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Also in the Variorum Collected Studies Series:

JOHN J. CONTRENI
Learning and Culture in Carolingian Europe
Letters, Numbers, Exegesis, and Manuscripts

P.D.A. HARVEY
Manors and Maps in Rural England, from the Tenth Century to the Seventeenth

ROGER E. REYNOLDS
Studies on Medieval Liturgical and Legal Manuscripts from Spain and Southern Italy

ANNE HUDSON
Studies in the Transmission of Wyclif's Writings

ANDREW G. WATSON
Medieval Manuscripts in Post-Medieval England

PATRIZIA LENDINARA
Anglo-Saxon Glosses and Glossaries

RODNEY M. THOMSON
England and the Twelfth-Century Renaissance

PATRICK MCGURK
Gospel Books and Early Latin Manuscripts

HELMUT GNEUSS
Language and History in Early England

HELMUT GNEUSS
Books and Libraries in Early England

MICHAEL W. HERREN
Latin Letters in Early Christian Ireland

WALLACE MARTIN LINDSAY

Studies in Early Medieval Latin Glossaries

ROSAMOND MCKITTERICK
Books, Scribes and Learning in the Frankish Kingdoms, 6th-9th centuries

MARIO ESPOSITO
Irish Books and Learning in Medieval Europe
VARIORUM COLLECTED STUDIES SERIES

Pages from the Past

M.B. Parkes
 M.B. Parkes

Pages from the Past

Medieval Writing Skills and Manuscript Books

Edited by P.R. Robinson

and Rivkah Zim
First published 2012 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Roudedge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint 0/ the T qylor & Francis Group, an informa business

This edition © 2012 by M.B. Parkes

M.B. Parkes has asserted his moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be
identified as the author of this work.

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any
electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Parkes, M. B. (Malcolm Beckwith)
Pages from the past: medieval writing skills and manuscript books.
- (Variorum collected studies series; CS1000)
1. Paleography. 2. Manuscripts, Medieval.
T. Tide II. Series III. Robinson, Pamela (pamela R.) IV. Zim, Rivkah.
091-dc23
ISBN 978-1-4094-3806-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011940121

ISBN 9781409438069 (hbk)

VARIORUM COLLECTED STUDIES SERIES CS1000

 CONTENTS

Acknowledgements V111

Introduction IX

Abbreviations and Conventions xv

PART 1: SCRIBES AND SCRIPTS

I The Hereford Map: the handwriting and copying of the text 107-117
The Hereford World Map: Medieval World Maps and their Context,
ed. P.DA Harv0'. London: British Library, 2006

II Richard Frampton: a commercial scribe c. 1390-c. 1420 113-124

The Medieval Book and a Modern Collector: Essqys in Honour of
Toshiyuki Takamiya, eds T Matsuda, RA. Linentha~ and J ScahilL
Cambridge: DS. Brewer and To~o: Yushodo, 2004

III Patterns of scribal activity and revisions of the text in early

copies of works by John Gower 81-121
New Science out of Old Books: Studies in Manuscripts and EarlY
Printed Books in Honour of AI. Dl!)'le, eds R Beadle and AJ Piper.
Aldershot: S colar Press, 1995

IV Archaizing hands in English manuscripts 101-141

Books and Collectors 1200-1700: Essqys presented to Andrew Watson,
eds JP. Carl0' and c.G.c. Tite. London: British Library, 1997

PART 2: PUNCTUATION

V Latin autograph manuscripts: orthography and punctuation 23-36

Gli Autograft Medievali: Problemi Paleograftci e Filologici, Atti del
convegno di studio della Fondazione EZio Franceschim; Erice,
25 settembre-2 ottobre 1990, eds P. Chiesa and L. Pinelli (Quaderni di
cultura mediolatina 5). Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi sulFalto
Medioevo, 1994
vi CONTENTS

VI Punctuation and the medieval history of texts 265-277

La Filologia Testuale e Ie Scienze Umane, Convegno Internazionale,
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Roma, 19-22 aprile 1993 (Atti dei
Convegni Lincei 111). Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 1994

VII Medieval punctuation and the modern editor 337-349

Filologia classica eftlologia romanza: esperienze ecdotiche a conjronto,
Atti del Convegno, Roma, 25-27 maggio 1995, ed. A. Ferrari (Incontri
di studio 2). Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi sull' alto Medioevo, 1999

