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Women in the American Civil War

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Women in the American Civil War
VOLUME I

Lisa Tendrich Frank

Editor

Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England

www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868

 Copyright © 2008 by ABC-CLIO, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Women in the American Civil War / Lisa Tendrich Frank, editor.
v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-85109-600-8 (hard copy : alk. paper) — ISBN
978-1-85109-605-3 (ebook) 1. United States—History—Civil War,
1861–1865—Women—Encyclopedias. 2. United States—History—
Civil War, 1861–1865—Participation, Female—Encyclopedias.
3. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Biography—
Encyclopedias. 4. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—
Social aspects—Encyclopedias. 5. Women—United States—
History—19th century—Encyclopedias. 6. Women—United
States—Biography—Encyclopedias. I. Frank, Lisa Tendrich.
E628.W655 2008
973.7082'03—dc22
2007025822

12 11 10 9 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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 For Daniel

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 Contributors

Adgent, Nancy L. Bohanan, Robert D. Coles, David

Rockefeller Archive Center Jimmy Carter Library Longwood University

Allred, Randal Boswell, Angela Confer, W. Clarissa

Brigham Young University, Henderson State University California University of
Hawaii Pennsylvania
Broussard, Joyce L.
Anderson, Joe L. California State University, Coryell, Janet L.
University of West Georgia Northridge Western Michigan University

Antolini, Katharine Lane Cox, Karen L.

Brown, William H. University of North Carolina at
West Virginia University North Carolina Office of Charlotte
Archives and History
Bair, Barbara
Crist, Lynda L.
Library of Congress
Bruns, Gabrielle Rice University
Independent Scholar
Barber, E. Susan
Dunn, Kristina K.
College of Notre Dame of
Burin, Nikki Berg South Carolina Confederate
Maryland
University of Minnesota Relic Room and Military
Museum
Beilke, Jayne R.
Ball State University Campbell, Jacqueline Glass
University of Connecticut Eliassen, Meredith
San Francisco State University
Blake, Debra A.
North Carolina State Archives Carter, María Agui Engle, Nancy Driscol
Iguana Films Independent Scholar
Blalock, Kay J.
St. Louis Community College- Castagna, JoAnn E. Eye, Sara Marie
Meramec University of Iowa University South Carolina

Boccardi, Megan Cole, N. Scott Eylon, Dina Ripsman

University of Missouri, Columbia Longwood University University of Toronto

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Contributors

Foroughi, Andrea R. Jepsen, Thomas C. Minton, Amy

Union College Independent Scholar Marymount University

Frank, Andrew K. Kehoe, Karen A. Moody, Wesley

Florida State University Saint Vincent College Gordon College

Frank, Ed Kelsey, Sigrid Myers, Barton A.

University of Memphis Louisiana State University University of Georgia
Libaries
Gallman, J. Matthew Nester, Thomas
University of Florida Kinzey, Karen Texas A&M University
Arlington House
Gerard, Gene C. Neumann, Caryn E.
Tarrant County College Kuipers, Juliana Ohio Wesleyan University
Harvard University Archives
Gigantino, James Nguyen, Julia Huston
University of Georgia Lancaster, Jane Independent Scholar
Brown University
Nichols, Jennifer Jane
Graves, Donna Cooper
Lane, Yvette Florio Michigan State University
University of Tennessee at
Monmouth University
Martin
Nickeson, Dawn Ottevaere
Larson, Kate Clifford Michigan State University
Gross, Jennifer Lynn
Independent Scholar
Jacksonville State University
Nussel, Jill M.
Lause, Mark A. Indiana/Purdue University
Halloran, Fiona Deans
University of Cincinnati Fort Wayne
Eastern Kentucky University
Lewis, Elizabeth Wittenmyer Nytroe, Sarah K.
Hartsock, Ralph Independent Scholar Boston College
University of North Texas
Libraries Long, Alecia P. Oglesby, Catherine
Louisiana State University Valdosta State University
Haynes, Robert W.
Texas A&M International Marszalek, John F. Olsen, Christopher J.
University Mississippi State University Indiana State University

Hinton, Paula Katherine Martinez, Jaime Amanda Ott, Victoria E.

