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“A solid introduction to the history of the Confederacy and to the ways in which
southerners have used and misused that history.”
—Washington Post Book World

“A startling but delightful analysis of the post–Civil War South.”

—James I. Robertson, Jr., Richmond Times-Dispatch

“[Goldfield] writes with considerable authority and grace, and he is most ar-
resting when dealing with skirmishes in the contemporary South such as those
found in fundamentalist churches, country music, and arguments over the
Confederate flag.”
—Journal of American History

“Changing perceptions of the South is an important theme to historian David

Goldfield, who is rapidly getting a reputation as the heir-apparent to deceased
southern analysts Wilbur J. Cash and C. Vann Woodward. Still Fighting the
Civil War has stirred controversies among conservatives and diehard region-
alists while earning accolades from others for insights, corrective facts, and
engaging prose. . . . Goldfield has obviously discovered that there is much
spiritually nourishing and intellectually delectable to be devoured by south-
erners uncomfortable in living on southern barbecue alone.”
—Southern Seen
This page intentionally left blank
WINNER OF THE JULES AND FRANCES LANDRY AWARD FOR 2002
This page intentionally left blank
 upd at ed ed itio n

Still Fighting the Civil War

The American South and Southern History

DAV I D G OLDF I E LD

Louisiana State University Press baton rouge

Louisiana State University Press
Copyright © 2002 by David Goldfield
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America

Louisiana Paperback Edition, 2004

Designer: Barbara Neely Bourgoyne

Typeface: Janson Text
Typesetter: Coghill Composition, Inc.

“The Mill Mother’s Song” by Ella May Wiggins is from American Folksongs of Protest, ed. John
Greenway. Copyright © 1953 University of Pennsylvania Press. Reprinted by permission. “The
Tall Men” by Donald Davidson is from his Poems 1922–1961 (University of Minnesota Press,
1966). Reprinted by permission.

Excerpt from John Brown’s Body by Stephen Vincent Benet. Copyright © 1927, 1928 by Stephen
Vincent Benet. Copyright renewed © 1955 by Rosemary Carr Benet. Reprinted by permission of
Brandt & Hochman Literary Agents, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Goldfield, David R., 1944–
Still fighting the Civil War : the American South and Southern history / David Goldfield. —
Updated edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8071-5215-7 (paper : alkaline paper) — ISBN 978-0-8071-5216-4 (pdf) —
ISBN 978-0-8071-5217-1 (epub) — ISBN 978-0-8071-5218-8 (mobi) 1. Southern States—
Civilization. 2. Southern States—Social conditions. 3. Southern States—History—Philosophy.
4. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Influence. I. Title.
F209.G65 2013
975—dc23
2012048188

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee
on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. ∞
for Erik and Eleanor
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

Preface to the Updated Edition   xi

Acknowledgments  xiii

Introduction  1

1 The Past Is   15

New Traditions  20
The Orthodox Church   28
Counterculture  37

2 God-Haunted  43
Blessed Defeat  50
Rituals of Faith   54
Making Good Christians   57
Black Branches  63
Dissenters  64
Civil Religion and Civil Rights   69

3 Culture Protestants  76

4 Pretty Women  89
The Woman’s War   93
Support and Sacrifice   96
Masks  103
Beneath the Pedestal   108
Keepers of the Past with an Eye to the Future   111
Suffering Suffrage  116
 5 Lady Insurrectionists  137
The Opening  138
Clubbing  140
Women’s Work  145
False Chivalry  150
Lifting As We Climb   152

6 A Woman’s Movement   162

Off the Pedestal   163
Daughter of the Confederacy   165
Freedom’s Midwives  170
Take It Like a Man   177
Gender Agenda  181

7 Colors  187
Fluid Dynamics  191
Redeemed, Again  195
Exile  201
Reading, Writing, and Race   208
Alabaster Cities  214
Mirror Images  216

8 Sharings  239
Revelation  244
The Offering  249
Signs  252

9 New Battlegrounds, Old Strategies   256

Voting Rights and Wrongs   257
Schools: Burdens of Race and History   266
Natural and Unnatural   269
Work: Ebb and Flow   273