VIII Punctuation in copies of Nicholas Love's Mirror if the Blessed

Life ifJesus Christ 47-59
Nicholas Love at Waseda: Proceedings rf the International Conference,
20-22 July, 1995, eds S. Oguro, R Beadle and M.G. Sargent.
Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1997

PART 3: READERS

IX Rxdan, areccan, smeagan: how the Anglo-Saxons read 1-22

Anglo-Saxon England 26, 1997

X Folia librorum quaerere: medieval experience of the problems

of hypertext and the index 23-50
Fabula in Tabula: Una storia degli indici dal manoseritto al testa elettronico,
Atti del Convegno di studio della Fondazione EZio Franceschini e della
Fondazione IBM Italia, Certosa del Galluzzo, 21-22 ottobre 1994, eds
C. Leonardi, M. Morelli and F. Santi (Quaderni di cultura mediolatina 13).
Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi sull'alto Medioevo, 1995

XI Stephan Batman's manuscripts 125-156

Medieval Heritage: Essqys in Honour rf Tadahiro Ikegamz; eds
M. Kanno, H. Yamshita, M. Kawasaki, J Asakawa and N Shirai.
TO-9o: Yushodo Press, 1997

PART 4: BOOK PROVISION

XII History in books' clothing: books as evidence for cultural

relations between England and the Continent in the seventh
and eighth centuries 1-15
Text, Image, Interpretation: Studies in Anglo-Saxon Literature and its
Insular Context in Honour rf Eamonn 6 Carrigdin, eds A. Minnis
and J Roberts. Turnhout: Brepols, 2007, pp. 71-87
 CONTENTS vii

XIII The compilation of the Dominican Lectionary 91-106

Literarische Formen des Mittelalters: Florilegien, Kompilationen,
Kollektionen, ed. K. Elm (Wolfenbutteler Mittelalter-Studien 15).
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz in Kommission, 2000

XIV The provision of books 407-483

The History of the University of Oxford, II: Late Medieval Oxford, eds
JI. Catto and R Evans. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992

Index of Manuscripts 1-10

General Index 1-8

I This volume contains xvi + 382 pages I

PUBLISHER'S NOTE

The articles in this volume, as in all others in the Variorum Collected Studies Series, have not been
given a new, continuous pagination. In order to avoid confusion) and to facilitate their use where
these same studies have been referred to elsewhere) the original pagination has been maintained
whereverpossible. Article XII has been reset with a new pagination, and the originalpage numbers
in square brackets within the text.
Each article has been given a Roman number in order 0/ appearance, as listed in the Contents.
This number is repeated on each page and is quoted in the index entries.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The editors and publishers wish to thank the following for permission to reproduce the
essays in this volume: The British Library, London (for articles I and IV); Boydell and Brewer
Ltd, Woodbridge (II and VIII); Fondazione Centro Italiano di Studi sull'alto Medioevo,
Spoleto 01, VII and X); Cambridge University Press (IX); Yushodo Press, Tokyo (XI);
Brepols Publishers, Turnhout (XII); Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden (XIII); and Oxford
University Press (XIV).
 INTRODUCTION

This collection of essays published between 1992 and 2007 bears witness to the wide
range and depth of Professor Parkes's contributions to the study of palaeography
and codicology. Hallmarks of his work include its remarkable chronological span
(seen here in studies of manuscripts dating from the seventh to the sixteenth century)
and his scholarly judgement in the analysis of fine detail, such as an individual
scribe's 'hand' or distinctive modification of the letter forms or model of script in
his mind's eye.! Parkes's studies of the development of the layout of the text and the
history of punctuation have proved significant contributions to the history of the
medieval book,2 and their impact is seen in the works of many other scholars. His
latest book, Their Hands bifore our Eyes: A Closer Look at Scribes (Alders hot: Ashgate,
2008), based on his Lyell Lectures in Oxford (1999) and a book he has described
as his palaeographical testament, will equally have far-reaching impact, for it can
truly be said of him that he has pushed the bounds of the subject well beyond the
study of the particular medieval script or manuscript to raise broader conceptual
considerations.
These essays also bear testimony to Parkes's longstanding personal and scholarly
friendships and collaborations with several scholars (including the present editors).
This can be seen in the tribute to Ian Doyle (chapter III) with whom he has shared
literary interests and concern for the transmission of the works of major English
poets, especially Chaucer and Gower, or that to Andrew Watson (chapter IV) with
whom he edited Medieval Scribes, Manuscripts and Libraries, a Festschrift to their former
teacher, the late Neil Ker.3 The appropriate matching of topic to honorand is also
evident in the subtlety of the tribute to Eamonn 6 Carrigiin (chapter XII), an Irish
scholar of Old English with a perennial personal interest in scholarly relations with
Rome, travel, and the exchange of books and learning. Malcolm Parkes, the sage of

