and Learning. He also teaches
in the Department of Religious Studies and the Department of Slavic Languages
and Literatures at the University of Pittsburgh. His Ph.D. thesis was entitled
“Transnational Conversions: Greek Catholic Migrants and Russky Orthodox
Conversions in Austria-Hungary, Russia, and the Americas (1890–1914).” His
research interests include ethnoreligious conversion, migrant transnationalism,
and the history of Eastern Christianity.
Ulf Brunnbauer holds the Chair for the History of Southeastern and Eastern Europe
at the University of Regensburg, and he is director of the Institute for East and
Southeast European Studies, in Regensburg. His research deals with the social his-
tory of Southeastern Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He co-edits
four book series, among them Südosteuropäische Arbeiten (de Gruyter Oldenbourg),
and the journal Südost-Forschungen. His most recent monograph is Globalizing
Southeastern Europe: America, Emigrants and the State since the late 19th Century (2016).
His co-edited volume The Ambiguous Nation: Case Studies from Southeastern Europe in
the 20th Century was published in 2013.
Patrice M. Dabrowski is a Harvard-trained historian. She has taught at Harvard, Brown,
and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and presently is affiliated with the
“Austrian Galicia and its Multicultural Heritage” Doctoral College at the University
of Vienna. Dabrowski is the author of two books, Poland: The First Thousand Years,
and Commemorations and the Shaping of Modern Poland. Several of her articles, on
topics related to her research on the beginnings of tourism in the Carpathian
Mountains, have garnered prizes. Dabrowski is a recipient of the Knight’s Cross of
the Order of Merit of the Polish Republic.
Krassimira Daskalova is Professor of Modern European Cultural History at St. Kliment
Ohridski University in Sofia, Bulgaria. She has published extensively on women’s
and gender history and on the history of the book and reading in Eastern and
Southeastern Europe. She is the author of four monographs and editor and co-­editor
of eighteen volumes. Her most recent monograph in Bulgarian is Women, Gender and
Modernization in Bulgaria, 1878–1944 (2012). Daskalova has served as president of
the International Federation for Research in Women’s History and she has been an

x
 C ontributors

editor of Aspasia: The International Yearbook of Central, Eastern and Southeastern European
Women’s and Gender History.
Alex Drace-Francis is Associate Professor in European Studies at the University of
Amsterdam. He has published widely on the social, cultural, and literary history of
the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, particularly on Romania and southeast-
ern Europe, and on topics such as literacy and print culture, travel and travel writ-
ing, history of ideas and cultural identity. His most recent books are The Traditions
of Invention (2013), and the anthologies European Identity: A Historical Reader, and
Where to Go in Europe (both 2013).
Theodora Dragostinova is Associate Professor of History at The Ohio State University
where she teaches classes in Eastern Europe, modern Europe, comparative nation-
alism and state-building, and global mobility and migration. She is the author of
Between Two Motherlands: Nationality and Emigration among the Greeks of Bulgaria,
1900–1949 (Cornell, 2011) and Beyond Mosque, Church, and State: Alternative
Narratives of the Nation in the Balkans (CEU Press, 2016). She is currently research-
ing global cultural contacts between East, West, and the Third World during the
Cold War from the perspective of a small state, Bulgaria.
Malgorzata Fidelis is Associate Professor of History at the University of Illinois at
Chicago. Her research focuses on social and cultural history in post-1945 Eastern
Europe. In Women, Communism, and Industrialization in Postwar Poland (Cambridge
University Press, 2010), she explored how communist leaders and society recon-
ciled pre-communist traditions with radically new communist norms. Her new
book project is The Sixties behind the Iron Curtain: Youth and the Global Sixties in Poland,
1954–1974. She is also working on a textbook co-authored with Jill Massino, Eastern
Europe: Peoples, Cultures, and Politics from the Middle Ages to the Twenty-First Century
(forthcoming from Routledge).
David Gerlach is Associate Professor of History at Saint Peter’s University in New
Jersey. His forthcoming book, The Economy of Ethnic Cleansing: The Transformation
of the German-Czech Borderlands after World War II, will be published by Cambridge
University Press. He was awarded the R. John Rath Prize for Best Article in the
2007 Austrian History Yearbook, and the 2006–2007 Award for Best Dissertation by
the Austrian Cultural Forum. In addition to continuing to study migration, his cur-
rent research explores restitution, reparations, and other compensation programs
stemming from World War II.
Irina Gigova is Associate Professor of History at the College of Charleston, South
Carolina and a scholar of Bulgarian modern social and cultural history. She has
published in Aspasia, The Journal of Urban History, and History & Memory, and
she has an essay in Beyond Mosque, Church, and State: Alternative Narratives to the
Nation in the Balkans, edited by Theodora Dragostinova and Yana Hashamova
(CEU Press, 2016). Her book manuscript, “At the Crossroads: A Generation of
Writers in Modern Bulgaria, 1900–1960” uses writers and literature to examine
broader processes of state-building, modernization, political transition, and
national culture.

