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679 views151 pages

(Ebook) Introduction To Sociology by George Ritzer ISBN 9781506362670, 1506362672 Kindle & PDF Formats

The document is a promotional listing for the ebook 'Introduction to Sociology' by George Ritzer, which is available for download in PDF format. It includes details such as the ISBN, a high rating based on reviews, and links to additional related sociology ebooks. The document also outlines the book's contents, including chapters on various sociological topics and themes.

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Introduction to Sociology
Fourth Edition
Introduction to Sociology
Fourth Edition
George Ritzer
University of Maryland
FOR INFORMATION:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, California 91320
E-mail: [email protected]
SAGE Publications Ltd.
1 Oliver’s Yard
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London EC1Y 1SP
United Kingdom
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Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044
India
SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd.
3 Church Street
#10-04 Samsung Hub
Singapore 049483
Copyright © 2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
All trademarks depicted within this book, including trademarks appearing as part of a screenshot, figure,
or other image are included solely for the purpose of illustration and are the property of their respective
holders. The use of the trademarks in no way indicates any relationship with, or endorsement by, the
holders of said trademarks.
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ritzer, George, author.
Title: Introduction to sociology / George Ritzer, University of Maryland.
Description: Fourth edition. | Thousand Oaks, California : Sage, [2018] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017014666 | ISBN 9781506362670 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Sociology.
Classification: LCC HM585 .R568 2018 | DDC 301—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2017014666
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Acquisitions Editor: Jeff Lasser
Content Development Manager: Nancy Matuszak
Editorial Assistant: Adeline Wilson
Marketing Manager: Kara Kindstrom
Production Editor: Veronica Stapleton Hooper
Copy Editor: Laureen Gleason
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Proofreader: Alison Syring
Indexer: Jean Casalegno
Cover Designer: Scott Van Atta
Brief Contents
Letter from the Author
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Sociology in the Global Age
Chapter 2: Thinking Sociologically
Chapter 3: Researching the Social World
Chapter 4: Culture
Chapter 5: Socialization and Interaction
Chapter 6: Organizations, Societies, and Global Relationships
Chapter 7: Deviance and Crime
Chapter 8: Social Stratification in the United States
Chapter 9: Global Stratification
Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
Chapter 11: Gender and Sexuality
Chapter 12: Families
Chapter 13: Education
Chapter 14: Religion
Chapter 15: Politics and the Economy
Chapter 16: The Body, Medicine, Health, and Health Care
Chapter 17: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment
Chapter 18: Social Change, Social Movements, and Collective Action
Glossary
References: Chapter-Opening Vignettes
References: Comprehensive List
Index
Detailed Contents
Letter from the Author
Acknowledgments
About the Author
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY IN THE GLOBAL AGE
Learning Objectives
A Sociology of Revolutions and Counterrevolutions
The Changing Nature of the Social World—and Sociology
Central Concerns for a Twenty-First-Century Sociology
Digital Living: Blogging and Tweeting about Sociology
Globalization
Globalization: Sex Trafficking
Consumption
McDonaldization
Critiquing Consumption
Trending: The McDonaldization of Society
The Digital World
Globalization, Consumption, the Digital World, and You
Sociology: Continuity and Change
The Sociological Imagination
Private Troubles and Public Issues
The Micro–Macro Relationship
The Agency–Structure Relationship
The Social Construction of Reality
Social Structures and Processes
Sociology’s Purpose: Science or Social Reform?
Sociology, The Other Social Sciences, and Common Sense
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
2 THINKING SOCIOLOGICALLY
Learning Objectives
How Do Theories Help Us Understand Politics and Other Social Institutions?