1 In his writings Parkes always carefully distinguishes between the terms 'script' and 'hand'; see his

previous collection of essays, Scribes, Scripts and Readers: Studies in the Communication, Presentation and
Dissemination of Medieval Texts (London: Hambledon, 1991), p. xxii: 'A "script" is what scribes have in
their minds' eyes when they write, whereas a "hand" is what one actually puts down on the page'.
2 Cf. his 'The influence of the concepts of Ordinatio and Compilatio on the development of the book',
repro Scribes, Scripts and Readers, pp. 35-70, and Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation
in the West (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1992).
3 Doyle and Parkes collaborated on 'The production of Copies of the Canterbury Tales and the
Confessio Amantis in the early fifteenth century' in lWedieval Scribes, Manuscripts and Libraries: Essqys
Presented to N.R Ker, eds Parkes and Watson (London: Scolar Press, 1978), pp. 163-210.
x INTRODUCTION

the gatehouse room of Keble College (until his retirement in 1997), has long been a
hub for the transmission of ideas, talents and generous hospitality.
All these aspects of his work and the development of key themes and topics
are seen here in this new collection of discrete essays originally published at home
and abroad. In discussing the handwriting of individual scribes and the evidence
script can provide of the circumstances of a book's production (chapters I-IV), the
effect of punctuation and layout of text on the reader's interpretation of a work
(chapters V-VIII), and the provision and production of books for communities of
readers, both clerical and academic (chapters IX-XIV), two overarching concerns
emerge: the palaeography of manuscript books in relation to what Parkes has called
the 'grammar of legibility'; and the importance of considering the circumstances in
which medieval books were produced, copied and read.
The essays that follow are organised into four different sections: Scribes and
Scripts; Punctuation; Readers; and Book Provision. Essays under the first heading
move from the study of the local and particular to the general in a survey of scribes
who attempted to imitate, with greater or lesser success, the script of an earlier
date than that at which they were actually writing. In the first two chapters Parkes
demonstrates the value of a meticulous examination of a scribe's handwriting,
for the evidence it provides enables him to construct an individual's career. Thus
chapter I on the famous Hereford Map analyses the hand of the unknown copyist
of the entries on the map and inscriptions within its frame, transcribed from
an exemplar containing material supplied after the death of the map's compiler,
Richard of Holdingham (d. 1278). Analysis of this scribe's characteristic personal
ductus enables Parkes to identify him as the scribe whose hand appears in part of
Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Ashmole 399 (a medical and scientific miscellany), in
which his contribution can be dated to late 1298 or early 1299. 4 This date accords
well with other specimens of handwriting datable between c.1290-c.1310 and thus
provides a terminus a quo for the map itself. Moreover, the scribe can be located
to Hereford or its vicinity from the knowledgeable precision with which he has
inserted the entries for Hereford and the river Wye. While we cannot name the map's
scribe, Richard Frampton, the subject of chapter II, is well-known. He signed one
manuscript (Glasgow, University Library, Hunterian TA.1) and is recorded in the
Duchy of Lancaster's accounts as the scribe of the Duchy's register of deeds, the
'Great Cowcher' (Kew, The National Archives, DL 41/1-2), and its transcript (TNA,
DL 42/192-93). Again, analysis of Frampton's personal ductus and what Parkes calls
the scribe's 'hall-marks', or distinctive treatment of letter forms, serve to identify
his hand in other volumes. The evidence provided by careful study of Frampton's

