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Dragonflies and Damselflies
Dragonflies and
Damselflies
Model Organisms for Ecological
and Evolutionary Research

Edited by

Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
Researcher, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

Christopher D. Beatty
Visiting Scholar, Program for Conservation Genomics, Stanford University

Jason T. Bried
Research Scientist, Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
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and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 2023
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in hardback in 2008
First Edition published in paperback in 2009
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
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You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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Data available
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ISBN 978–0–19–289862–3
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192898623.001.0001
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Links to third-party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
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 List of Contributors

John C. Abbott Alabama Museum of Natural His- Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, České
tory & UA Museums Department of Research and Budějovice, Czech Republic
Collections, Mary Harmon Bryant Hall 357, The Leandro S. Brasil Institute of Biological Science and
University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Pontal
Daniel Acquah-Lamptey Philipps-University Mar- do Araguaia, Mato Grosso 78698-000, Brazil
burg, Department of General Ecology–Animal Jason T. Bried Illinois Natural History Survey,
Ecology, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, 35043 Marburg, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at
Germany Urbana-Champaign, 1909 S Oak St (Robert A. Evers
Fernanda Alves-Martins CIBIO-InBIO, Research Laboratory), MC 652, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Sebastian Büsse Department of Functional Mor-
University of Porto, Campus de Vairäo, 4485-661 phology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology,
Vairäo, Portugal Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Am
Giacomo Assandri Area per l’Avifauna Migratrice Botanischen Garten 9 D - 24118 Kiel,
(BIO-AVM), Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Germany
Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Via Ca’ Fornacetta 9, Seth Bybee Department of Biology, Brigham Young
I-40064, Ozzano Emilia, Italy University, 4102 LSB, Provo, UT 84604, USA
Celina B. Baines Department of Biology, McGill Uni- Lenize Batista Calvão Laboratório de Ecologia e
versity, 845 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, Quebec Conservação (LABECO), Instituto de Ciências
H3A 1B1, Canada Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av.
Christopher D. Beatty Program for Conservation Perimetral, 2-224 - Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66077-830
Genomics, Stanford University, 327 Campus Dr, Brazil
Room 220C, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Ulises Castillo-Pérez Instituto de Ecología, Univer-
Richard J. Bomphrey Structure and Motion Labo- sidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito
ratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Exterior s/n, 04510, Cd de México, México
Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Francesco Cerini Experimental Ecology & Conserva-
Lane, Hatfield AL97TA, UK tion Lab, School of Biological Science, University
Cornelio Andrés Bota-Sierra Alabama Museum of of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall
Natural History & UA Museums Department Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
of Research and Collections, The University of Lenin Chari Department of Zoology and Entomology,
Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; Grupo de Life Sciences Building, Rhodes University, African
Entomología Universidad de Antioquia (GEUA), St, Grahamstown, Makhanda, 6139, South Africa
Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 No. 53–108, Viola Clausnitzer Senckenberg Natural History
Medellin, 13001 Colombia Museum Görlitz, Department of Entomology, Am
David Boukal University of South Bohemia, Fac- Museum 1, Görlitz 02826 Germany
ulty of Science, Department of Ecosystem Biology, Adolfo Cordero-Rivera Universidade de Vigo, ECO-
Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice, Czech Repub- EVO Lab., Escola de Enxeñaría Forestal, Campus
lic; Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Universitario, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
vi L I S T O F C O N T R I B U TO R S

Alex Córdoba-Aguilar Universidad Nacional Frank Johansson Uppsala University, Department