Tennessee Technological University of Virginia Birmingham-Southern College
University
Mays, Gwen Thomas Prushankin, Jeffrey S.
Holcomb, Julie North Carolina State Archives Pennsylvania State University
Navarro College Abingdon
McDevitt, Theresa R.
Hudson, Linda S. Indiana University of Quigley, Paul D. H.
East Texas Baptist University Pennsylvania Libraries University of Edinburgh

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 Contributors

Richard, Patricia Sheehan-Dean, Aaron Warner, Jay

Metropolitan State College University of North Florida Independent Scholar
of Denver
Sherman, Dawn M. Wayne, Tiffany K.
Ritter, Charles R. Independent Scholar Cabrillo College
College of Notre Dame
of Maryland Smith, Lisa M. Wells, Cheryl A.
University of Akron University of Wyoming
Roberts, Giselle
La Trobe University Stabler, Scott L. White, Jonathan W.
Grand Valley State University University of Maryland, College
Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer
Park
NASA Johnson Space Center
Streater, Kristen L.
Collin County Community Wilkerson, Jessie
Rouse, Kristen L.
College Pellissippi State Technical
Independent Scholar
Community College
Rubin, Anne Sarah Sullivan, Regina D.
University of Maryland, Independent Scholar Williams, David
Baltimore County Valdosta State University
Taylor, Robert A.
Sacher, John M. Florida Institute of Wongsrichanalai, Kanisorn
University of Central Florida Technology University of Virginia

Schoonmaker, Nancy Gray Todras, Ellen H. Wooton, Sarah

University of North Carolina Independent Scholar South Carolina Confederate
at Chapel Hill Relic Room & Museum
Tolley-Stokes, Rebecca
Schroeder, Adriana East Tennessee State University Wyatt-Brown, Bertram
University of Central Oklahoma Richard J. Milbauer Professor
van Zelm, Antoinette G. Emeritus, University of
Schurr, Nancy Tennessee Civil War National Florida and Visiting Scholar,
University of Tennessee, Heritage Area Center for Johns Hopkins University
Knoxville Historic Preservation
Middle Tennessee State Younger, Karen Fisher
Scroggins, Eloise E. University Pennsylvania State University
Indiana Historical Society
Vincent, Thomas
Selby, Kelly D. North Carolina Department of
Kent State University Archives and History

Shaffer, Donald R. Wamsley, E. Sue

University of Northern Colorado Kent State University-Salem

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www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868
 Contents

