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 n
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but
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ELECTION! is
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N
 n
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but
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is
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ELECTION!
N
ot

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
fo

A KID’S GUIDE TO
rD

PICKING OUR PRESIDENT

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
is
tri
b

Dan Gutman
ut
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 n
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is
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 Contents
★ ★ ★
N
ot

Author’s Note vii

fo

Introduction ix
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Chapter 1: The Presidency 1

is

Chapter 2: Our Government 33

tri

Chapter 3: The Campaign 51

b

Chapter 4: Candidates 75
ut

Chapter 5: Voting 87
io
n

Chapter 6: The Election 103

Words You’ll Hear in an Election Year 125

Find Out More! 131

Presidents of the United States 133

★ v ★
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is
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fo
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 Author’s Note
★ ★ ★
N
ot

It would have sounded awkward and repetitive to

fo

hear the words “the president” over and over again in

rD

this book. Because we haven’t had a female president

yet, it would have sounded even more awkward to
is

refer to the president as “she” or “he/she.” So within

tri

these pages, the president is sometimes referred

to as “the president” and sometimes referred to as
b ut

“he.” No offense is intended to females, one of whom

will surely be elected president of the United States
io

sometime soon.
n

★ vii ★
 n
io
but
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is
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fo
ot
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 Introduction
★ ★ ★
N
ot

Every four years, the grown-ups of America go a little

fo

crazy. You see grown men and women wearing funny

rD

hats and T-shirts, waving flags, putting goofy bumper

stickers on their cars, buttons on their shirts, and
is

signs on their front lawns. There are silly songs, slo-

tri

gans, ads, and balloons. It’s like one big yearlong party.
In fact, what looks on the surface like craziness is
b

actually very serious business. It is all part of the pro-

ut

cess of choosing the person who will lead the nation

io

for the next four years.

n

When George Washington was elected in 1789, some

people wanted to call him “His Highness,” “His Elec-
tive Majesty,” “His Supremacy,” or “His Mightiness.” In
the end, they settled on a simpler, more down-to-earth
title—the president of the United States.

★ ix ★
 INTRODUCTION

Since Washington’s time, the presidency has

changed quite a bit and so has the process of electing
a president, our nation’s only nationally elected office.
But one thing is constant. The decision about who will
be president is one of the most important decisions
that our country makes.
This year, you may be asking yourself what all the
N

hoopla is about. A lot of questions may have popped

ot

into your head. How powerful is the president? What

happens if the president dies? What’s the difference
fo

between a Democrat and a Republican? Can my mom

rD

or dad run for president? Do the candidates hate each

other? How does a voting machine work? What can kids
is

do to influence the election?

tri

The purpose of this book is to answer those ques-

tions (and about 120 more) in a simple and straight­
b ut

forward manner. Some of the answers may surprise

you.
io

This book may not answer every question you have

n

about the presidential election, but it will cover a lot

of them. And it will give you a basic understanding of
what all this national craziness is about.

★ x ★
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ELECTION! is
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 C H A P T E R 1
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

The Presidency
N
ot
fo
rD

Why do we have a president?

When the Revolutionary War ended in 1781 and Amer-

is

ica had won its independence from England, we didn’t

tri

have a president. We didn’t have a Constitution, either.

At least not right away.
b ut

At first, the new nation was governed by Congress,

which was a group of representatives from each of the
io

thirteen original states. The problem was that each

n

state had very different opinions about the way the

country should be run.
There were arguments between states. At one
point, Connecticut was claiming that it owned a large
part of Pennsylvania.

★ 1 ★
 DA N G U T M A N

It became clear that a stronger central government

was needed to pull all the states together in a way that
would be fair to all, big and small, north and south,
rural and urban.
From May 25 through September 17, 1787, the
“Founding Fathers” of our country gathered together
at the old State House in Philadelphia. There, they
N

wrote the Constitution, which is the foundation of our

ot

government. According to the Constitution, the execu-

tive branch of our government would be headed by a
fo

president. (For more about our government, see Chap-

rD

ter 2: Our Government.)

is

THE CONSTITUTION (Article II, Section 1):

tri

“The executive Power shall be vested in a President

of the United States of America.”
b ut

★
io
n

Who were the Founding Fathers?

They were fifty-five delegates from the twelve states

(Rhode Island did not participate). Some were law-
yers. Some were farmers. You may have heard some
of their names before: George Washington, James

★ 2 ★
 ELECTION!

Madison, Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Jefferson was in

Europe at the time.

What about the “Founding Mothers”?