Autónoma de México of Ecology and Genetics–Animal Ecology, 75236
Charl Deacon Department of Conservation Ecology Uppsala, Sweden
and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Leandro Juen Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação
Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa (LABECO), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Uni-
Paulo De Marco Viçosa State University, Department versidade Federal do Pará, Guamá, 66075-110,
of General Biology–Quantitative Ecology, Viçosa, Belém, Pará, Brazil
37570-000 Minas Gerais, Brasil Kari Kaunisto Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku
Amanda Dillon Albany Pine Bush Preserve Com- FI-20014, Turku, Finland
mission, 195 New Karner Rd, Albany, NY 12205, Rassim Khelifa Zoology Department, University of
USA British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Bio-
Aleš Dolný Department of Biology and Ecology, Fac- diversity Research Centre, University of British
ulty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava 710 Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4
00, Czech Republic Canada
Rachael Y. Dudaniec Department of Biological Sci- Gabriella J. Kietzka Department of Conservation
ences, 205B Culloden Rd, Macquarie University, Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University,
Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland
Merja Elo Department of Biological and Environ- 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
mental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University Manpreet K. Kohli Department of Natural Sciences,
of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Baruch College, City University of New York, 17
Ryo Futahashi Bioproduction Research Institute, Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10010; Division
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Nat-
and Technology (AIST), Central 6,1-1-1 Higashi, ural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY
Tsukuba, Japan 10024, USA

Christine Goforth North Carolina Museum of Nat- Lesley T. Lancaster School of Biological Sciences,
ural Sciences, 11 W Jones St, Raleigh, NC 27601, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
USA Sarah H. Luke School of Biosciences, University of
Miguel Gómez-Llano Department of Biological Sci- Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Nr Lough-
ences, 525 Old Main, University of Arkansas, borough, LE12 5RD, UK; 6 Department of Zoology,
Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge
CB2 3EJ, UK
Gregory F. Grether Department of Ecology & Evo-
lutionary Biology, University of California, Los Karen E. Mabry New Mexico State University, 1780 E
Angeles, CA 90095, USA University Ave, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA

Filip Harabiš Department of Ecology, Faculty of Envi- Milen Marinov Biosecurity Surveillance & Incursion
ronmental Sciences, Czech University of Sciences Investigation Plant Health Team, Diagnostic and
Prague, Prague 16500, Czech Republic Surveillance Services, Biosecurity New Zealand;
Tiakitanga Putaiao
ˉ Aotearoa, Ministry for Pri-
Sönke Hardersen Reparto Carabinieri Biodiversità di
mary Industries Manatuˉ Ahu Matua, 14 Sir William
Verona, Centro Nazionale Carabinieri Biodiversità
Pickering Dr, Burnside, Christchurch 8053 New
“Bosco Fontana”, 46045 Marmirolo, Italy
Zealand
Adam Z. Hasik Department of Biological Sciences,
John Matthews Alliance for Global Water Adapta-
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701,
tion, 7640 NW Hoodview Circle, Corvallis, OR
USA; Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The
97330
Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research,
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Michael L. May Department of Entomology,
Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel Cook/Douglass Campus, Rutgers University, 96
Lipman Dr, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
Jaakko J. Ilvonen Finnish Environmental Insti-
tute SYKE, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Shannon J. McCauley Department of Biology, Univer-
Finland sity of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario
L5L 1C6, Canada
 L I S T O F C O N T R I B U TO R S vii

Jenilee Montes-Fontalvo Central University of Maya Rocha-Ortega Departamento de Ecología Evo-

Venezuela, Facultad de Ciencias, Caracas 1040, lutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional
Distrito Capital, Venezuela Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad
André Morrill Department of Biology, Carleton Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, Distrito Federal,
University, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON, Mexico
Canada Göran Sahlén The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied
Rosalind L. Murray Department of Biology, Univer- Science, RLAS, Halmstad University, P.O. Box 823,
sity of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario 30118 Halmstad, Sweden
L5L 1C6, Canada Gianandrea Salerno Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie,
André Nel Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Bio- Alimentari e Ambietali, University of Perugia,
diversité, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 06123 Perugia PG, Italy
CNRS, SU, EPHE, UA, 45 rue Buffon, CP50, F-75005 Michael J. Samways Department of Conservation
Paris, France Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences,
José Max B. Oliveira-Junior Institute of Water Sci- Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland
ences and Technology, Postgraduate Programs in 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Society, Environment and Quality of Life; Biodi- Rosa Ana Sánchez-Guillén Red de Biología Evolu-
versity; Society, Nature and Development, Federal tiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua
University of Western Pará (Unidade Tapajós), a Coatepec 351, Col. El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz CP
Santarém, Pará, 68040-255, Brazil 91073
Michael A. Patten Ecology Research Group, Nord Melissa Sánchez-Herrera Universidad del Rosario,
University, Steinkjer, Norway Calle 12C Nº 6–25, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Division
Mary Ann C. Perron Department of Biology, Univer- of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Nat-
sity of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, ural History, 200 Central Park West, New York, NY,
Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada 10024, USA
Silvana Piersanti Department of Chemistry, Biology Xavier Sánchez-Rivero Departamento de Ecología
and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia PG, Italy Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior,
Julien P. Renoult CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Coyoacán, Distrito
EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France Federal, Mexico

