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CliffsQuickReview Calculus 1st Edition Bernard V.
Zandy Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Bernard V. Zandy, Jonathan Jay White, Howard Anton
ISBN(s): 9780764555909, 0764555901
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.20 MB
Year: 2003
Language: english
CliffsQuickReview
TM

Calculus
Anton/Bivens/Davis Version
By Bernard V. Zandy, MA and
Jonathan J. White, MS
CliffsQuickReview
TM

Calculus
Anton/Bivens/Davis Version
By Bernard V. Zandy, MA and
Jonathan J. White, MS
 About the Authors Publisher’s Acknowledgments
Bernard V. Zandy, MA, Professor of Mathematics Editorial
at Fullerton College in California has been teach- Project Editor: Brian Kramer
ing secondary and college level mathematics for Acquisitions Editor: Sherry Gomoll
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vices, conducting workshops at California State Proofreader: Joel K. Draper
University and Colleges since 1977. Wiley Publishing Composition Services

Jonathan J. White has a BA in mathematics from

Coe College and an MS in mathematics from the
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PhD in Mathematics Pedagogy and Curriculum
Research at the University of Oklahoma.

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 Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Why You Need This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
How to Use This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Using Calculus 7e by Anton/Bivens/Davis (ABD) with CQR . . . . . . .2
Chapter 1: Review Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Interval Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Absolute Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Chapter 2: Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Intuitive Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Evaluating Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
One-sided Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Infinite Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Limits at Infinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Limits Involving Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Chapter 3: The Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Differentiation Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
Trigonometric Function Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Chain Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Implicit Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Higher Order Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Differentiation of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions . . . . . . . .41
Chapter 4: Applications of the Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Tangent and Normal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Critical Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
Extreme Value Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Mean Value Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Increasing/Decreasing Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
First Derivative Test for Relative Extrema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Second Derivative Test for Relative Extrema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
Concavity and Points of Inflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
Maximum/Minimum Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Related Rates of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56
Differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
 iv CliffsQuickReview Calculus

Chapter 5: Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Antiderivatives/Indefinite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Integration Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Basic formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Substitution and change of variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
Integration by parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Trigonometric integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Definite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Definition of definite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Properties of definite integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Definite integral evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
Chapter 6: Applications of the Definite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Volumes of Solids with Known Cross Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
Volumes of Solids of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
Disk method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
Washer method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
Cylindrical shell method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
CQR Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

CQR Resource Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

Appendix: Using Graphing Calculators in Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
 Correlation Guide v

C O R R E L AT I O N G U I D E : C L I F F S Q U I C K R E V I E W
C A LC U L U S W I T H C A LC U L U S 7 E
BY A N T O N , B I V E N S , D A V I S

CliffsQuickReview Calculus Calculus 7E

Chapter Topic Title

1 Interval Notation Appendix A
1 Absolute Value Appendix B
1 Functions Sections 1.1, 1.2
1 Linear Equations Appendix C
1 Trigonometric Functions Appendix E
2 Intuitive Definition Section 2.1
2 Evaluating Limits Section 2.2
2 One-Sided Limits Sections 2.1, 2.2
2 Infinite Limits Sections 2.1, 2.2
2 Limits at Infinity Sections 2.1, 2.3
2 Limits Involving Trigonometric
Functions Section 2.6
2 Continuity Section 2.5
3 Definition Section 3.2
3 Differentiation Rules Section 3.3
3 Trigonometric Function
Differentiation Section 3.4
3 Chain Rule Section 3.5
3 Implicit Differentiation Section 3.6
3 Higher Order Derivatives Section 3.3
3 Differentiation of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions Section 4.4
3 Differentiation of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions Section 4.3
(continued)
vi CliffsQuickReview Calculus