10 Measures  281
Southerners  283
Silences  289

11 Histories  298
Not Forgotten  301
Inclusion  305

12 The Real War   320

Notes  339
Index  369
 Illustrations

following page 120

Dedication of Robert E. Lee Equestrian Statue, 1890

Poster advertising Birth of a Nation, 1915
Old Catawba Hydroelectric Station, 1904
Mill air conditioning, 1907
Pyramid at Hollywood Cemetery, 2001
Confederate Memorial Day, 1920
United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), 1904
Colored Methodist Episcopal Church (CME), 1925
Friday night football in Icard, North Carolina, 2000
The Ten Commandments, Gastonia City Hall, 2001
Parade for woman’s suffrage, 1913
Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) Women’s Education
Parade, 1908
Textile worker, Union Point Mill, 1941
Mrs. M. LaBlanc washing dishes, 1938
1918 graduates of the Atlanta School of Social Work
Charlotte Hawkins Brown instructing pupils, 1947
Septima Clark and Rosa Parks at the Highlander Folk School, late 1950s
White woman protesting hiring practices, 1963
 following page 224
Citadel cadets celebrating the resignation of female cadet Shannon
Faulkner, 1996
Harper’s Weekly illustration of whites’ perception of freed slaves, 1862
Advertisement for Luzianne coffee, 1918
Ben Tillman regaling voters, ca. 1900
Educating the South, 1925
Photo montage from Richmond promotional brochure, 1932
Segregation on public transit, 1933
Blues passed down from generation to generation, 1935
Voting in Jackson, Mississippi, 1966
Monument to African Americans, Columbia, South Carolina, 2001
Waving the Confederate battle flag at Woodlawn High School, 1963
Porfirio Fuentes cradles his son, 1998
Casual interracial contact in Birmingham’s Linn Park, 2001
Gone With the Wind premiere, 1939
Reinterment of Confederate sailors from the submarine CSS Hunley, 2000
The Confederate battle flag ‘‘compromise,’’ Columbia, South Carolina, 2000
The capitol grounds in Columbia, South Carolina, 2001
 Preface to the Updated Edition

The Civil War continues to fester in the South more than in other
places. Place still matters here and the war was fought on this ground. Its scars
are still visible in some areas, and where they are not, memorial markers and
statues keep that history alive. It surrounds us, not as obtrusively as it once
did, but its presence is still palpable. It is an ill-fitting cloak among the bank
towers of Charlotte, the freeways of Atlanta, and the chic restaurants of Dallas
and dozens of other cities.
The Civil War sesquicentennial commemoration, beginning in 2010, offers
an opportunity to calibrate how far southerners have journeyed in reconciling
memory with history since the appearance of the first edition of Still Fighting
the Civil War in 2002. Three trends are evident. First, it has been a relatively
low-key anniversary. Second, the museum exhibits, the symposia, and the re-
interpretations of historic sites have a common theme of inclusiveness. The
stories of African Americans and women, and their respective roles in the war,
are much more evident now than they were at the centennial commemora-
tion. Third, even with the inclusion of new stories, public history displays
often lack an interpretive framework.
The public receives two contradictory messages, neither of which reflects
the historical reality of the war. One message is the moral equivalency of both
sides. The other is that the war was a glorious battle cry of freedom, a triumph
of good over evil. Lost in these messages is the war itself, the real war, the
bloody war that took 752,000 lives. Rather than raising questions about the
war itself, the sesquicentennial commemoration either abdicates a point of

xi
xii   Preface to the Updated Edition

view or, in the numerous conferences dedicated to the anniversary, regurgitates

the historiographical narrative of the past fifty years. It is a war without tears.
Even with these flaws, the inclusiveness of the sesquicentennial commemo-
ration has given the public a more complex view of the Civil War than here-
tofore. Complexity is good. Ambiguity is even better. If we can begin to look
upon the Civil War more critically as a conflict for which both sides were re-
sponsible and in which both sides paid a heavy price in the deaths of hundreds
of thousands of men, then we can find some common bond between all south-
erners and, in fact, all Americans. We would then excise the present from the
past and at last move forward to a future less encumbered by a mythical past.
The objective is not to forget the past but to remember it better.