Bertrand Piney Atlas Entomologique Régional Emily L. Sandall Center for Biodiversity and Global
(Nantes), 120 rue des leptures, 44850 Ligné, France Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520,
USA; Yale University, Department of Ecology and
Stefan Pinkert Center for Biodiversity and Global
Evolutionary Biology, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
Change, Osborn Memorial Laboratories 165
Prospect St, Yale University, New Haven, CT Iago Sanmartín-Villar Universidade de Vigo, ECO-
06520, USA; Yale University, Department of Ecol- EVO Lab., Escola de Enxeñaría Forestal, Campus
ogy and Evolutionary Biology, New Haven, CT Universitario, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
06511, USA; University of Marburg, Depart- Arnaud Sentis INRAE, Aix Marseille University,
ment of Conservation Ecology, FB 17, Biology, UMR RECOVER, 3275 Route de Cézanne- CS
Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 8, Marburg 35043, 40061, 13182 Aix-en-Provence, Cedex 5, France
Germany Camilla Sharkey Department of Ecology, Evolution
Ângelo Parise Pinto Universidade Federal do Paraná, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul,
Departamento de Zoologia, P.O. Box 19020, MN 55108, USA
81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil Adam M. Siepielski Department of Biological Sci-
Justin Pomeranz Environmental Science Faculty, Col- ences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
orado Mesa University, 1100 North Avenue, Grand 72701, USA
Junction, CO 81501, USA Hana Šigutová Department of Biology and Ecology,
Olga Popova Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 71000,
Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Ostrava, Czech Republic
Sciences, Frunze 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia John P. Simaika IHE Delft Institute for Water Educa-
Manuela Rebora Department of Chemistry, Biology tion, Westvest 7, 2611 AX Delft, The Netherlands
and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce Sabrina Simon Biosystematics Group, Wagenin-
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia PG, Italy gen University & Research, Wageningen, The
Netherlands
viii L I S T O F C O N T R I B U TO R S

Brenda D. Smith Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inven- Julie Verheyen Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Eco-
tory, Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of toxicology, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32,
Oklahoma, 111 E Chesapeake St, Norman, OK 3000 Leuven, Belgium
73019, USA Marina Vilenica University of Zagreb, Faculty of
Robby Stoks Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Eco- Teacher Education, Trg Matice Hrvatske 12, 44250
toxicology, University of Leuven, Deberiotstraat 32, Petrinja, Croatia
Leuven, Belgium Giovanna Villalobos-Jiménez Centro de Investi-
Anton Suvorov Department of Genetics, University gación en Ciencias de Información Geoespacial
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 120 Mason Farm (CentroGeo), Circuito Tecnopolo Norte 117, Fracc.
Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Tecnopolo Pocitos, C.P. 20313, Aguascalientes,
Ami Thompson Biology Program, North Carolina Aguascalientes, México
Wesleyan University, 3400 N Wesleyan Blvd, Rocky Simon M. Walker School of Biomedical Sciences, Fac-
Mount, NC 27804, USA ulty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds,
Nedim Tüzün Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Eco- UK
toxicology, University of Leuven, Deberiotstraat 32, Jessica L. Ware Division of Invertebrate Zoology,
Leuven, Belgium American Museum of Natural History, 200 Central
Khuong Van Dinh Department of Biosciences, Park West, New York, NY 10024, USA
University of Oslo, Blindern 0316 Oslo, Norway Maren Wellenreuther Plant and Food Research,
Yesenia M. Vega-Sánchez Instituto de Investigaciones Nelson, New Zealand, University of Auckland,
en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Auckland, New Zealand
Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua carretera Erin White New York Natural Heritage Program,
a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda San José de la SUNY College of Environmental Science and
Huerta, C. P. 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Forestry, 625 Broadway, 5th Floor, Albany, NY
México 12233, USA
 List of Reviewers