CliffsQuickReview Calculus Calculus 7E

Chapter Topic Title

4 Tangent and Normal Lines Section 3.2
4 Critical Points Section 5.2
4 Extreme Value Theorem Section 5.5
4 Mean Value Theorem Section 5.8
4 Increasing/Decreasing Functions Section 5.1
4 First Derivative Test for
Local Extrema Section 5.2
4 Second Derivative Test for
Local Extrema Section 5.2
4 Concavity and Points
of Inflection Section 5.1
4 Maximum/Minimum Problems Section 5.6
4 Distance, Velocity, Acceleration Section 5.4
4 Related Rates of Change Section 3.7
4 Differentials Section 3.8
5 Antiderivatives/Indefinite
Integrals Section 6.2
5 Integration Techniques Section 6.2
5 Substitution and Change
of Variables Section 6.3
5 Integration by Parts Section 8.2
5 Trigonometric Integrals Section 8.3
5 Trigonometric Substitutions Section 8.4
5 Distance, Velocity, and
Acceleration Section 6.7
5 Definition of Definite Integrals Section 6.5
5 Properties of Definite Integrals Sections 6.5, 6.6
5 The Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus Section 6.6
5 Definite Integral Evaluation Section 6.8
 Correlation Guide vii

Chapter Topic Title

6 Area Section 7.1
6 Volumes of Solids with Known
Cross Sections Section 7.2
6 Disk Method Section 7.2
6 Washer Method Section 7.2
6 Cylindrical Shell Method Section 7.3
6 Arc Length Section 7.4

C O R R E L AT I O N G U I D E : C L I F F S Q U I C K R E V I E W
C A LC U L U S W I T H C A LC U L U S :
E A R LY T R A N S C E N D E N TA L S 7 E
BY A N T O N , B I V E N S , D A V I S

CliffsQuickReview Calculus Calculus 7E

Chapter Topic Title

1 Interval Notation Appendix A
1 Absolute Value Appendix B
1 Functions Sections 1.1, 1.2
1 Linear Equations Appendix C
1 Trigonometric Functions Appendix E
2 Intuitive Definition Section 2.1
2 Evaluating Limits Section 2.2
2 One-Sided Limits Sections 2.1, 2.2
2 Infinite Limits Sections 2.1, 2.2
2 Limits at Infinity Sections 2.1, 2.3
(continued)
viii CliffsQuickReview Calculus

CliffsQuickReview Calculus Calculus 7E

Chapter Topic Title

2 Limits Involving Trigonometric
Functions Section 2.6
2 Continuity Section 2.5
3 Definition Section 3.2
3 Differentiation Rules Section 3.3
3 Trigonometric Function
Differentiation Section 3.4
3 Chain Rule Section 3.5
3 Implicit Differentiation Section 3.6
3 Higher Order Derivatives Section 3.3
3 Differentiation of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions Section 4.4
3 Differentiation of Exponential
and Logarithmic Functions Section 4.3
4 Tangent and Normal Lines Section 3.2
4 Critical Points Section 5.2
4 Extreme Value Theorem Section 5.5
4 Mean Value Theorem Section 5.8
4 Increasing/Decreasing Functions Section 5.1
4 First Derivative Test for
Local Extrema Section 5.2
4 Second Derivative Test for
Local Extrema Section 5.2
4 Concavity and Points
of Inflection Section 5.1
4 Maximum/Minimum Problems Section 5.6
4 Distance, Velocity, Acceleration Section 5.4
4 Related Rates of Change Section 3.7
4 Differentials Section 3.8
 Correlation Guide ix

Chapter Topic Title

5 Antiderivatives/Indefinite
Integrals Section 6.2
5 Integration Techniques Section 6.2
5 Substitution and Change
of Variables Section 6.3
5 Integration by Parts Section 8.2
5 Trigonometric Integrals Section 8.3
5 Trigonometric Substitutions Section 8.4
5 Distance, Velocity, and
Acceleration Section 6.7
5 Definition of Definite Integrals Section 6.5
5 Properties of Definite Integrals Sections 6.5, 6.6
5 The Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus Section 6.6
5 Definite Integral Evaluation Section 6.8
6 Area Section 7.1
6 Volumes of Solids with
Known Cross Sections Section 7.2
6 Disk Method Section 7.2
6 Washer Method Section 7.2
6 Cylindrical Shell Method Section 7.3
6 Arc Length Section 7.4
x CliffsQuickReview Calculus
 Introduction