List of Entries xiii

Introduction xix
Chronology xxiii

VOLUME I
Contextual Essays 1
A–G 93

VOLUME II
H–Z 319
Primary Sources 603

Bibliography B-1
Index I-1
About the Editor

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 List of Entries

Contextual Essays Atlanta, Evacuation of (Special Field Orders,

Abolitionism and Northern Reformers Number 67)
African American Women B
Confederate Homefront Bacot, Ada W. (1832–1911)
Female Combatants Baker, Mrs. E. H. (n.d.–n.d.)
Female Spies Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss (1816–1894)
Military Invasion and Occupation Bannister, Christiana Babcock Carteaux (ca.
Northern Women 1820–1902)
Nurses Baptist Women
Politics Barton, Clara (1821–1912)
Religion Battle, Mary Frances “Fanny” [Fannie] (1842–1924)
Southern Women Beecher, Catharine (1800–1878)
Union Homefront Bickerdyke, Mary Ann Ball “Mother” (1817–1901)
Wartime Employment Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821–1910)
Wartime Literature Blair, Lorinda Ann [Annie Etheridge Hooks]
(ca. 1840–1913)
A Blalock, Malinda [Sam Blalock] (ca. 1840–1901)
Abernathy, Martha Stockard (1832–1878) Blockade Running
Aid Societies Border States
Alcott, Louisa May (1832–1888) Bowser, Mary Elizabeth (ca. 1839–n.d.)
Alexander, Charles Wesley [Wesley Bradshaw] Boyd, Belle (1844–1900)
(1837–1927) Bread Riots
Allegheny Arsenal, Explosion at (September 17, Breckenridge, Lucy Gilmer (1843–1865)
1862) Brevard, Keziah Goodwyn Hopkins (1803–1886)
Alleman, Matilda “Tillie” Pierce (1848–1914) Brown, Addie (1841–1870)
American Colonization Society Brown, Clara (1800–1885)
Andrews, Eliza Frances [Elzey Hay] (1840–1931) Brownell, Kady (1842–1915)
Andrews, Orianna Moon (1834–1883) Buck, Lucy Rebecca (1842–1918)
Anthony, Susan B. (1820–1906) Bucklin, Sophronia E. (n.d.–1902)
Antietam/Sharpsburg, Battle of (September 17, Bull Run/Manassas, First Battle of (July 21, 1861)
1862) Bull Run/Manassas, Second Battle of (August
Antislavery Societies 29–30, 1862)

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List of Entries

Burge, Dolly Sumner Lunt (1817–1891) Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth (1842–1932)

Butler, Benjamin F. (1818–1893) Dickinson, Emily (1830–1886)
C Disease
Camp Followers Divers, Bridget (ca. 1840–n.d.)
Carroll, Anna Ella (1815–1894) Dix, Dorothea Lynde (1802–1887)
Cary, Mary Ann Shadd (1823–1893) Dodge, Mary Abigail [Gail Hamilton]
Catholic Women (1833–1896)
Cazneau, Jane McManus Storm [Cora Mont- Domesticity
gomery] (1807–1878) Douglass, Frederick (ca. 1818–1895)
Chamberlain, Frances Caroline “Fannie” Adams Draft Riots and Resistance
(1825–1905) E
Chancellorsville, Battle of (April 29–May 6, 1863) Edmonds, Amanda Virginia (1839–1921)
Chesnut, Mary Boykin (1823–1886) Edmonds, Sarah Emma [Franklin Thompson]
Chickamauga, Battle of (September 19–20, 1863) (1841–1898)
Child, Lydia Maria Francis (1802–1880) Edmondson, Belle (1840–1873)
Churches Edmondston, Catherine Ann Devereux
Civilian Life (1823–1875)
Clalin, Frances Louisa [Francis Clayton] Education, Northern
(n.d.–n.d.) Education, Southern
Clayton, Sarah “Sallie” Conley (1845–1922) Election of 1860
Clemson, Elizabeth Floride (1842–1871) Election of 1864
Columbia Bazaar (January 17–21, 1865) Elmore, Grace Brown (1839–1912)
Confederate Soldiers, Motives Emancipation League
Confederate Surrender (1865) Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)
Confederate Sympathizers, Northern Enlistment
Congregationalist Women Eppes, Susan Branch Bradford (1846–1942)
Conscription Evans, Augusta Jane (1835–1909)
Contraband Relief Association Ewell, Elizabeth “Lizinka” McKay Campbell
Contrabands Brown (1820–1872)
Coppin, Fanny Jackson (1837–1913) F
Courtship and Marriage Factory Workers, Northern
Crosby, Frances Jane “Fanny” (1820–1915) Factory Workers, Southern
Cumming, Kate (ca. 1835–1909) Fairs and Bazaars
Cushman, Pauline [Harriet Wood] (1833–1893) Family Life, Confederate
Custer, Elizabeth “Libbie” Bacon (1842–1933) Family Life, Union
D Farm Work
Daly, Maria Lydig (1824–1894) Felton, Rebecca Ann Latimer (1835–1930)
Davis, Jefferson (1808–1889) Fiction Writers, Northern
Davis, Rebecca Harding (1831–1910) Fiction Writers, Southern
Davis, Varina Anne “Winnie” (1864–1898) Fifteenth Amendment
Davis, Varina Banks Howell (1826–1906) Flags, Regimental
Desertion Fogg, Isabella Morrison (1823–1873)
Destruction of Homes Food
Destruction of Personal Property Foraging, Effects on Women
Diaries and Journals Ford (Willard), Antonia (1838–1871)
Dickey, Sarah Ann (1838–1904) Fort Sumter (April 12–14, 1861)