In the 1700s, women were not believed to be capable

N

of making important decisions. They did not partici-

ot

pate in our government until attitudes toward women

changed much later. (See Chapter 5: Voting. “Are there
fo

any grown-ups who aren’t allowed to vote?”)

rD

★
is

Why didn’t the Founding Fathers make the head of

tri

our government a king?

b ut

America had fought a bloody war to break away from

the tyrannical rule of England’s King George III. Amer-
io

icans did not want to start a new nation based on

n

the same system that England had. They felt that the
people could rule themselves. So they created a new
form of government, one that was run by the people
and not by a single person. (See Chapter 2: Our Gov-
ernment.)

★ 3 ★
 DA N G U T M A N

So is the president the boss of the United States?

Not really. The first words of the Preamble to the Con-

stitution are “We, the people . . . ” The people of the
United States are the boss of the president, not the
other way around. The president, as well as all our rep-
N

resentatives, are selected by the people they will lead.

ot

★
fo
rD

But isn’t the president of the United States the

most powerful person in the world?

is

You could say that, but in the structure of our govern-

tri

ment, the president is not as powerful as you might

b

think. Without the cooperation of the public, the Con-

ut

gress, and the courts, he is really powerless.

For instance, the president doesn’t determine how
io

the United States spends its money. Every year he

n

has to present a budget to Congress and fight for its

approval. And the Congress can pass a bill even if the
president vetoes it.

★ 4 ★
 ELECTION!

A bill? A veto? What does that mean?

A bill is a proposed law. The laws of this country are

made by Congress, not by the president. When a bill is
approved by the Congress, it is sent to the president.
If he signs it, it becomes a law. If he disagrees with the
new bill, he can veto, or strike it down. He doesn’t sign
N

the bill. Then it goes back to Congress.

If the president vetoes a bill, it can still become
ot

a law if two-thirds of the Congress vote in favor of it.

fo

The bill will also become law if the president doesn’t

respond to it within ten days.
rD

The Founding Fathers did not make it easy to pass

new laws—on purpose. And they made sure the presi-
is

dent’s powers were very limited.

tri
b

★
ut

But isn’t the president commander in chief of the

io

armed forces?
n

Yes, but even there, presidential power is limited. For

instance, the president cannot declare war on another
country. Only Congress has that power.

★ 5 ★
 DA N G U T M A N

So what’s the point of being commander in chief?

To defend the interests of the United States, the presi-

dent does have the power to order our troops into
action without a formal declaration of war. We never
officially declared war in the Korean War (1950–1953),
the Vietnam War (1957–1975), the Persian Gulf War
N

(1991), or the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

ot

These were “presidential wars.”

According to the War Powers Act of 1973, the pres-
fo

ident has to withdraw our troops after ninety days

rD

unless Congress approves continuing the military

action.
is
tri

★
b

It doesn’t sound like the president has much

ut

power at all.
io

The president does have enormous influence. The

n

president can recommend new laws be passed, as

presidents do in their annual State of the Union
address. He is also the leader of a political party. (See
Chapter 2: Our Government.) He will help decide that
party’s positions, support party members in elections,

★ 6 ★
 ELECTION!

and appoint members of that party to top government

jobs.
The president can make treaties with other nations
(with the consent of the Senate). He can also grant
pardons to people who have been convicted of federal
crimes.
And, of course, the president of the United
N

States has the one ultimate power: the decision to

ot

use nuclear weapons. When we dropped the atomic

bomb to end World War II, President Harry Truman
fo

had to make that agonizing decision and take respon-

rD

sibility for it.

That’s a lot of power. Plus, the president also has
is

something called “Executive Power.”

tri

★
b ut

What is “Executive Power”?

io

It is a special power the president has in times of emer-

n

gency. When Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipa-

tion Proclamation in 1853 to free the slaves, he didn’t
get anyone’s approval first. The nation was being
ripped apart by the Civil War. He felt it was the right
thing to do, so he did it.

★ 7 ★
 DA N G U T M A N

Similarly, Thomas Jefferson made the decision in

1803 to purchase the Louisiana Territory from France
for $15 million. (There are some houses today that
cost that much money!) The president of the United
States doesn’t have the power to buy land. But Jeffer-
son saw the opportunity to more than double the size
of the country, so he pounced on it before Napoléon,
N

the leader of France, could change his mind. Jefferson

ot

didn’t get permission from Congress until after the

fact.
fo
rD

★
is

What are the president’s responsibilities?

tri

When you watch the news, it may seem like the presi-
dent’s job is to shake hands, attend celebrations, give
b ut

out awards, get his picture taken, and throw out the
first ball at baseball games. Actually, the president of
io

the United States wears many hats and has one of the
n

most difficult jobs in the world.

The official title of the president is “Chief Execu-
tive.” His duties are many. Take a deep breath. The
president must:
Sign bills into law. Prepare an annual budget.

★ 8 ★
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