Fernanda Alves-Martins Vincent Kalkman Rosa Ana Sánchez-Guillén

Ron Bassar Rassim Khelifa Romain Sarremejane
David Boukal Gabriella Kietzka Emily Schilling
Wade Boys Oleg Kosterin Tom Sherratt
Pawel Buczyński Lesley Lancaster Adam Siepielski
Francesco Cerini Harvey Lemelin Hana Šigutová
Ryan Cesar Harald Letsch Thomas Simonsen
Andreas Chovanec Natala Matushkina Brenda ”Bee” Smith
Viola Clausnitzer Michael May Frank Suhling
Idelle Cooper Shannon McCauley Anton Suvorov
Joan Damerow Roberto Munguía-Steyer Roy van Grunsven
Charl Deacon Michael Patten Jan van Tol
Aleš Dolný Dennis Paulson Natalia von Ellenrieder
Katie Duryea Mary Ann Perron Jessica Ware
Mark Forbes Edward Pfeiler Phillip Watts
Rosser Garrison Erik Pilgrim Jeff Wesner
Miguel Gómez-Llano David Polcyn Wade Worthen
Filip Harabiš Steve Presley
Pamela Hunt Jakub Prokop
Martin Jeanmougin James Pryke
Frank Johansson Manuela Rebora
Taku Kadoya Volker Rudolf
Göran Sahlén
Contents

Foreword xxiii

1 Introduction to Dragonflies and Damselflies, Second Edition 1

Alex Córdoba-Aguilar, Christopher D. Beatty, and Jason T. Bried

SECTION 1 GENOMICS 5
Edited by Alex Córdoba-Aguilar

2 Genomic insights into micro- and macro-evolutionary processes in

Odonata 7
Maren Wellenreuther, Rachael Y. Dudaniec, and Lesley T. Lancaster
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Genomic insights into population processes 8
2.2.1 Dispersal and connectivity 8
2.2.2 Range shifts and other spatial processes 9
2.3 Adaptation and adaptive trait evolution 11
2.3.1 Environmental adaptation 11
2.3.2 Morphological adaptation 12
2.3.3 Life stage-specific adaptation 13
2.4 Genomic variation associated with hybridization and speciation 13
2.4.1 Insights from genome assemblies into species and
order-specific functional traits 14
2.5 Conclusions and future directions 15
References 16

3 Transcriptomic insights into Odonata ecology and evolution 21

Seth M. Bybee, Ryo Futahashi, Julien P. Renoult, Camilla Sharkey, Sabrina Simon, Anton
Suvorov, and Maren Wellenreuther
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Color vision 23
3.3 Transcriptomic insight into the eco-evolutionary role of color
variation 25
3.3.1 Ecological significance of color variation within and between
species 25
3.3.2 Evolution of color phenotypes 25
3.3.3 Pigments 26
3.3.4 Structural colors 26
3.3.5 Genes involved in body color formation 27
xii CONTENTS

3.4 Embryogenesis 27
3.4.1 Gene expression during embryogenesis 28
3.5 Phylo-transcriptomics 28
3.6 Future directions 29
3.6.1 Color vision 29
3.6.2 Color 30
3.6.3 Embryogenesis 30
3.6.4 Phylogenomics 31
3.7 Conclusion 31
Acknowledgments 31
References 31

SECTION 2 ORGANISMAL STUDIES 37

Edited by Alex Córdoba-Aguilar

4 Functional morphology in Odonata 39

Sebastian Büsse
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 Head 41
4.3 Head–thorax articulation 44
4.4 Thorax 44
4.5 Wings 46
4.6 Legs 47
4.7 Abdomen 47
Method boxes 50
References 52