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 List of Entries

Forten (Grimké), Charlotte L. (1837–1914) Hopley, Catherine Cooper (ca. 1832–n.d.)

Foster, Sarah Jane (1839–1868) Hospital Ships
Fourteenth Amendment Hospitals
Fox, Tryphena Blanche Holder (1834–1912) House (Fletcher), Ellen Renshaw (1843–1907)
Fredericksburg, Battle of (December 13, 1862) Howe, Julia Ward (1819–1910)
Free Blacks Hunter, David (1802–1886)
Freedmen’s Bureau I
Frémont, Jessie Benton (1824–1902) Immigrant Women
French, Mansfield (1810–1876) Impressment
Fundraising Imprisonment of Women
G J
Garrison, William Lloyd (1805–1879) Jackson, Mary Anna Morrison (1831–1915)
Gay, Mary Ann Harris (1829–1918) Jacobs, Harriet Ann [Linda Brent] (1813–1897)
Gettysburg, Battle of (July 1–3, 1863) Jewish Women
Gibbons, Abigail “Abby” Hopper (1801–1893) Johnson, Ann Battles (1815–1866)
Gilman, Caroline Howard (1794–1888) K
Girlhood and Adolescence Keckley, Elizabeth Hobbs (ca. 1818–1907)
Gorgas, Amelia Gayle (1826–1913) Kelley, Abby (1811–1887)
Government Girls Kemble (Butler), Frances “Fanny” Anne
Grant, Julia Dent (1826–1902) (1809–1893)
Greenhow, Rose O’Neal (ca. 1814–1864) Knapp, Frederick Newman (1821–1889)
Griffing, Josephine Sophia White (1814–1872) L
Grimké (Weld), Angelina (1805–1879) Ladies’ Memorial Associations
Grimké, Sarah Moore (1792–1873) Larcom, Lucy (1824–1893)
Guerrilla Warfare LeConte, Emma Florence (1847–1932)
Gunboat Societies Lee, Elizabeth “Lizzie” Blair (1818–1906)
H Lee, Mary Anna Randolph Custis (1808–1873)
Habersham, Josephine Clay (1821–1893) Lee, Mary Greenhow (1819–1907)
Hague, Parthenia Antoinette Vardaman Lee, Robert Edward (1807–1870)
(1838–n.d.) Letter Writing
Hale, Sarah Josepha (1788–1879) Lewis, Edmonia (ca. 1843–ca. after 1909)
Hancock, Cornelia (1840–1926) Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865)
Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (1825–1911) Lincoln, Mary Todd (1818–1882)
Hart, Nancy (ca. 1843–1902) Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice (1820–1905)
Haviland, Laura Smith (1808–1898) Long, Ellen Call (1825–1905)
Hawks, Esther Hill (1833–1906) Loyalty Oaths
Hayes, Lucy Ware Webb (1831–1889) M
Heyward, Pauline DeCaradeuc (1843–1914) Maury, Elizabeth “Betty” Herndon (1835–1903)
Hispanic Women May, Abigail Williams (1829–1888)
Hodgers, Jennie [Albert D. J. Cashier] (ca. McCord, Louisa Susana Cheves (1810–1879)
1843–1915) McDonald, Cornelia Peake (1822–1909)
Hoge, Jane Currie Blaikie (1811–1890) McEwen, Henrietta (Hetty) Montgomery
Holmes, Emma Edwards (1838–1910) Kennedy (1796–1881)
Homespun McGuire, Judith White Brockenbrough
Honor (1813–1897)McKay, Charlotte Elizabeth
Hopkins, Juliet Ann Opie (1818–1890) Johnson (1818–1894)

