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OXFORD MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS
Anaesthesia for
Emergency Care
Oxford Specialist Handbooks published and forthcoming
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in Anaesthesia Hepatology, and Nutrition
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Disease Surgical Oncology
End of Life in the Intensive Urological Surgery
Care Unit Vascular Surgery
Oxford Specialist
Handbooks in
Anaesthesia
Anaesthesia
for Emergency
Care
Edited by
Jerry Nolan
Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine
Royal United Hospital NHS Trust,
Bath, UK
Jasmeet Soar
Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine
Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust,
Bristol, UK
1
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
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ISBN 978–0–19–958897–8
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v
Preface
Contents
Contributors ix
Symbols and Abbreviations xiii
1 General Principles 1
2 Prehospital 53
3 The Injured Patient 63
4 Anaesthesia for the Critically Ill Patient 109
5 General Surgical Emergencies 137
6 Ear, Nose, and Throat Emergencies 155
7 Maxillofacial Emergencies 171
8 Cardiovascular Emergencies 179
9 Neurological Emergencies 215
10 Plastic Surgery 249
11 Obstetric Emergencies 261
12 Urological Emergencies 289
13 Paediatric Emergencies 297
14 Ophthalmic Emergencies 337
15 Anaesthesia for Emergency Radiological
Procedures 343
16 Anaesthetic Emergencies 355
Index 393
This page intentionally left blank
ix
Contributors
b cross reference
i increased
d decreased
~ approximately
l leading to
± plus/minus
2 important
# fracture
#NOF fractured neck of femur
M website
A–a alveolar–arterial
AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm
AAGBI Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
ABCDE airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure
ABG arterial blood gas
ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
ADH anti-diuretic hormone
AKI acute kidney injury
ALI acute lung injury
ALS advanced life support
APTT activated partial thromboplastin time
ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists
AV atrioventricular
BP blood pressure
Ca calcium
CABG coronary artery bypass grafting
CBF cerebral blood flow
CDH Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
CEA carotid endarterectomy
CICV can’t intubate, can’t ventilate’
cLMA classic laryngeal mask airway
CMRO2 cerebral metabolic rate of O2
CNB central neuraxial block
CNS central nervous system
xiv SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
min minute/s
mL millilitre/s
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
Na+ sodium ion
NICE National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
NIV non-invasive ventilation
NMBA neuromuscular blocking agent
NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
O2 oxygen
PA pulmonary artery
PaCO2 partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide
PCA patient-controlled analgesia
PCC prothrombin complex concentrate
PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
PCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PE pulmonary embolism
PEA pulseless electrical activity
PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure
PET pre-eclamptic toxaemia
PICU paediatric intensive care unit
PIP peak inspiratory pressure
PNB peripheral nerve block
PO orally (per os)
PO2 partial pressure of oxygen
PONV postoperative nausea and vomiting
PPH postpartum haemorrhage
PR rectally (per rectum)
PRN as needed (pro re nata)
PT prothrombin time
RA regional anaesthesia/anaesthetic
RBC red blood cell
rFVIIa recombinant Factor VIIa
RNA ribonucleic acid
RRT renal replacement therapy
RSI rapid sequence induction
RV right ventricular
s second/s
SAD supraglottic airway device
SAH subarachnoid haemorrhage
SaO2 arterial oxygen saturation
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvii
SBP systolic blood pressure
SC subcutaneous
ScvO2 oxygen saturation of central venous blood
SIGN Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network
SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome
SSEP somatosensory evoked potential
STEMI ST-elevation myocardial infarction
SVC superior vena cava
SVR systemic vascular resistance
TAP transversus abdominis plane
TBI traumatic brain injury
TEG thromboelastogram
TIA transient ischaemic attack
TIPSS transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
TIVA total intravenous anaesthesia
TOF tracheo-oesophageal fistula
TRALI transfusion-related acute lung injury
TT tracheal tube
U&Es urea and electrolytes
US ultrasound
VF ventricular fibrillation
VP ventriculoperitoneal
VT ventricular tachycardia
VTE venous thromboembolism
WFNS World Federation of Neurological Surgeons
This page intentionally left blank
Chapter 1 1
General Principles
Preoperative assessment 2
Rob Jackson
Rapid sequence induction and tracheal intubation 6
Rob Jackson
Drugs for emergency anaesthesia 10
Rob Jackson
Vascular access 16
Jerry Nolan
Transfusion 20
Jerry Nolan
Fluid therapy 26
Jerry Nolan
Electrolytes 30
Jerry Nolan
Acute pain management 40
Tim Cook
Monitoring 46
Patrick Magee
Regional versus general anaesthesia 50
Tim Cook
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