5 The biomechanics of Odonata flight: structure, motion, and function 57

Richard J. Bomphrey and Simon M. Walker
5.1 Flight mechanics 57
5.2 Muscle activation 58
5.3 Wing structure 60
5.4 Flapping wing aerodynamics 62
5.4.1 Leading-edge vortex 62
5.4.2 Stroke plane 63
5.4.3 Planform 63
5.5 Aerodynamic interactions 64
5.5.1 Wing phasing 64
5.6 Flight control and sensing 66
5.6.1 Passive control 66
5.6.2 Active control 66
5.6.3 Predicting sensory inputs 67
5.7 Concluding remarks 68
Acknowledgments 68
References 68
 CONTENTS xiii

6 Odonata immunity, pathogens, and parasites 73

Adam Z. Hasik, Jaakko J. Ilvonen, Adam M. Siepielski, and Rosalind L. Murray
6.1 Introduction 73
6.2 Parasites 74
6.2.1 Viruses 74
6.2.2 Bacteria 74
6.2.3 Gregarines 74
6.2.4 Trematodes 74
6.2.5 Water mites 75
6.2.6 Parasitoids 75
6.2.7 Coinfection 76
6.3 Odonate immunity 76
6.3.1 Overview of insect immunity 76
6.3.2 Components of odonate immunity 76
6.4 Ecology and evolution of immunity and parasites 77
6.4.1 PO and food webs 77
6.4.2 Metacommunity structure 78
6.4.3 Coevolution 79
6.5 Future research directions 79
6.5.1 Genetics 79
6.5.2 Microbiome 79
6.5.3 Climate change 80
6.6 Conclusions 80
Acknowledgments 80
References 80

7 Odonata perception is more than vision 85

Manuela Rebora, Gianandrea Salerno, and Silvana Piersanti
7.1 Introduction 85
7.2 Adult 85
7.2.1 Antennae 85
7.2.2 Mouthparts and gustatory sensilla 90
7.2.3 The ovipositor sensilla: sensing the plant taste and stiffness 92
7.3 Nymph 92
7.3.1 Antennae 92
7.4 Conclusions and future perspectives 95
References 96

8 Thermoregulation in Odonata 101

Ulises Castillo-Pérez, Michael L. May, and Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
8.1 Introduction 101
8.2 Mechanisms of thermoregulation 101
8.2.1 Ectothermy and behavior 102
8.2.2 Ectothermy and color 103
8.2.3 Endothermy 105
8.3 Global change and thermal limits 107
8.4 Global change and body coloration 107
xiv CONTENTS

8.5 Odonate resilience: a link to thermoregulation? 107

8.6 Linking thermoregulation mechanisms to global temperature
changes 108
8.7 Some topics for future thermoregulation research 108
8.7.1 Genetics and physiology of thermoregulation 108
8.7.2 Mechanisms of thermoregulation 108
8.7.3 Trade-offs between thermoregulation and other functions 109
8.7.4 Human awareness via insect thermoregulation risk under
climate change 109
Acknowledgments 109
References 109

SECTION 3 POPULATION ECOLOGY 113

Edited by Christopher D. Beatty

9 Genetic structure, cryptic species, and hybridization: causes and

evolutionary consequences in Odonata 115
Rosa Ana Sánchez-Guillén, Yesenia M. Vega-Sánchez, and Melissa Sánchez-Herrera
9.1 Introduction 115
9.2 Gene flow within species: population genetic structure in odonates 116
9.3 Cryptic species in odonates 118
9.4 Gene flow between species: hybridization in odonates 119
9.5 Conclusions and research directions 124
Acknowledgments 125
References 125

10 Odonata survival: insights from mark–recapture experiments 129

Iago Sanmartín-Villar and Adolfo Cordero-Rivera
10.1 Introduction 129
10.2 The effect of marking 130
10.3 A review of the literature using marking methods with odonates 130
10.4 The effect of sex and age on survival and recapture rates 132
10.5 The effect of female color polymorphism 134
10.6 Individual and environmental covariates 135
10.7 Conclusions and further research 135
Acknowledgments 137
References 137