The Easter table copied by the scribe (fols 25v-29v) is marked by him after the year number for
1299, providing a terminus a quo. On this method of dating a manuscript, see H.M. Bannister, 'Signs in
kalendarial tables', in Melanges rfferts d M. Emile Chatelain (paris: H. Champion, 1910), pp. 141-9.
 INTRODUCTION xi

handwriting in different volumes shows him experimenting with features of style

over a period of eighteen years, suggesting a probable order in which the manuscripts
were written, and with possible implications for his scribal training.
The next two essays, on Gower (III) and on archaizing hands (IV), explore
different approaches. Chapter III takes as its point of departure the suggestion
that the earliest surviving copies of Gower's works were copied and revised under
Gower's supervision in a scriptorium at St Mary Overeys, Southwark, where the poet
resided. s Parkes, however, points out that circumstances there in the late fourteenth
and early fifteenth centuries were not favourable to the existence of a scriptorium.
To offer a convincing alternative explanation for the frequent appearance of the
same scribes, either copying text or making revisions in the manuscripts, he looks
at the state of the text in the work of ten scribes who appear in five volumes. By
detailing each scribe's stint in relation to the revisions and corrections each made,
a pattern emerges of varying stages of textual development in the different copies.
This pattern establishes that the scribes were working from different exemplars
exhibiting different stages of revision and that a single scribe did not even make
the same revision when copying the same text in different manuscripts. As no two
scribes appear to have worked simultaneously on the same manuscript (a necessary
condition if one is to establish the existence of a scriptorium), Parkes concludes that
the earliest copies of Gower's works were made by neighbourhood scribes on an ad
hoc basis for the poet's friends and associates. Conscious of the topical nature of his
writings these first readers requested that their copies should be revised and updated
to reflect Gower's reactions to contemporary events, 1383-1403: a conclusion with
implications for our understanding of the contemporary dissemination of the
poet's works. Chapter IV; by contrast, examines archaizing hands, first discussing the
various reasons, with examples ranging from the eighth to the fifteenth centuries, for
a scribe's attempts to imitate a script current at a much earlier date than that at which
he was writing; this chapter then focusses on the case of a succession of scribes
at late-fifteenth- and early-sixteenth-century Christ Church Canterbury who copied
books 'with a pronounced archaic aspect'. This essay concludes with a discussion of
post-medieval archaizing hands, including Humfrey Wanley's specimens of 'facsimile
script'. The broad sweep of this survey exemplifies the depth and extent of Parkes's
knowledge of manuscripts and their scribes.
The second group of essays collected here deal with punctuation, a subject
which Parkes has made his own in his magisterial work, Pause and Effect (1992), and
which impacts on the history of literacy. Chapters V-VIII, based on international
conference papers, examine punctuation in practice and provide analysis in light
of approaches to language studies as well as classical and vernacular literature.

93 See J.H. Fisher, John Gower, Moral Philosopher and Friend of Chaucer (London: Methuen, 1965), pp. 93
and 101.
Xli INTRODUCTION