alculus is the mathematics of change. Any situation that involves quan-

C tities that change over time can be understood with the tools of cal-
culus. Differential calculus deals with rates of change or slopes, and is
explored in Chapters 3 and 4 of this book. Integral calculus handles total
changes or areas, and is addressed in Chapters 5 and 6. Although it is not
always immediately obvious, this mathematical notion of change is essen-
tial to many areas of knowledge, particularly disciplines like physics, chem-
istry, biology, and economics.
The prerequisites for learning calculus include much of high school alge-
bra and trigonometry, as well as some essentials of geometry. If the for-
mulas on the front side of the Pocket Guide (the cardstock page right inside
the front cover) and topics covered in Chapter 1 are familiar to you, then
you probably have sufficient background to begin learning calculus. If
some of those are unfamiliar, or just rusty for you, then CliffsQuickReview
Geometry, CliffsQuickReview Algebra, or CliffsQuickReview Trigonometry
may be valuable starting points for you.

Why You Need This Book

Can you answer yes to any of these questions?
■ Do you need to review the fundamentals of calculus fast?
■ Do you need a course supplement to calculus?
■ Do you need a concise, comprehensive reference for calculus?

If so, then CliffsQuickReview Calculus is for you!

How to Use This Book

You can use this book in any way that fits your personal style for study and
review—you decide what works best with your needs. You can either read
the book from cover to cover or just look for the information you want
and put it back on the shelf for later. Here are just a few ways you can use
this book:
■ Read the book as a stand-alone textbook to learn all the major con-
cepts of calculus.
 2 CliffsQuickReview Calculus

■ Use the Pocket Guide to find often-used formulas, from calculus and
other relevant formulas from algebra, geometry and trigonometry.
■ Refer to a single topic in this book for a concise and understandable
explanation of an important idea.
■ Get a glimpse of what you’ll gain from a chapter by reading through
the “Chapter Check-In” at the beginning of each chapter.
■ Use the Chapter Checkout at the end of each chapter to gauge your
grasp of the important information you need to know.
■ Test your knowledge more completely in the CQR Review and look
for additional sources of information in the CQR Resource Center.
■ Review the most important concepts of an area of calculus for an exam.
■ Brush up on key points as preparation for more advanced
mathematics.

Using Calculus 7e by Anton/Bivens/Davis (ABD)

with CQR
■ ABD to CQR. If you are reading the ABD text, use the Correlation
Guide in the front of the CQR (right before page 1) to quickly find
the corresponding topic in your CliffsQuickReview.
■ CQR to ABD. If you are using your CQR, you can easily find addi-
tional explanation or examples in Anton/Bivens/Davis—section heads
within this CilffsQuickReview are followed by an icon indicating on
what page you can find more help in Anton/Bivens/Davis.

Being a valuable reference source also means it’s easy to find the informa-
tion you need. Here are a few ways you can search for topics in this book:
■ Look for areas of interest in the book’s Table of Contents, or use the
index to find specific topics.
■ Use the glossary to find key terms fast. This book defines new terms
and concepts where they first appear in the chapter. If a word is bold-
faced, you can find a more complete definition in the book’s glossary.
■ Flip through the book looking for subject areas at the top of each
page.
■ Or browse through the book until you find what you’re looking
for—we organized this book to gradually build on key concepts.
 Chapter 1
REVIEW TOPICS

Chapter Check-In

❑ Reviewing functions
❑ Using equations of lines
❑ Reviewing trigonometric functions

ertain topics in algebra, geometry, analytical geometry, and trigonom-

C etry are essential in preparing to study calculus. Some of them are
briefly reviewed in the following sections.