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List of Entries

Meriwether, Elizabeth Avery (1824–1916) Presbyterian Women

Methodist Women Prescott (Spofford), Harriet E. (1835–1921)
Mitchell, Maria (1818–1889) Primus, Rebecca (1836–1929)
Monuments Prostitution
Moon, Charlotte “Lottie” (1829–1895) Pryor, Sara Agnes Rice (1830–1912)
Moon, Virginia “Ginnie” (1844–1925) Putnam, Sarah “Sallie” Ann Brock
Morale (1831–1911)
Morgan, Sarah Ida Fowler (1842–1909) Q
Mosby’s Rangers Quaker Women
Mott, Lucretia Coffin (1793–1880) Quantrill, William Clarke (1837–1865)
Moulton, Louise Chandler (1835–1908) R
Mountain Charley [Elsa Jane Guerin aka Charles Rape
Hatfield] (n.d.–n.d.) Ratcliffe, Laura (1836–1923)
Mourning Ream, Vinnie (1847–1914)
Murfreesboro, Battle of (December 31, 1862– Reconstruction (1865–1877)
January 2, 1863) Refugees
Music, Northern Reid, Mary Martha (1812–1894)
Music, Southern Remond, Sarah Parker (1826–1894)
N Ricketts, Fanny (n.d.–1900)
National Women’s Loyal League [Women’s Ropes, Hannah (1809–1863)
National Loyal League] Roswell Women
Nationalism, Confederate Rural Women
Nationalism, United States S
Native American Women Safford [Stafford], Mary Jane (ca. 1831 or
Nonslaveholding Southerners 1834–1891)
O Schuyler, Louisa Lee (1837–1926)
Olmsted, Frederick Law (1822–1903) Secession
P Separate Spheres
Parsons, Emily Elizabeth (1824–1880) Sewing Bees
Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer (1804–1894) Shaw, Sarah Blake Sturgis (1835–1902)
Pember, Phoebe Yates Levy (1823–1913) Sheads, Carrie (n.d.–1884)
Peninsular Campaign (April–July 1862) Sheridan, Philip Henry (1831–1888)
Pensions, Confederate Widows Sheridan’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign (1864)
Pensions, Union Widows Sherman, Ellen Boyle Ewing (1824–1888)
Petersburg Campaign (June 1864–April 1865) Sherman Land (Special Field Orders,
Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart (Ward) [Mary Gray Number 15)
Phelps] (1844–1911) Sherman’s Campaign (1864–1865)
Phillips, Eugenia Levy (1820–1902) Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820–1891)
Pickens, Lucy Petway Holcombe (1832–1899) Shiloh, Battle of (April 6–7, 1862)
Pickett, LaSalle Corbell (ca. 1843–1931) Shortages
Plantation Life Slater, Sarah Antoinette (n.d.–n.d.)
Pleasant, Mary Ellen (1814–1904) Slave Families
Poets, Northern Slaveholding Women
Poets, Southern Smith, Caroline “Cassie” Selden (1837–1907)
Pond, Cornelia “Nela” Jones (1834–1902) Solomon, Clara (ca. 1845–1907)
Port Royal Southern Unionists

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Southworth, Emma Dorothy Eliza Nevitte United States Christian Commission