Charlotte, North Carolina, September 2012

 Acknowledgments

This book has many parents. It rests on the work of scholars, journal-
ists, and novelists. If I listed them all here, I would inevitably leave someone
out, not to mention that I would reduce the pool of potential reviewers sig-
nificantly. Embalmment of my sources in the endnotes is the best I can do.
Some of the professionals whose work is evident in this book are not ac-
knowledged in the notes. Copy editor Sarah Richards Doerries made splendid
suggestions that improved the flow of the manuscript. Archivists in the North
Carolina Collection at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the
Library of Congress, the Duke Divinity School Library, Clemson University,
and the Virginia Historical Society shared their expertise. Don Veasey of the
Birmingham Public Library, Jim Willard of North Carolina Historical Sites,
Michael Rose and Betsy Ricks of the Atlanta History Center, Cathy Mundale
and Karen Jefferson of the Robert W. Woodruff Library at the Atlanta Uni-
versity Center, and Heather A. Whitacre of the Museum of the Confederacy
were particularly helpful. Staff at the Charlotte Observer, especially Don Hin-
shaw and talented artists Kevin Siers and Diedra Laird, and Mic Smith and
Tom Spain at the Charleston (S.C.) Post & Courier offered generous support to
my project. And speaking of support, there is no finer staff to work with than
the folks at LSU Press.
The greatest gift to a historian is time; the time to engage in research, and
the time to reflect, write, and rewrite. I have been fortunate to work in an envi-
ronment at UNC-Charlotte that not only encourages my efforts but supports
them, too. My history department colleagues, especially department chair

xiii
xiv   Acknowledgments

John Smail, have indulged my work probably more than I deserve. And the
university administration, particularly Dean Schley Lyons and Provost Denise
Trauth, have supported this and other productions. Chancellor James H.
Woodward has created an atmosphere that promotes both scholarship and
collegiality. It is a pleasure to come to work.
Melinda H. Desmarais served as my graduate assistant for three years dur-
ing the research and writing phases of the project. Her work with the Journal
of Urban History proved invaluable to my efforts, enabling me to devote more
of my time to this book. Her judgments were always correct and deadlines
always met. At the same time, she carried on an extensive research agenda of
her own, uncovering the role of black domestics in North Carolina textile towns
before World War II.
I completed the manuscript while serving as the Fulbright Chair in Ameri-
can Studies at Uppsala University in Sweden. I am grateful to the Fulbright
program and to Jeannette Lindström, Executive Director of the Swedish Ful-
bright Commission, for making this possible. I cannot say that Sweden pro-
vided any great insights into my work on the American South, but it did offer
a relaxed environment and the time to shape the manuscript. Erik Åsard, Di-
rector of the Swedish Institute for North American Studies, was especially
supportive of my project, and he offered several opportunities to inflict my
ideas on colleagues. The American Seminar at Cambridge University, run by
Tony Badger, also provided suggestions for my work in progress.
I have been especially blessed by a wonderful family. My father, Alex, with
his stories of life in Memphis, generated my initial curiosity about the South.
My sister, Joni Schwager, has been a source of good humor and fellowship,
often presenting the northern ‘‘take’’ on my region. Without Marie-Louise
Hedin, my wife, I doubt very much whether this page could have been writ-
ten at this time. She has provided a stability and affection that has allowed me
to sustain my work and my life. The South for her is really a foreign coun-
try. The contrast with her native Sweden has provided some interesting and
occasionally humorous insights.
This is the first book I have written that my mother, Sarah, will not see.
Through her struggles for life and against it she maintained a steadfast belief
in me and a spiritual love of learning. Through her, I learned to appreciate
good books, but especially good writing. May she rest peacefully.
Blaine Brownell is not related to me biologically as far as either of us can
figure out, but he has been a brother to me for more than thirty years. When-
 Acknowledgments   xv

ever I despaired about the South, I thought of Blaine, a Deep South native, and
grew hopeful for the future.
This book, because of its grounding in history, is really about the future. I
am proud to be a southerner, and though sorrow occasionally veils my opti-
mism, I can see in my students and in my children, Erik and Eleanor, south-
erners born and bred, that a new, more inclusive South is forming. My pride
in my region is my hope for my children and their generation. I dedicate this
work with love and hope to Erik and Eleanor.
This page intentionally left blank
Still Fighting the Civil War
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