11 Migration in Anisoptera 141

Michael L. May and John H. Matthews
11.1 Introduction 141
11.2 Migratory case studies in odonates 142
11.2.1 Anax junius 142
11.2.2 Pantala flavescens 144
11.3 Migration and weather 146
11.4 Migration and reproduction 146
11.5 Population studies in migrating dragonflies 147
 CONTENTS xv

11.6 Migrants vs. residents—how might they evolve? 149

11.7 Future directions 150
Acknowledgments 150
References 151

12 Dispersal and metapopulation ecology in Odonata 155

Shannon J. McCauley, Celina B. Baines, and Karen E. Mabry
12.1 Dispersal biology in ecology and evolution 155
12.2 Dispersal biology in Odonata 155
12.3 Methods for studying dispersal in odonates 156
12.4 Dispersal and population structure 158
12.4.1 Context- and phenotype-dependent dispersal 158
12.4.2 Spatially structured populations 159
12.4.3 Dispersal and species ranges 159
12.5 Dispersal and colonization in the Anthropocene 161
12.5.1 Effects of human alteration of matrix environments on
dispersal and habitat colonization 161
12.5.2 Colonization and ecological traps 162
12.6 Future research directions in the study of dispersal in Odonata 162
12.6.1 Dispersal in the context of anthropogenic change 162
12.6.2 Rapidly advancing methods 162
12.6.3 Research across a greater diversity of the world’s landscapes 162
Acknowledgments 162
References 163

13 Biogeographical ecology in Odonata 167

Christopher D. Beatty, Fernanda Alves-Martins, Brenda D. Smith, and Julie Verheyen
13.1 Introduction to biogeography 167
13.1.1 Biogeographical concepts through history 167
13.1.2 Historical and ecological biogeography 168
13.2 Biogeographic realms and odonate species distributions 168
13.2.1 Nearctic 169
13.2.2 Palearctic 169
13.2.3 Indo–Malayan 169
13.2.4 Australasia 170
13.2.5 Oceanic–Pacific 170
13.2.6 Afrotropics 170
13.2.7 Neotropics 170
13.3 Factors influencing odonate distributions 170
13.3.1 Climatic factors 170
13.3.2 Precipitation 171
13.3.3 Temperature 171
13.3.4 Tracking suitable climates: differences in temperature
causes different species compositions 171
13.3.5 Geographic barriers 171
13.3.6 Mountains and plains 172
13.3.7 River basins 172
13.3.8 Glaciation patterns 172
13.4 Considerations of scale in odonate biogeographical analysis 172
xvi CONTENTS

13.5 Life history evolution in odonate biogeography 174

13.5.1 Latitudinal differences in voltinism 174
13.5.2 Latitudinal patterns in thermal adaptation and
space-for-time substitution studies 174
13.6 Conservation biogeography 179
13.7 Future directions 181
Acknowledgments 181
References 181

SECTION 4 COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 187

Edited by Jason T. Bried

14 Evolutionary community ecology of Odonata 189

Adam M. Siepielski, Miguel Gómez-Llano, and Adam Z. Hasik
14.1 Introduction 189
14.2 Interactions in odonates 190
14.2.1 Predation—odonates as prey 190
14.2.2 Predation—odonates as predators 191
14.2.3 Competition 192
14.2.4 Parasitism 192
14.2.5 Reproductive interactions 192
14.3 Natural and sexual selection in communities 193
14.3.1 Selection in larvae 193
14.3.2 Selection in adults 194
14.4 Eco-evolutionary effects in communities 195
14.4.1 Adaptation to biotic interactions 195
14.4.2 Adaptation during range expansion 197
14.5 Future directions and conclusion 197
Acknowledgments 198
References 198

15 Ecological differentiation, interference, and coexistence in Odonata 203

Gregory F. Grether, Adam M. Siepielski, and Miguel Gómez-Llano
15.1 Introduction 203
15.2 Coexistence theory 204
15.2.1 Local coexistence 204
15.2.2 Regional (non-local) coexistence 206
15.2.3 Interspecific interference and coexistence 206
15.2.4 Intraspecific interference and coexistence 207
15.3 Empirical studies on coexistence and competition in Odonata
assemblages 207
15.3.1 Local coexistence 207
15.3.2 Regional coexistence 210
15.3.3 Exploitative competition among larvae 210
15.3.4 Interference competition among larvae 211
15.3.5 Interspecific aggressive and reproductive interference at
the adult stage 212
 CONTENTS xvii