(1819–1899) United States Sanitary Commission
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1815–1902) Urban Women, Northern
Stephens, Octavia “Tivie” Bryant (1841–1908) Urban Women, Southern
Stone, Cyrena Ann Bailey (1830–1868) Usher, Rebecca (1821–1919)
Stone, Lucy (1818–1893) V
Stone, Sarah Katherine “Kate” (1841–1907) Van Lew, Elizabeth (1818–1900)
Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher (1811–1896) Velazquez, Loreta Janeta [Harry T. Buford]
Summerlin, Mary (ca. 1837–n.d.) (1842–1897)
Surratt, Mary E. Jenkins (1823–1865) Victor, Metta Victoria Fuller (1831–1885)
Swisshelm, Jane Grey (1815–1884) Vivandières
T W
Taylor, Susie Baker King (1848–1912) Wakeman, Sarah Rosetta [Lyons Wakeman]
Teachers, Northern (1843–1864)
Teachers, Southern Walker, Mary Edwards (1832–1919)
Telegraph Operators [Telegraphers] Western Women
Thirteenth Amendment Widows, Confederate
Thomas, Ella Gertrude Clanton (1834–1907) Widows, Union
Tompkins, Sally Louisa (1833–1916) Wilderness, Battle of (May 5–7, 1864)
Towne, Laura Matilda (1825–1901) Willis, Sarah Payson [Fanny Fern] (1811–1872)
Treasury Girls Wittenmyer, Annie Turner (1827–1900)
Truth, Sojourner [Isabella Baumfree] (1797–1883) Woman Order (General Order No. 28)
Tubman, Harriet [Araminta Ross] (1822–1913) Women’s Central Association of Relief
Turchin, Nadine [Nedezhda] Lvova (1826–1904) Woolsey, Jane Stuart (1830–1891)
U Wormeley, Katharine Prescott (1830–1908)
Union Soldiers, Motives Wounded, Visits to
Unitarian Women Z
United Daughters of the Confederacy Zakrzewska, Maria [Marie Elizabeth] (1829–1902)

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 Introduction

Until the past few decades, most scholars would of all classes and backgrounds found ways to involve
have agreed with Margaret Mitchell’s narrator, who themselves in the events shaping their lives.
asserted in Gone with the Wind, that war “is men’s Although this volume focuses on women in the
business, not ladies” (Mitchell, Gone with the Civil War period, it does not glorify them for the sake
Wind, 8). Indeed, until recently, only a few scholars of noticing them. Instead, the entries in this encyclo-
dared to treat women as central players in the pedia offer a nuanced view of how women survived,
American Civil War. Instead, the bulk of the schol- contributed to, undermined, and lived through the
arship on the war pushed women to the margins, Civil War. This approach contrasts sharply with that
discussing them only as a sidebar to the “important” of the literature about Civil War women appearing
work done by men on the battlefields and in the throughout the nation immediately after the war.
political arena. In most accounts, the women stayed These accounts typically elevated women, particu-
at home as unnamed civilians, while the men in larly elite white women, to a mythical status as self-
their worlds fought the battles that defined the out- sacrificing feminine patriots. To create this
come of the war. A few nurses were recognized for mythology, the accounts, written by both men and
their valor, but their wartime efforts remained over- women, emphasized women’s nurturing roles on the
shadowed by those of military men, such as William homefront, especially as nurses, seamstresses, and
Tecumseh Sherman, Ulysses S. Grant, Thomas fundraisers for their men on the battlefield. The
“Stonewall” Jackson, and Robert E. Lee, as well by women of these extensive volumes provided the nec-
those of politicians like Abraham Lincoln and Jef- essary support for politicians and soldiers, but they
ferson Davis. This book reflects the growing and rarely played any independent role in the conflict.
increasingly sophisticated literature on women dur- Instead, they willingly gave up their food, fancy
ing the American Civil War that demonstrates the clothes, comfort, homes, and loved ones in support
need to acknowledge women’s central roles in pur- of a cause that they believed in. They never stepped
suing the war and in determining its outcome. outside the boundaries of what was then considered
Rather than auxiliaries, women across all racial, proper womanhood, but rather performed their
class, ethnic, religious, and geographic lines were wartime tasks with the knowledge that they did them
an essential component of the action. Slave women for the men. Those who took on the extraordinary
and their white female owners shaped and were roles as soldiers and spies were often portrayed as
shaped by the war, as were female abolitionists, doing so in the name of the men they loved.
yeoman farmers, recent immigrants, widows, and The reality of women’s wartime experiences,
domestic laborers. Whether living in the North, however, was much more complicated than this self-
South, or West or in the countryside or city, women sacrificing feminine image suggests. As women