xi
 C ontributors

Edin Hajdarpasic is Associate Professor of History at Loyola University, Chicago. His

research interests include Balkan history, national movements, conflict and mem-
ory, and imperial (particularly Ottoman and Habsburg) politics. His book, Whose
Bosnia? Nationalism and Political Imagination in the Balkans, 1840–1914 (Cornell
University Press, 2015) won the Joseph Rothschild Book Prize from the Association
for the Study of Nationalities.
Paul Hanebrink is Associate Professor of History and Jewish Studies at Rutgers
University – New Brunswick. He is the author of In Defense of Christian Hungary:
Religion, Nationalism, and Antisemitism, 1890–1944 (Cornell University Press,
2006). He has also published journal articles on this topic in the Journal of Modern
History and the Austrian History Yearbook, as well as essays in several edited volumes.
Currently, he is working on a transnational history of the idea of Judeo-Bolshevism
in twentieth-century Europe, tentatively titled “A Specter Haunting Europe,”
­forthcoming from Harvard University Press.
Reinhard Heinisch is Professor of Austrian Politics in Comparative European
Perspective at the University of Salzburg, Austria where he also chairs the
Department of Sociology and Political Science. In addition, he is a faculty affili-
ate of the Center of European Studies of the University of Pittsburgh. His major
research interests are comparative populism, Euroscepticism, and comparative
political parties and democracy. He is the author of Populism, Proporz, Pariah: Austria
Turns Right (2002) and co-author of Understanding Populist Party Organisation: The
Radical Right in Western Europe (2016) as well as numerous other publications on
Austrian and European politics.
Árpád von Klimó is Associate Professor of History at The Catholic University of
America in Washington, DC. His courses cover modern Europe since 1789 and the
history of Catholicism in the global age. He has done extensive research on and
published in nineteenth- and twentieth-century social history, mostly on Hungary,
Italy and Germany, and recently wrote a monograph on the memory of World
War II and the Holocaust in Hungary, focusing on the Novi Sad massacre of 1942
(Remembering Cold Days, 2017). His current project is on world-wide Catholicism
and anti-communism during the second half of the 1970s, focusing on the figure
of Cardinal József Mindszenty.
Jacek Kochanowicz (1946–2014) was Professor of Economics and Economic History
at Warsaw University and at Central European University in Budapest. He was
Fellow at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (Paris), the Institute
for Advanced Study (Princeton), the Institute of Human Sciences (Vienna)
and other research institutions. A disciple of Witold Kula, he started working
on the early modern peasant economy, but gradually expanded his research to
long-term economic development and backwardness, to the complex relations
between cultural patterns and economic performance, as well as to the burden
of the past on post-communist societies. He is the author of Backwardness and
Modernization: Poland and Eastern Europe in the 16th–20th Centuries (Ashgate, 2006).
James Koranyi is Lecturer in Modern European History at Durham University. He
previously taught at the University of St. Andrews and the University of Exeter.