Chapter V, on orthography and punctuation in manuscripts of their own works

copied by authors themselves, argues that a scribe's orthography and punctuation
can establish a record of his personal linguistic habits (his 'linguistic profile') to
supplement a study of his handwriting (his 'graphic profile'). In contrast to vernacular
texts where spelling reflected local dialects, later medieval Latin was perceived as 'a
succession of letters rather than as a succession of sounds'. Nevertheless, some Latin
spellings do reflect how an author heard a word, with punctuation, being a personal
matter, indicating his usage. Chapter VI, 'Punctuation and the medieval history of
texts', argues that a medieval scribe's punctuation of a text provides information
about how that text was read and understood by him. This is demonstrated by
examining the differing ways in which a single passage was punctuated in early to
late medieval copies of the same work. Parkes thus shows how the development of
punctuation reflects different nuances of interpretation that developed over time as
may be seen in copies of Cicero and in the works of the Fathers. This theme is pursued
in chapter VII, 'Medieval punctuation and the modern editor', where he argues that
as a scribe's punctuation was an aid to comprehension for the original reader of a
text a manuscript's punctuation should be treated as a substantive reading of that
text rather than ignored by the editor. Different scribes could choose to present the
same text differently, and an editor should be prepared to interpret the significance
of a copy's punctuation for the modern reader. The last essay in this section on
punctuation deals with a specific instance - copies of Nicholas Love's Mirror of the
Blessed Life ofJesus Christ - rather than the general instances cited in the preceding
three chapters. Here Parkes concentrates on the different ways of punctuating the
same passage from Love's devotional prose work to be found in different fifteenth-
century copies; and yet again he shows how a study of punctuation enriches our
understanding of the reception of a text by its first readers.
Essays grouped here under the heading 'Readers' continue the theme of the
facilitation of a reader's understanding and interpretation of a text by showing
how this is accomplished not only through its punctuation but also by the way it
is set out on the page. Developments in the mise-en-page of a manuscript reflect
developments in the process of reading itself. Thus chapter IX, on how Anglo-
Saxons read, shows how the development of new graphic conventions, such
as word separation, aided comprehension of texts written in a foreign language,
Latin. This 'grammar of legibility' was matched by glosses which helped readers by
expounding words or concepts in terms appropriate to Anglo-Saxon culture and
society. Whereas reading for the Anglo-Saxon was a meditative exercise, reading
from the twelfth century onwards became a more ratiocinative process. This more
scholarly approach to a text is seen in the development of further aids to the reader,
such as the careful alignment of commentary or learned apparatus with text, the
presentation of information in diagrammatic format, and the development of the
Index, all discussed in chapter X, 'Folia librorum quaerere'. Chapter XI, the third and
 INTRODUCTION xiii

final essay in this section studies a post-medieval reader and collector of manuscripts,
Stephan Batman. The many Middle English devotional works which passed through
his hands were read with close attention, witnessed by his glossing of unfamiliar
words and his marginal comments on their theological content. While the stated
purpose of this essay is to provide a list of manuscripts associated with Batman, his
choice of books and the annotations he made in them also reveal a reader of piety
and learning.
These studies of readers are followed by corresponding essays on book
provision in chapters XlI-XIV. Read in conjunction, they throw light on cultural
and social history. Chapter XII, 'History in books' clothing', tracing the wanderings
of manuscripts between Anglo-Saxon England, Ireland and the Continent
demonstrates why books and texts should not be studied in isolation but considered
in their historical context. Establishing the origin and provenance of manuscripts
brought to England, and of books written here that were sent to the Continent,
reveals the extent to which Anglo-Saxon culture participated in the transmission of
late Antique culture and contributed to the Carolingian renaissance. Chapter XlII,
on the compilation of the Dominican Lectionary, revisits a manuscript, Oxford,
Keble College MS 49, fully described in an exemplary catalogue of the college's
manuscripts by Parkes. 6 Commissioned by 'Gebehard comes' and his wife Sophia,
and produced beween 1267 and 1276 for the nuns of Regensburg, Keble 49 is one
of the few surviving copies of the Lectionary which enables us to see how Humbert
of Romans went about the task of revising the Lectionary for the Dominican order.
It preserves annotations to the rubrics recording Humbert's assessment, in light of
the contemporary state of knowledge, of the authority and reliability of the sources
he had used as learned compiler. The final chapter (XIV) on book provision in the
medieval University of Oxford was written for the standard work on the University's
history.7 Parkes's comprehensive overview in this chapter discusses all aspects of
book provision and production in the University from the twelfth to the late fifteenth
century, and draws upon a wealth of instances of books having Oxford origins or
with an Oxford provenance. We also meet well-known scholars such as Thomas
Gascoigne and Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln, as well as such lesser known
individuals as Master AIured and Emo of Friesland. The discussion ranges from
books with caucio notes which show that they had once been pledged as security for
a loan (usually of money), and the contribution of scribes and stationers to the book
world of Oxford, to the emergence and development of the University and college

93 The Medieval Manuscripts of Keble College, Oxford: A Descriptive Catalogue with Summary Descriptions of the
Greek and Orienta! Manuscripts (London: Scalar Press, 1979), pp. 227-49, colour pIs X-XI and pIs 124-34.
The patrons are depicted on fo1. 7, illustrated pI. X.
7 A History of the University of Oxford, gen. ed. T.H. Aston, 8 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984-2000).
XlV INTRODUCTION

libraries. Crucially, Parkes expresses scepticism that the pecia system, established at
Paris, Bologna and elsewhere, operated in Oxford. This encyclopaedic chapter is
essential reading for an understanding of how books shaped the intellectual world
of medieval Oxford.
Parkes's engagement with cultural and literary history through manuscripts is
well seen throughout this collection of essays. His historically rich knowledge of
manuscripts combined with insights into textual connections afford the reader
an informed appreciation of the contribution the study of books makes to our
understanding of medieval society.