xix

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Introduction

stepped outside their traditional roles as sweethearts, separated from the traditional alphabetical entries,
wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters, many willingly provide an overview of how various groups of
took on roles that, at the time, some classified as women experienced the era and how women in
unfeminine. Some white Southern women, for exam- general shared similar experiences. Specifically, the
ple, vehemently supported or opposed disunion, essays explore abolitionism and Northern reform-
engaged in political debates, attended secession con- ers, African American women, the Confederate
ventions, and otherwise eagerly participated in the homefront, female spies, female combatants, mili-
political sphere. Some Northern women similarly tary invasion and occupation, Northern women,
joined and helped form abolitionist organizations, nurses, politics, religion, Southern women, the
petitioned Congress to limit the expansion of slavery, Union homefront, wartime employment, and
and otherwise became political actors. Once the war wartime literature. Collectively, these essays pro-
began, Northern and Southern women took govern- vide an overview of the female experience during
ment jobs, served as spies and soldiers, wrote politi- the war. They offer a broad outline of the war expe-
cal and fictional accounts of events, took themselves rience that is augmented by the individual shorter
to the battlefield as frontline nurses, ran farms and entries throughout the rest of the volume.
plantations to varying degrees of success, worked as The bulk of the volume consists of more than
doctors, hid deserters and shirkers, protested con- three hundred entries that detail the experiences of
scription and wartime shortages, provided informa- women during the American Civil War without
tion and supplies to enemy soldiers in their midst, necessarily glorifying them, as was done in the post-
offered advice to husbands in military command, and war literature. They explore topics that traditionally
otherwise demonstrated that they made their own fall under the headings of military affairs, social life,
choices throughout the war. Enslaved African Amer- labor issues, politics, and culture. Some of the
ican women helped turn the war into a fight for entries are explicitly about women, often biograph-
emancipation, claiming safety behind Union lines, ical sketches of well-known and not so well-known
reuniting with family members, and otherwise pursu- participants and observers. Other entries explore
ing freedom. Free black women helped raise Union famous military and political events, like the Battle
regiments, nursed injured and sick soldiers as neces- of Gettysburg or the wartime elections, introducing
sary, and formed aid societies to help the soldiers and and emphasizing the traditionally neglected partic-
widows of their communities. Others remained leery ipation of women. Women’s roles in the recruit-
of stepping outside the boundaries of femininity and ment of soldiers, the protest of wartime policies,
instead remained on the sidelines as support staff to the care of wounded men, and the creation of sup-
the men of their families. Many women, regardless of plies for the men of both armies are highlighted. In
their stances, kept diaries of their experiences and addition, the volume details the cross-dressing
observations of the war and of the people involved. women who served as soldiers in the Confederate
Women of all backgrounds sent letters—filled with and Union armies, as well as the employment of
words of support, complaint, or requests—to their women in government and private-sector jobs. It
men at the front. In all cases, however, women could also contains details about emancipation, slave life,
not escape a war that had such wide reaching effects. and the enlistment of African American soldiers.
To best explore how women experienced and Even women’s homefront lives and roles are
affected the course of the Civil War, this title con- explored from various viewpoints. In short, this vol-
tains a mixture of types and lengths of entries. The ume details the contributions and experiences of
fourteen contextual essays at the beginning outline women across the social, ethnic, and racial spectra.
the general contours of the war, the different types Each of the alphabetical entries contains the
of women, the wartime issues, as well as the experi- basic components of an encyclopedia—details,
ences of women in particular. These extended dates, names, and the other essential facts for the
entries, appearing at the start of the volume and term—with special attention paid to how the topic

xx

www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868

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