The Giants of Classical Sociological Theory
Karl Marx
Max Weber
Émile Durkheim
Other Important Early Theorists
Georg Simmel
W. E. B. Du Bois
Trending: The Scholar Denied: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology
Thorstein Veblen
Contemporary Sociological Theory
Structural/Functional Theories
Structural-Functionalism
Structuralism
Globalization: The Contentious India–China Border
Conflict/Critical Theories
Conflict Theory
Critical Theory
Feminist Theory
Queer Theory
Critical Theories of Race and Racism
Digital Living: The Voluntariat
Postmodern Theory
Inter/Actionist Theories
Symbolic Interactionism
Ethnomethodology
Exchange Theory
Rational Choice Theory
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
3 RESEARCHING THE SOCIAL WORLD
Learning Objectives
Sociology as a Science
The Scientific Method
The Development of Scientific Knowledge
Sociological Research
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Observational Research
Participant and Nonparticipant Observation
Ethnography
Digital Living: Netnography
Interviews
Types of Interviews
The Interview Process
Survey Research
Types of Surveys
Sampling
Experiments
Secondary Data Analysis
Historical-Comparative Method
Globalization: World Values Survey
Content Analysis
Issues in Social Research
Reliability and Validity
Research Ethics
Physical and Psychological Harm
Illegal Acts
The Violation of Trust
Trending: On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City
Informed Consent and Institutional Review Boards
Objectivity, or “Value-Free” Sociology
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
4 CULTURE
Learning Objectives
A Reflection of U.S. Culture
A Definition of Culture
The Basic Elements of Culture
Values
Norms
Material Culture
Symbolic Culture and Language
Cultural Differences
Ideal and Real Culture
Ideology
Globalization: Queueing in Hong Kong and India
Subcultures
Countercultures
Culture Wars
Multiculturalism and Assimilation
Trending: The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors,
and the Collision of Two Cultures
Identity Politics
Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism
Global Culture
The Globalization of Values
Cultural Imperialism
Emerging Issues in Culture
Consumer Culture
Children in a Consumer Culture
Nontraditional Settings for Consumption
A Postconsumer Culture?
Culture Jamming
Cyberculture
Digital Living: Netiquette
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
5 SOCIALIZATION AND INTERACTION
Learning Objectives
Socialization and Variance
The Individual and the Self
Symbolic Interaction and Development of the Self
Humans and Nonhumans
Symbolic Interaction
Mind and Self
The Generalized Other
The “I” and the “Me”
The “I” and “Me” in Consumer Society
The Individual as Performer
Impression Management
Front and Back Stage
Trending: Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other
Socialization
Childhood Socialization
Primary Socialization and the Family
Globalization: The Self in the Global Age
Peers
Gender
Mass Media and New Media
Consumer Culture
Adult Socialization
Workplaces
Total Institutions
Other Aspects of Adult Socialization
Digital Living: Digital Natives
Interaction
Superordinate–Subordinate Interactions
Reciprocity and Exchange
“Doing” Interaction
Interaction Order
Status and Role
Micro-Level Social Structures
Interpersonal Relationships
Social Networks
Groups
Types of Groups
Conformity to the Group
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
6 ORGANIZATIONS, SOCIETIES, AND GLOBAL RELATIONSHIPS
Learning Objectives
Questioning Governmental Authority
Organizations
Bureaucracies
Authority Structures and Bureaucracy
Trending: Gang Leader for a Day: A Rogue Sociologist Takes to the Streets
Rationality and Irrationality
The Informal Organization
Contemporary Organizational Realities
Gendered Organizations
Other Problems in Organizations
Contemporary Changes in Organizations
Globalization and Organizations
McDonaldization and Bureaucratic Organizations
Network Organizations
Characteristics of the Network Organization
Informationalism
Societies
Global Relationships
Controlling Global Flows and Mobilities
Other Global Flows
Spaces of Flows
Landscapes
Global Barriers
Digital Living: Digital Currency
Globalization: Cricket in India
Are Global Barriers Effective?
Organizational Barriers
More Open Organizations?