xii
 C ontributors

His work focuses on Romania, Hungary, the Habsburg Empire, and Germany. He
has published on Germans from Romania, on commemorations in the Habsburg
Lands, and on landscape in late modernity. In his latest research he is concerned
with British travelers to the Carpathians in the nineteenth century. Together with
Bernhard Struck he is writing Modern Europe 1760s to the Present: A Transnational
History (Bloomsbury).
Irina Livezeanu is Associate Professor of Modern European History at the University
of Pittsburgh. Her research has focused on culture and politics in twentieth-­century
Romania and Moldova. She is the author of Cultural Politics in Greater Romania:
Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930 (Cornell University
Press, 1995). Her articles have appeared in Soviet Studies, Südosteuropa-Jahrbuch,
Austrian History Yearbook, East European Politics & Societies, and La Nouvelle Alternative,
among others. Her essays have been published in collective volumes in France,
Romania, Britain, and the US. She is co-editor for the Society of Romanian Studies,
Studii Româneşti/Romanian Studies/Études Roumaines/Rumänische Studien series
at Polirom in Iaşi, Romania.
Bogdan Murgescu is Professor of Economic History and Director of the Doctoral
Studies Council at the University of Bucharest. He has been Roman Herzog Fellow
at the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in Berlin, and Visiting Professor at the
University of Pittsburgh, and Central European University, Budapest. He is president
of the Romanian Society for Historical Sciences, and serves on the Advisory Board of
the Institute for East and Southeast European Studies in Regensburg. His research
interests are economic and social history, the history of communism and of post-­
communism, and the development of human capital. He is the author of Romania
and Europe: The Accumulation of Development Lags, 1500–2010 (in Romanian) 2010.
Thomas Ort is Associate Professor of Modern European History and Director of the
Honors in the Social Sciences Program at Queens College, The City University of
New York. The main focus of his research has been modernist and avant-garde life
in early twentieth-century Czechoslovakia, but his most recent work concerns the
politics of memory in postwar Eastern Europe. He is the author of Art and Life in
Modernist Prague: Karel Čapek and his Generation, 1911–1938 (Palgrave Macmillan,
2013), which was recently published in a Czech translation (Argo, 2016). His essay,
“Cubism’s Sex: Masculinity and Czech Modernism, 1911–1914,” was awarded the
Czechoslovak Studies Association’s prize for best article in 2014.
Bernhard Struck is Reader in Modern European History, at the School of History,
and Founding Director of the Institute for Transnational and Spatial History at the
University of St. Andrews. His research focuses on German, French, and Polish his-
tory, the history of travel, borderlands, cartography, and space. He is the author
of Nicht West – nicht Ost. Frankreich und Polen in der Wahrnehmung deutscher Reisender,
1750–1850 (2006), and Revolution, Krieg und Verflechtung. Deutsch-Französische Geschichte
1789–1815 (with Claire Gantet, 2008). He is co-editor of Shaping the Transnational
Sphere: Experts, Networks and Issues from the 1840s to the 1930s (2015).
Stefan Troebst is Professor of East European Cultural History at Leipzig University. His
Ph.D. and his habilitation are both from the Free University in Berlin. His research

xiii
 C ontributors

focuses on international and interethnic relations in modern Eastern Europe and

the comparative cultural history of contemporary Europe. He has published widely
on the culture, history and politics of the Balkans, East Central Europe, Russia and
the Baltic Region. His recent publications include Zwischen Arktis, Adria und Armenien.
Das östliche Europa und seine Ränder (Vienna, 2017), and Remembering Communism:
Private and Public Recollections of Lived Experience in Southeast Europe (co-edited with
Maria Todorova and Augusta Dimou (New York & Budapest, 2014).
Susan Zimmermann is University Professor at Central European University, and
President of the International Conference of Labour and Social History (ITH).
She has published on women’s movements as well as social protection policies
in the Habsburg Monarchy and internationally, and on the politics of class, gen-
der and race of the International Labour Organization in the interwar period. In
2016/2017 she is a fellow at the International Research Center “Work and Human
Lifecycle in Global History” at Humboldt University in Berlin. Her project explores
the histories of socialist and communist trade union women and trade unions’
­gender policies in the short twentieth century.

xiv
 ACKNOWL E D G M ENT S

Like many collective projects, this book has been in the making for longer than any of
its contributors might have wished. For all of the time and effort that we all put into
it, we are also in the debt of institutions and additional people, beyond the authors
and editors, that made it possible. The University of Pittsburgh’s University Center
for International Studies, the Global Studies Center, the EU Center of Excellence,
and the University’s Honors College provided me with support through a series of
grants. The University of St. Andrews, in Scotland hosted an author workshop in
March 2013 sponsored by its Centre for Transnational History (now the Institute
for Transnational and Spatial History) and organized by Bernhard Struck. Melissa
Feinberg of Rutgers University and Mary Neuburger of the University of Texas at
Austin contributed written comments, bringing a fresh perspective to the chapters in
this volume. Mellissa Feinberg also helped edit Chapter 6. The four readers who eval-
uated the project in 2009 offered excellent suggestions (and some warnings) about
the complex task we were embarking on.
I am grateful for the many different kinds of help – conceptual, editorial, technical –
I received from Andrew Behrendt throughout the editing process, and for Simon
Brown’s research assistance on Chapter 5. I thank Lars Peterson and Valerie Sweeney
for their help with editing parts of the manuscript. I am most thankful for the excel-
lent support received from Eve Setch, Amy Welmers, and Allyson Yates at Routledge,
from George Warburton and his team at Swales & Willis, and from Mark Vehec at the
University of Pittsburgh’s Center for Teaching and Learning at various stages of editing
and production.
Irina Livezeanu, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