15.3.6 Intraspecific interference at the adult stage 213

15.4 Conclusions and recommendations 214
Acknowledgments 214
References 214

16 Odonata trophic ecology: from hunting behavior to cross-ecosystem

impact 219
Arnaud Sentis, Kari Kaunisto, Lenin Chari, André Morrill, Olga Popova, Justin Pomeranz,
David Boukal, Nedim Tüzün, and Robby Stoks
16.1 Introduction 219
16.2 Background to odonate trophic ecology 220
16.2.1 Trophic role of odonates in aquatic food webs 220
16.2.2 Odonate hunting behavior 221
16.2.3 Visual, chemical, and olfactory cues 223
16.3 Shifts and variation in odonate trophic relations 223
16.3.1 Ontogenetic scaling and trophic niche shifts 223
16.3.2 Sex differences in adult diet 223
16.3.3 Carryover effects of larval diet on adult phenotypic traits
and fitness 224
16.3.4 Carryover effects of predation risk on adult traits 225
16.3.5 Metamorphosis and shifts from aquatic to terrestrial diets 225
16.4 Trophic and non-trophic interactions in food webs 226
16.4.1 Cannibalism and intraguild predation (IGP) 226
16.4.2 Non-trophic interactions 226
16.4.3 Trophic cascades and cross-ecosystem fluxes 226
16.5 Importance of abiotic factors in odonate trophic ecology 227
16.6 Eco-evolutionary dynamics of trophic interactions 228
16.7 Conclusions and research directions 229
Acknowledgments 229
References 229

17 Metacommunity concepts, approaches, and directions with Odonata 233

Jason T. Bried, Fernanda Alves-Martins, Leandro S. Brasil, and Shannon J. McCauley
17.1 Introduction to metacommunity thinking 233
17.2 Why odonates? 235
17.3 Some current themes in odonate metacommunity ecology 235
17.4 Empirical approaches to metacommunities 237
17.4.1 Experimental approaches 237
17.4.2 Observational approaches 239
17.4.2.1 Disentangling assembly patterns 239
17.4.2.2 Disentangling assembly processes 240
17.5 Future directions 241
17.5.1 Applied metacommunity thinking 241
17.5.1.1 Mass effects and bioassessment 241
17.5.1.2 Mass effects and spatial prioritization 242
17.5.1.3 Dispersal limitation and ecological restoration 242
17.5.2 Importance of historical factors 242
17.5.3 Toward a more high-tech and integrative metacommunity
ecology 243
Acknowledgments 243
References 243
xviii CONTENTS

18 Odonata assemblages in human-modified landscapes 247

Brenda D. Smith, Giovanna Villalobos-Jiménez, Mary Ann C. Perron, Göran Sahlén,
Giacomo Assandri, Marina Vilenica, Lenize Batista Calvão, Leandro Juen, Francesco
Cerini, and Jason T. Bried
18.1 Introduction 247
18.2 General challenges and methods 250
18.3 Logging, agriculture, and non-urban secondary habitats 250
18.3.1 Logging 250
18.3.2 Agriculture 251
18.3.3 Non-urban secondary habitats 252
18.4 Urban landscapes 252
18.4.1 Water in urban landscapes 253
18.4.2 Urban heat island (UHI) effect 255
18.4.3 Urban ecological traps 255
18.5 Challenges and future directions 256
Acknowledgments 256
References 256