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
7 DEVIANCE AND CRIME
Learning Objectives
Norms, Labels, and Judgment
Deviance
Shifting Definitions of Deviance
Global Flows and Deviance
Deviance and Consumption
Defining Deviant Consumption
“Dangerous Consumers”
Globalization: Rethinking the Dutch Approach to Marijuana Use
Theories of Deviance
Structural/Functional Theories
Strain
Adaptations to Strain
More Recent Developments in Strain Theory
Social Control
Broken Windows
Self-Control
Conflict/Critical Theories
Deviance and the Poor
Deviance and the Elite
Inter/Actionist Theories
Labeling
Primary and Secondary Deviance
Key Ideas in the Labeling Process
Moral Panics
Stigmas
Positive Deviance
Crime
The Criminal Justice System
Trending: The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
Types of Crimes
Globalization and Crime
Digital Living: Digital Piracy
Criminalization of Global Activities
Global Crime Control
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
8 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN THE UNITED STATES
Learning Objectives
Student “Haves” and “Have-Nots” in Higher Education
Dimensions of Social Stratification
Social Class
Status
Power
Consistency/Inconsistency across Dimensions of Stratification
Economic Inequality
Income Inequality
Wealth Inequality
Status, Power, and Wealth
Digital Living: Stratification in the New Sharing Economy
The Perpetuation of Wealth
The Decline of the American Middle Class
Poverty
Analyzing Poverty
Poverty in the United States
The Feminization of Poverty
Social Mobility
Types of Social Mobility
Structural Mobility in the United States
Achievement and Ascription
Theories of Social Stratification
Structural/Functional Theories
Conflict/Critical Theories
Social Rewards and Status
Gender, Race, and Class
Inter/Actionist Theories
Trending: Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City
Consumption and Social Stratification
Stratified Consumption
Social Class and Taste
The Quest for Distinction
Elites as Cultural Omnivores
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
9 GLOBAL STRATIFICATION
Learning Objectives
Something Is Right in Denmark
Positions in Global Stratification
The Global North and South
High-, Middle-, and Low-Income Countries
The Richest People in the World: The Global Concentration of Wealth
The Poorest People in the World: The Bottom Billion
Global Economic Inequalities
The Global Digital Divide
Global Health Inequality
Global Waste and the Churequeros
Gender Stratification
Inequality in Employment, Occupations, and Wealth
Digital Living: E-waste
Women and Informal Employment
Trending: Dealing in Desire: Asian Ascendancy, Western Decline, and the Hidden Currencies of
Global Sex Work
Women in Global Care Chains
Changing Positions in Global Stratification
Race to the Bottom
Globalization: Domestic Workers in Kuwait
Industrial Upgrading
Foreign Aid and Development
Theories of Global Stratification
Structural/Functional Theories
Conflict/Critical Theories
Colonialism, Imperialism, and Postcolonialism
World-Systems Theory
Consumption and Global Stratification
Global Consumer Culture and Inequality
Fair Trade
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
10 RACE AND ETHNICITY
Learning Objectives
Minorities Acquire Political Power
The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity
Historical Thinking about Race
“Scientific” Explanations
Globalization: Threats to the Roma
Cultural Explanations
The Fluidity of Racial Categories
Racial and Ethnic Identities
Majority–Minority Relations
The Social Construction of Difference
Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Intersectionality
Digital Living: Race in Cyberspace
Patterns of Interaction
Race, Ethnicity, and Education
Race, Ethnicity, and Consumption
Marketing to Minorities
Trending: The Cosmopolitan Canopy: Race and Civility in Everyday Life
White Consumption of Black Culture
Commercialization of Ethnicity
Racism
Foundations of Racism
Social Structure and Racism
Culture and Racism
Racist Motives
Institutional Racism
The Role of Individuals in Institutional Racism
The “Invisibility” of Institutional Racism
Social Movements and Race
Hate Groups
The Civil Rights Movement
Collective Identity and “Power” Movements
Race and Ethnicity in a Global Context
Ethnic Identity and Globalization
Global Prejudice and Discrimination
Global Flows Based on Race and Ethnicity
Positive and Negative Flows
Racial and Ethnic Barriers
Ethnic Conflict within Nation-States
Expulsion
Ethnic Cleansing
Genocide
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
11 GENDER AND SEXUALITY
Learning Objectives
Challenging Gender Stereotypes
Gender and Sex
Femininities and Masculinities
Transgender and Nonbinary Genders
Digital Living: Gender-Swapping in Online Games
Gender Diversity
Gendered Inequalities
Gender and Education
Gender, Family, and Work
Separate Spheres