Interval Notation
The set of real numbers (R) is the one that you will be most generally con-
cerned with as you study calculus. This set is defined as the union of the
set of rational numbers with the set of irrational numbers. Interval nota-
tion provides a convenient abbreviated notation for expressing intervals of
real numbers without using inequality symbols or set-builder notation.
The following lists some common intervals of real numbers and their
equivalent expressions, using set-builder notation:
^ a, b h = " x ! R: a < x < b ,
6 a, b @ = " x ! R: a # x # b ,
[a, b) = " x ! R: a # x < b ,
(a, b] = " x ! R: a < x # b ,
^ a, + 3h = " x ! R: x > a ,
[a, + 3) = " x ! R: x $ a ,
^ - 3, b h = " x ! R: x < b ,
 4 CliffsQuickReview Calculus

(- 3, b] = " x ! R: x # b ,
^ - 3, + 3h = " x ! R ,

Note that an infinite end point ^ !3h is never expressed with a bracket in
interval notation because neither + 3 nor - 3 represents a real number
value.

Absolute Value
The concept of absolute value has many applications in the study of cal-
culus. The absolute value of a number a, written a may be defined in a
variety of ways. On a real number line, the absolute value of a number is
the distance, disregarding direction, that the number is from zero. This
definition establishes the fact that the absolute value of a number must
always be nonnegative—that is, a $ 0.
A common algebraic definition of absolute value is often stated in three
parts, as follows:
Z
] a, a > 0
]
a = [ 0, a = 0
]
] - a, a < 0
\
Another definition that is sometimes applied to calculus problems is

a = a2

or the principal square root of a2. Each of these definitions also implies
that the absolute value of a number must be a nonnegative.

Functions
A function is defined as a set of ordered pairs (x,y), such that for each first
element x, there corresponds one and only one second element y. The set
of first elements is called the domain of the function, while the set of sec-
ond elements is called the range of the function. The domain variable is
referred to as the independent variable, and the range variable is referred
to as the dependent variable. The notation f (x) is often used in place of y
to indicate the value of the function f for a specific replacement for x and
is read “f of x” or “f at x.”
 Chapter 1: Review Topics 5
Geometrically, the graph of a set or ordered pairs (x,y) represents a func-
tion if any vertical line intersects the graph in, at most, one point. If a
vertical line were to intersect the graph at two or more points, the set would
have one x value corresponding to two or more y values, which clearly con-
tradicts the definition of a function. Many of the key concepts and theo-
rems of calculus are directly related to functions.
Example 1-1: The following are some examples of equations that define
functions.
(a) y = f (x) = 3x + 1
(b) y = f (x) = x 2
(c) y = f (x) = x - 5
(d) y = f (x) =- 3
(e) y = f (x) = x2- 3
x +4
(f ) y = f (x) = 3 2x + 9
(g) y = f (x) = 6x
(h) y = tan x
(i) y = cos 2x
Example 1-2: The following are some equations that do not define func-
tions; each has an example to illustrate why it does not define a function.
(a) x = y 2; If x = 4, then y = 2 or y =- 2
(b) x = y + 3 ; If x = 2, then y = –5 or y = –1
(c) x =- 5; If x =- 5, then y can be any real number.
(d) x 2 + y 2 = 25; If x = 0, then y = 5 or y =- 5.
(e) y = ! x + 4; If x = 5, then y =+ 3 or y =- 3.
(f ) x 2 - y 2 = 9; If x =- 5, then y = 4 or y =- 4.