P.R. ROBINSON, Institute if English Studies, University if London

RIVKAH ZIM, Kings College London

June 2011
 ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

Principal Abbreviations

ASE Anglo-Saxon England

ASPR Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records
BAV Biblioteca apostolica Vaticana
BL London, British Library
BN Paris, Bibliotheque nationale de France
BRUC A.B. Emden, A Biographical Register of the Universi!y of Cambridge to
1500 (Cambridge, 1963)
BRUO A.B. Emden, A Biographical Register of the Universi!y of O>ford to
A.D. 1500,3 vols (Oxford, 1957-59)
CCSL Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina (Turnhout, 1953- )
CCR Calendar of Close Rolls of the reign of Henry III preserved in the Public
Record Office, 15 vols (London, 1908-75); Calendar of Close Rolls
preserved in the Public Record Office, 61 vols (London, 1902-75)
CIA Codices Latini Antiquiores: a palaeographical Guide to Latin Manuscripts
prior to the Ninth Century, ed. E.A. Lowe, 12 vols (Oxford, 1934--79)
Addenda I Bernhard Bischoff and Virginia Brown, 'Addenda to
Codices Latini Antiquiores' Mediaeval Studies, 47 (1985),317-66
Addenda II Bernhard Bischoff, Virginia Brown and James John,
'Addenda to Codices Latini Antiquiores (II)' Mediaeval Studies, 54
(1992), 286-307
CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna, 1866- )
DCL Durham Cathedral Library, also given as Dean and Chapter
Library
DNB Dictionary of National Biography, eds L. Stephens and S. Lee, 22 vols
(Oxford, 1908-09)
EEMF Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile (Copenhagen and
Baltimore, 1951-)
EETS Early English Text Society: ES (Extra Series); OS (Original Series)
EHR English Historical Review
MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica
NM Neuphilologische Mitteilungen
OUA Oxford University Archives
PL Patrologiae cursus completus, series Latina, ed. J.P. Migne
xvi ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS

RB Revue benedictine
SA Statuta antiqua universitatis oxoniensis, ed. S. Gibson (Oxford, 1931)
SettSpol Settimane di studio del centro italiano di studi sull' alto medioevo
SM S tudi medievali
SP Studies in Philology
STC A Short-Title Catalogue of Books printed in England, Scotland, and
Ireland and of English Books printed Abroad 1475-1640, 2nd edition
by WA. Jackson, ES. Ferguson and K.E Panzer, 3 vols (London:
Bibliographical Society, 1976-91)
TCBS Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical S ociery
TRHS Transactions of the RDyal Historical S ociery
VCH Victoria County History
ZDA ZeitschnJt fur deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur

Principal conventions

Professor Parkes' practice in assigning a date to a manuscript is expressed as follows:

'When the date of a manuscript is based on palaeographical opinion, it is expressed
in terms of a formula, for example: s.xili in. (i.e. at the beginning of the thirteenth
century; s.xiiP ('first half of the thirteenth century', but in relation to other dates
on the scale about the middle of the first half of the century); s.xili med. (about the
middle of the century); s.xili2 (about the middle of the second half of the century);
s.xiii ex. (towards the end of the century); s.xili/xiv (about the turn of the century).
When it is possible to assign a closer date, this is expressed in the quarters of a
century: S.xv 1/\ S.xv 2/\ S.xv 3/4, S.xv 4/4' (from Parkes, Their Hands Before Our Eyes: A
Closer Look at Scribes (Aldershot, 2008), p. xviii).
Parkes also distinguishes between the terms 'script' and 'hand': 'A "script" is what
scribes have in their minds' eyes when they write, whereas a "hand" is what one
actually puts down on a page' (Scribes, Scripts, and Readers: studies in the communication,
presentation and dissemination of medieval texts (London, 1991), p. xxii).
 PART 1

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