Dual-Earner Households and the Stalled Revolution
Gender Inequality at Work
Gender and Consumer Culture
Consumption, Work, and Family
Women and Girls as Consumers
Men and Boys as Consumers
Advertising and Gender
The Sociology of Sexuality
Sexual Selves
Sexual Identities and Orientations
Gendered Sexual Scripts
Trending: Dude, You’re a Fag: Masculinity and Sexuality in High School
Spotlight on “Hooking Up”
Social Constraints on Sexuality
Culture and Consent
Sex and Consumption
Sexuality, Gender, and Globalization
Social Change and the Globalization of Sexuality
Global Flows Related to Sex and Sexuality
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Sexualities in a Global Context
The Global Sex Industry
Global Flows Related to Gender
The Feminization of Migration
The Feminization of Labor
The Feminization of Poverty and Female Proletarianization
Women in Export Processing Zones
Globalization: Rape as a Weapon of War
Gender, War, and Violence
The Global Women’s Movement
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
12 FAMILIES
Learning Objectives
Fictional Families Get Real
Family, Marriage, and Intimate Relationships
Some Basic Concepts
Marriage
Intimate Relationships
Love
Broad Changes in Marriage and the Family
Decline in Marriage
Perspectives on the Decline in Marriage
The Deinstitutionalization of Marriage
Marriage as a Carousel
Self-Disclosing Intimacy and Pure Relationships
Questioning the New Ideas on Marriage and Relationships
The Resilience of Marriage
Nonfamily Households
Trending: Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone
The Family Household
Digital Living: Online Dating
Alternative Forms of Families
Cohabitation
Single-Parent Families
Nonresident Parents
Stepfamilies and Blended Families
Lesbian and Gay Families
Theorizing the Family
Structural/Functional Theories
Conflict/Critical Theories
Feminist Theory
Inter/Actionist Theories
Symbolic Interactionism
Exchange Theory
Problems in the Family
Family Conflict
The Deficit Model
The Overload Model
The Cultural Tensions Model
The Conflict-of-Interest Model
The Anomie Model
Abuse and Violence within the Family
Child Abuse
Domestic Violence
Elder Abuse
Poverty and the Family
Gender Inequalities
Divorce
Factors in Divorce
Global Families
Global Flows That Involve the Family
Global Flows That Affect the Family
Global Economic Flows
Global Migration
Global Trafficking
Globalization: The Role of Cuban Families in Improving U.S.–Cuban Relations
Global Conflict
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
13 EDUCATION
Learning Objectives
Going to the “Right” Parties on Campus
Thinking about Education
Structural/Functional Theories
Durkheim on Education
A Later Structural-Functional Approach
Conflict/Critical Theories
Capitalist Systems and Education
Industrialized Society and Education
Inter/Actionist Theories
Education and Consumption
Inequality in Education
Who Succeeds in School?
Digital Living: Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)
The Coleman Report: How Much Do Schools Matter?
Globalization: The Globalization of Education
Intelligence and School Success
Class Differences in Early Childhood
Preschool
Seasonal Learning and Class Differences in Achievement
Inequality within Schools: Tracking and Student Outcomes
Alternatives to Traditional Public School
Vouchers
Unschooling and Homeschooling
Charter Schools
The Politics of Public Education
Who Goes to College?
Globalization and Education
PISA Rankings
Trending: Paying for the Party: How College Maintains Inequality
U.S., German, and Japanese Education Systems
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
14 RELIGION
Learning Objectives
Commercialism Encroaches on a Holy City
Early Sociologists and Religion
What Is Religion?
Components of Religion
Belief
Ritual
Experience
Civil Religion
Secularization
Digital Living: Practicing Virtual Faith
Religion as a Form of Consumption
Types of Religious Institutions
Sects
Churches
Denominations
Cults and New Religious Movements
Theorizing Religion
Structural/Functional Theories
Functions of Religion
Dysfunctions of Religion
Conflict/Critical Theories
Religion and Globalization
The Most Significant Global Religions
Judaism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Islam
Trending: Pray the Gay Away: The Extraordinary Lives of Bible Belt Gays
Christianity
Mormonism
Fundamentalism
Globalization: Tongues of Fire
Faith on the Move
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
15 POLITICS AND THE ECONOMY
Learning Objectives
The Interrelationship of Government and the Economy
Politics: Democracy or Dictatorship
Democracy: Citizenship as a Radical Idea
Dictatorship: The Seizure of Power
Digital Living: Hacktivism and State Interference
Who Rules the United States?
The Structural/Functional Perspective: Pluralism
The Conflict/Critical Perspective: The Power Elite
Which Perspective Is Correct?