It has been a privilege to work with so many excellent colleagues and friends on
this project. I want to thank particularly Eve Setch and Amy Welmers of Routledge
who have supported and encouraged the editors throughout the years. I also have
to thank my colleagues and friends at the University of Pittsburgh, and, for the last
four years, at The Catholic University of America, who have made it possible for me
to find time to work on this volume while simultaneously being engaged in teaching,
mentoring undergraduates and graduates, doing research projects, and helping the
departments to grow. Finally, I want to thank all the authors for their tireless work,

xv
 A cknowledgments

their patience when we went sometimes four or five times through the editing of their
chapters in order to have the best possible text, and those colleagues and friends in
Europe and the United States who have reviewed, critiqued, and encouraged the
present book.
Árpád von Klimó, Washington, DC

xvi
 I NTRODU C T I O N

Irina Livezeanu and Árpád von Klimó

Since the fall of communism in 1989–1991, the region we are calling East Central
Europe has experienced a remarkable transformation. Civil society has blossomed
along with competing political parties, new legal and constitutional systems, and
a market economy. While untrammeled commercialism, corruption, deep social
­inequality, a widening gap between urban and rural sectors, and urban homeless-
ness have also spread through the countries that communists once ruled, these phe-
nomena are part and parcel of capitalism, one could argue. The last decade has
witnessed populist authoritarianism take hold in some countries, making democracy
look fragile in a region that has known mostly imperial and dictatorial rule over the
past few centuries.1
The new right-wing governments in Hungary and Poland, elected by broad major-
ities in 2010 and 2016, may be examples of this fragility. Viktor Orbán, Jarosław
Kaczyński and their voters claim to have regained “national independence” (from
Western and post-communist elites), while also drawing on the ideological stock
of the 1930s and 1940s featuring the nationalism, religious conservatism, and anti­
semitism of those turbulent decades.2 From the perspective of those of us studying
East Central Europe, it is both a consolation and at the same time perhaps more
worrying that these political trends are true of Europe in general. Similar parties or
coalitions have also gained strength in Austria, France, Britain, Germany, Denmark,
Italy, and Sweden, in part in reaction to the challenges of globalization manifest in
the large numbers of migrants, some of them Muslims from North Africa and Asia,
others new European Union (EU) members from Romania and Poland, all of them
seeking refuge and jobs in more prosperous, secure, and stable parts of Europe.
The great power to the east under the leadership of Vladimir Putin, a former KGB
operative, has also been drifting in the direction of authoritarianism. Russia is the
main successor to the Soviet Union, which dominated the countries of the region
“formerly known as Eastern Europe” militarily and politically for half a century.3 In
the 1990s, and again more recently, experts and journalists have used the moniker
“Weimar Russia” to signal the danger of frailty and dictatorship in a Russia that was
humiliated and is nostalgic for its lost power, no longer the metropole of a sprawl-
ing empire, and wishing to restore its international prestige in ways reminiscent of
Germany in the decades between its lost World War I and the rise of Hitler.4 There
is an inevitable element of speculation here, but efforts to restore Russian prestige
and empire in the second decade of the twenty-first century or later could well have
a negative impact on the independent nations that were once part of the Soviet bloc.

1
 I R I N A L I V E Z E A N U A N D Á R P Á D V O N K L I M Ó

The international alignment of the region has changed dramatically after the end
of the Cold War. While Greece and Turkey had been part of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) already since 1952, despite their being neither “northern,” nor
close to the Atlantic Ocean by any measure, these two states’ northwestern neighbors,
being Soviet satellites, were included in the 1955 Warsaw Pact Treaty, which brought
the countries of the Soviet bloc together against NATO. The stand-off between the
two security organizations was most visible in Berlin, a city divided since 1961 into East
and West by barbed wire, a cement wall, and armed guards who shot to kill on the
eastern side until November 1989 when they were suddenly ordered to fire no more.
The Warsaw Pact unraveled in 1989, but NATO continued to expand eastward to
Russia’s border. Between 1999 and 2009 twelve ex-communist countries – including
three former Soviet republics – joined NATO.
The EU, with its origins in a common market project for West European countries
launched with the 1957 Treaty of Rome, saw its most dramatic enlargement in 2004,
when the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia,
and Slovenia joined along with Cyprus and Malta. Three more former communist
countries, Bulgaria, Romania, and Croatia joined the EU by 2013. Some Balkan
states and Turkey, the latter sitting astride Europe and Asia Minor, remain outside
“Europe” even while the route along which waves of Middle Eastern migrants attempt
to reach the wealthiest European states runs through them. It is noteworthy that
these countries, which the EU hesitates to welcome into its ranks, have large Muslim
populations – an overwhelming majority in Turkey – and were some of the last areas
to remain in the Ottoman Empire before its demise in 1920. This whirlwind tour of
the present-day region with whose history this volume concerns itself suggests the
importance of understanding the area’s past if we are to comprehend its unfolding,
often unsettled, present.