Linear Equations App C

A linear equation is any equation that can be expressed in the form

Ax + By + C = 0, where A and B are not both zero. Although a linear equa-
tion may not be expressed in this form initially, it can be manipulated
algebraically to this form. The slope of a line indicates whether the line
slants up or down to the right or is horizontal. The slope is usually denoted
by the letter m and is defined in a number of ways:
 6 CliffsQuickReview Calculus

rise
m = sun
vertical change
=
horizontal change
y value change
=
x value change
∆y
=
∆x
y 2 - y1
= x 2 - x1
y1 - y 2
= x1 - x 2
Note that for a vertical line, the x value would remain constant, and the
horizontal change would be zero; hence, a vertical line is said to have no
slope or its slope is said to be nonexistent or undefined. All nonvertical
lines have a numerical slope with a positive slope indicating a line slant-
ing up to the right, a negative slope indicating a line slanting down to the
right, and a slope of zero indicating a horizontal line.
Example 1-3: Find the slope of the line passing through (–5, 4) and
(–1, –3).
y 2 - y1
m = x 2 - x1
(- 3) - (4)
=
(- 1) - (- 5)
=- 7
4
The line, then, has a slope of –7/4.
Some forms of expressing linear equations are given special names that
identify how the equations are written. Note that even though these forms
appear to be different from one another, they can be algebraically manip-
ulated to show they are equivalent.
Any nonvertical lines are parallel if they have the same slopes, and con-
versely lines with equal slopes are parallel. If the slopes of two lines L1 and
L2 are m1 and m2, respectively, then L1 is parallel to L2 if and only if m1 = m2.
Two nonvertical, nonhorizontal lines are perpendicular if the product of
their slopes is –1, and conversely, if the product of their slopes is –1, the
lines are perpendicular. If the slopes of two lines L1 and L2 are m1 and m2,
respectively, then L1 is perpendicular to L2 if and only if m1 ⋅ m2 = –1.
You should note that any two vertical lines are parallel and a vertical line
and a horizontal line are always perpendicular.
 Chapter 1: Review Topics 7
The general or standard form of a linear equation is Ax + By + C = 0, where
A and B are not both zero. If B = 0, the equation takes the form x = constant
and represents a vertical line. If A = 0, the equation takes the form
y = constant and represents a horizontal line.
Example 1-4: The following are some examples of linear equations
expressed in general form:
(a) 2x + 5y - 10 = 0
(b) x - 4y = 0
(c) x + 3 = 0
(d) y - 6 = 0
The point-slope form of a linear equation is y - y 1 = m (x - x 1 ) when the
line passes through the point (x1,y1) and has a slope m.
Example 1-5: Find an equation of the line through the point (3,4) with
slope –2/3.
y - y 1 = m (x - x 1 )

y - 4 =- 23 (x - 3)

y - 4 =- 23 x + 2

y =- 23 x + 6

3y =- 2x + 18

2x + 3y - 18 = 0 (general form)

The slope-intercept form of a linear equation is y = mx + b when the line

has y-intercept (0,b) and slope m.
Example 1-6: Find an equation of the line that has a slope 4/3 and crosses
y-axis at –5.
y = mx + b

y = 43 x + (- 5)

3y = 4x - 15
4x - 3y - 15 = 0 (general form)
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Chemistry - Answer Key
Spring 2022 - Faculty

Prepared by: Assistant Prof. Jones

Date: July 28, 2025

Topic 1: Learning outcomes and objectives

Learning Objective 1: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 2: Key terms and definitions
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 13: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 17: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 3: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Practice Problem 20: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 22: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 4: Experimental procedures and results
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 31: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 33: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 34: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 35: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 39: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Results 5: Research findings and conclusions
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 43: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 46: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 49: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
References 6: Best practices and recommendations
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 7: Ethical considerations and implications
Example 60: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 63: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 64: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 66: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 67: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 8: Key terms and definitions
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 71: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 75: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 79: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 9: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 84: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 87: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 88: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Test 10: Historical development and evolution
Practice Problem 90: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 92: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 96: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 98: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 11: Learning outcomes and objectives
Practice Problem 100: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 101: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 103: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 107: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 108: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 12: Case studies and real-world applications
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 112: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 112: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 114: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 118: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 119: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 119: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Appendix 13: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 122: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 123: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 124: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 124: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 126: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 127: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 127: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 128: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 130: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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