Global Politics
Implementing Political Objectives: Legitimate Violence, War, and Terrorism
War
Terrorism
Geopolitics
The Nation and the Nation-State
The U.S. Economy: From Industrialization to Deindustrialization
Sociology of the Economy
The Industrial Revolution
From Fordism to Post-Fordism
Capitalism, Socialism, and Communism
Socialism and Communism
Welfare States
Globalization: Fordlandia in Brazil
Capitalism
Deindustrialization in the United States
Factors in Deindustrialization
The Decline of American Labor Unions
The Postindustrial Society
Trending: The Tumbleweed Society: Working and Caring in an Age of Insecurity
Work, Consumption, and Leisure
Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment
Consumption and the Postmodern Society
Leisure
Globalization and the Economy
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
16 THE BODY, MEDICINE, HEALTH, AND HEALTH CARE
Learning Objectives
The Debate Over Medical Marijuana
The Body
The Thinking of Michel Foucault
The Healthy Body: Lifestyle, Beauty, and Fitness
Trending: Blood Sugar: Racial Pharmacology and Food Justice in Black America
Beauty: Cultural Contexts
The Quest for the Ideal, the Consumption of Beauty, and the Fit Body
Fitness and the Healthy Body
Body Modifications
Risky Behavior
The Sociology of Health and Medicine
The Medical Profession
Weaknesses in the U.S. Health Care System
Digital Living: Telemedicine
Inequalities in U.S. Health Care
Globalization: Medical Tourism
Health Care Reform in the United States
Consumerism and Health Care
The Internet and the Consumption of Health Care
Globalization and Health
Growing Global Inequality
Disease
Malnutrition
Smoking
Borderless Diseases
HIV/AIDS
New Forms of Flu
Superbugs
The Impact of War on Health
Globalization and Improvements in Health and Health Care
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
17 POPULATION, URBANIZATION, AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Learning Objectives
Reaching a New Global Milestone
Population
Population Growth
Population Decline
The Processes of Population Change
Fertility
Mortality
The Demographic Transition
Migration
Urbanization
Ever-Larger Urban Areas
Suburbanization
A Postsuburban Era?
The Changing Nature of Major U.S. Cities
Toward a More Regional Perspective
Cities and Globalization
Global and World Cities
Megacities (and Beyond)
Globalization: The Flow of the Super-Rich to the World’s Great Cities
The Main Site of Global Problems
The Center of Culture and Consumption
Trending: Children of Katrina
The Environment
Theories of the Environment and Its Problems
Urban Areas and the Environment
Globalization and the Environment
The Leading Environmental Problems
Destruction of Natural Habitats
Adverse Effects on Marine Life
The Decline in Freshwater
Global Warming
Global Responses
Sustainable Development
Technological Fixes
Digital Living: Smart Cities
The Paris Agreement
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
18 SOCIAL CHANGE, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, AND COLLECTIVE ACTION
Learning Objectives
Workers’ Rights, Consumer Activism, and Social Change
Social Movements
The Tea Party
Trending: Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right
Feminist Movements
The Women’s Movement in the United States
The Global Women’s Movement
LGBTQ Movements
World War II and the Lavender Scare
The U.S.-Based Homophile Movement
Stonewall
Lesbian Herstory
Homosexuality in the DSM
Harvey Milk
HIV/AIDS, ACT UP, and Queer Nation
LGBTQ Comes of Age
The Ongoing Fight for Marriage Equality
The Civil Rights Movement
Emergence, Mobilization, and Impact of Social Movements
Factors in the Emergence of a Social Movement
Resources and Mobilization of Social Movements
Participation
Goals, Strategies, and Tactics
Factors in Success
The Impact of Social Movements
The Internet, Globalization, and Social Movements
Collective Action
Crowds
Digital Living: Crisis Mapping
Riots
Negative Views of Riots
Positive Effects of Riots
Disasters
Human Involvement in Disasters
The Effects of Disasters
Social Change: Globalization, Consumption, and the Internet
Globalization as the Ultimate Social Change
Global “Liquids”
Global “Flows”
Globalization and the Internet
Computer Viruses
Cyberactivism
Globalization: World Social Forum
Consumption and Globalization
Local and Regional Differences
The Globalization of Consumers
Global Brands
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
Glossary
References: Chapter-Opening Vignettes
References: Comprehensive List
Index
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