SECTION 5 DIVERSITY, SYSTEMATICS, AND BIOINFORMATICS 261

Edited by Christopher D. Beatty

19 Species identification and description 263

Ângelo Parise Pinto, Cornelio Andrés Bota-Sierra, and Milen Marinov
19.1 Introduction 263
19.2 Species identification in Odonata 264
19.3 General topics in the taxonomic literature and their implication for
Odonata 265
19.3.1 Taxa as concepts 266
19.3.1.1 Species 267
19.3.1.2 Subspecies 267
19.3.1.3 Taxonomic ranks below subspecies in Odonata 268
19.4 When is a species “new”? 269
19.4.1 Species delimitation in Odonata 269
19.4.2 Patterns of description in Odonata 272
19.5 Species description 272
19.5.1 Details included in the description 272
19.5.2 Naming taxa (assigning a nomen to a concept) 273
19.5.3 Role of the name-bearing specimens 273
19.6 Conclusions and suggestions for students in Odonata taxonomy
and nomenclature 274
Acknowledgments 274
References 275

20 The Odonatoptera: a clade that contains 99% of Odonata fossil diversity 279
André Nel and Bertrand Piney
20.1 Definition of the Odonatoptera as a superorder 279
20.2 Major subdivisions of the Odonatoptera 280
 CONTENTS xix

20.3 What are the fossil remains of Odonatoptera? 286

20.4 A diversity of wing venations: a diversity of flight patterns? 287
20.5 Paleoecology and diversity changes since the Carboniferous 288
20.6 Conclusion 290
Acknowledgments 290
References 290

21 Odonata systematics 295

Manpreet K. Kohli and Jessica L. Ware
21.1 Introduction 295
21.2 Odonata systematics through time 296
21.2.1 Traditional systematics through morphology 296
21.2.2 Molecular renaissance 297
21.3 The modern Odonata tree of life 298
21.3.1 Zygoptera 298
21.3.2 Anisozygoptera 299
21.3.3 Anisoptera 300
21.3.4 Why are some nodes difficult to resolve? 301
21.4 Beyond systematics: phylogenies as a tool for studying Odonata
evolution 302
21.4.1 Divergence time estimation and diversification analysis 302
21.4.2 Biogeographical analysis 302
21.4.3 Phylogenies for studying trait evolution 303
21.5 What systematics cannot do 303
21.6 Future of Odonata systematics 303
Acknowledgments 304
References 304

22 Phylogeography: a spatiotemporal perspective on Odonata

distributions 309
Melissa Sanchez-Herrera, Yesenia M. Vega-Sánchez, Christopher D. Beatty, and
Manpreet Kohli
22.1 Introduction 309
22.2 A global perspective: historical biogeography 310
22.3 Phylogeographic patterns within biogeographic realms 313
22.3.1 Holarctic 313
22.3.2 Neotropical 314
22.3.3 Afrotropical 317
22.3.4 The Indo–Australian Archipelago 318
22.3.5 Oceanic–Pacific 319
22.4 Current limitations and future perspectives 321
Acknowledgments 321
References 321

23 Odonata collections and databases 327

John C. Abbott and Emily L. Sandall
23.1 Introduction 327
23.2 The foundational odonate taxonomists 328
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Immunology - Answer Key
Summer 2021 - School

Prepared by: Professor Garcia

Date: July 28, 2025

Test 1: Theoretical framework and methodology

Learning Objective 1: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Practice Problem 9: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 2: Key terms and definitions
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 11: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
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• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 14: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 15: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
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Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
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- Note: Important consideration
Example 18: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Important: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
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- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 3: Literature review and discussion
Example 20: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 21: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 22: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 23: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 24: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
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- Note: Important consideration
Example 27: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
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- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 29: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
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- Note: Important consideration
Background 4: Research findings and conclusions
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 31: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 32: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 37: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 38: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
Practice Problem 40: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 41: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Example 42: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 44: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Quiz 6: Ethical considerations and implications
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 55: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 57: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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Practice Problem 59: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 7: Interdisciplinary approaches
Practice Problem 60: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
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- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 61: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
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Practice Problem 62: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
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[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 66: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 67: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 68: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Practice Problem 69: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 8: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
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[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
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Example 75: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 77: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
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Practice Problem 78: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 79: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 9: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 81: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
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Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
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Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
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- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
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[Figure 86: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
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[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 87: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
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Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
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• Experimental procedures and results
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[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Section 10: Key terms and definitions
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
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[Figure 92: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
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• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
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[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Section 11: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
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[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
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Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 105: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 12: Historical development and evolution
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 112: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 120: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 13: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 123: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 126: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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