Definitions of time and space

This volume is about the history of East Central Europe from 1700 to the present.
But neither the beginning nor the end point of this more than three-hundred-year
long period are particularly salient dates. This book is, after all, not a political history,
nor the history of a single state, national group, or social movement. Thus there is no
obvious and clearly defined start to our “story.” Many chapters deal with structures,
ideas or developments that originated before or sometimes after 1700. This is most
obvious for topics such as religion, migration, economic development, gender rela-
tions, urbanization, literacy, and culture. Yet the eighteenth century as a whole was
an extended watershed “moment” filled with new ideas and radical reforms, and it
witnessed major shifts in political borders and the balance of power. It is important
to try to capture the old and the new, and the transition from the one to the other.
The decline and collapse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the rise to prom-
inence of the Habsburg and Russian empires under the rule of modernizing mon-
archs, the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia, and the gradual retreat of the
Ottomans from the European continent, all had further impacts on the economies,
societies, and cultures of the region. After 1700, new political ideas were debated
and new institutions put in place. Events, publications, or phenomena – such as the
French Revolution, Enlightenment thought, the Encyclopédie, nationalism – were

2
 INTRODUCTION

­ iscussed all over the continent, but they were interpreted differently according to
d
local circumstances as Chapters 5 and 7 show in detail.
How do we delimit the territory included in the region that we are here calling
East Central Europe? Given the relationships of power and cultural impact, and the geo-
graphical connections between parts of Western, Central, Northern, Southern, and
Eastern Europe we have found appropriate an expansive, open-ended, definition of
the area analyzed in this volume. We include Russia, Venice, Germany, the Ottoman
Empire, and even France, Britain, and the United States in our account at times, as
these powers, their revolutions, societies, economies, and cultures exerted enormous
influence on Eastern and Central Europe. But effects, pressures, and population
flows went in multiple directions as the narratives of various chapters will show.
We have chosen to use East Central Europe rather than Eastern Europe, Central
Europe, or other more complex phrasing (such as Central and Southeastern Europe)
as the name of the region under discussion. Others have continued to use Eastern
Europe, a term to which historians, social scientists, journalists, and politicians had
become accustomed over the roughly half a century of communist rule, and which
still today easily rolls off the tongue because of habit, tradition, and alliteration.
Eastern Europe may go back as a term further still. Yet, it is not without problems.
To begin with, it indicates a binary division of the continent into two separate parts,
as if the border between east and west were sharply drawn on the map and across the
landmass from north to south. In fact such a line has been difficult to discern in cen-
turies past, it was hard to enforce during the last decades of the Cold War, and has
become almost impossible to trace even in recent years, getting blurrier the more
time that passes since the chronological frontier of 1989.5
East and West are, of course, not just cardinal points on a map, but conceptual
places enveloping thickly layered religious, intellectual, and imperial histories, and,
in the second half of the twentieth century, mutually antagonistic political ideologies
as conceived and written by contemporaries and historians. During the Cold War
decades “Eastern Europe” made some sense as a label for the large territory here
under discussion because of the Soviet Union’s military and political dominion over
the countries to its west as far as Berlin, because travel to the West was a carefully
controlled and rare enough privilege for Easterners, and because Westerners’ access
to Eastern lands was restricted as well. Thus a binary conceptual division of Europe
resembled the facts on the ground to a substantial degree.

Central Europe, Mitteleuropa, Eastern Europe

And yet it was already during the last decade of communist rule, when Milan
Kundera, a dissident Czech novelist living in Parisian exile, challenged the appropri-
ateness of “Eastern Europe” as applied to at least some of the countries behind the
Iron Curtain.6 He explored the cultural identities of Europe’s regions, freely mixing
modern, contemporary, and medieval historical material in the service of a political
project: to prove that “Central Europe” – East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and
Hungary – did not belong in the Soviet bloc and that the West should help rescue
these states and their people. He asserted that the medieval adherence of princes
and populace to Roman Christianity made “Central Europeans” part of Occidental
Europe, while the Christianization of the peoples to the south and east by Byzantine

3
Other documents randomly have
different content
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com