CE0043

Earthquake Engineering
Introduction to Lateral Force Procedures and NSCP
Seismic Provisions of Building Structures
 Module 2
OBJECTIVES

■At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:

− Interpret the code provisions regarding base shear and lateral forces.

− Analyze the seismic data of the structure.

− Solve the design base shear and distribution of lateral forces per level.
Introduction to Lateral Force Procedures and NSCP Seismic
Provisions of Building Structures

Base Shear Computation

using the NSCP Code
208.5.1. Simplified Static Force Procedure
Structures conforming to the requirements of Section 208.4.8.1 may be
designed using this procedure.

Section 208.4.8.1. Simplified Static

The simplified static lateral force procedure set forth in Section 208.5.1.1.
may be used for the following structures of Occupancy Category IV or V.
1. Building of any occupancy (including single – family dwellings) not more than
three stories in height excluding basements that use light frame construction.
2. Other buildings not more than two stories in height excluding basements.
208.5.1. Simplified Static Force Procedure
Structures conforming to the requirements of Section 208.4.8.1 may be designed using
this procedure.
208.5.1.1. Simplified Design Base Shear
The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following
equation:
3Ca
V= W Eq. 208 - 5
R
Where the value of Ca shall be based on Table 208-7 for the soil profile type. When the soil
properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, Type SD shall be
used in Seismic Zone 4 and Type SE shall be used in Seismic Zone 2. In Seismic Zone 4, the
Near Source Factor, Na, need not be greater than 1.2 if none of the following structural
irregularities are present:
1. Type 1, 4 or 5 of Table 208-9 or
2. Type 1 or 4 of Table 208-10
208.5.1. Simplified Static Force Procedure
Structures conforming to the requirements of Section 208.4.8.1 may be designed using
this procedure.

208.5.1.2. Vertical Distribution

The forces at each level shall be calculated using the following equation:
3Ca
Fx = Wi Eq. 208 - 6
R
Where the value of Ca shall be determined as in Section 208.5.1.1.
Table 103-1: Occupancy Category
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF STRUCTURE
✓ Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas
✓ Fire and police stations
✓ Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft
✓ Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers
✓ Aviation control towers
✓ Structures and equipment in communication centers and other facilities
required for emergency response
✓ Facilities for standby power-generating equipment for Category 1
1. Essential Facilities
structures
✓ Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting water or
other fire-suppression material or equipment required for the
protection of Category I, II, or III, IV and V structures
✓ Public school buildings
✓ Hospitals
✓ Designated evacuation centers and
✓ Power and communication transmission lines
Table 103-1: Occupancy Category
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF STRUCTURE
✓ Occupancies and structures housing or supporting toxic or explosive
chemicals or substances
2. Hazardous Facilities
✓ Non-building structures storing, supporting or containing quantities of
toxic or explosive substances
✓ Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of 1,000 or
more
✓ Educational buildings such as museums, libraries, auditorium with a
capacity of 300 or more occupants
✓ Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated patients, but not
included in Category 1
3. Special Occupancy Structures ✓ Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prisons and other buildings where
personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained
✓ Churches, Mosques and other Religion Facilities
✓ All structures with an occupancy of 5,000 or more persons
✓ Structures and equipment in power-generating stations and other
public utility facilities not included in Category 1 or Category 2 and
required for continued operation
Table 103-1: Occupancy Category
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF STRUCTURE

✓ All structures housing occupancies or having functions not listed in

4. Standard Occupancy Structures
Category I, II or III, and Category V.

5. Miscellaneous Structures ✓ Private garages, carports, sheds and fences over 1.5m high
208.5.2. Static Force Procedure
208.5.2.1. Design Base Shear
The total design base shear in a given direction shall be
determined from the following equation:
Cv I
V= W Eq. 208 - 8
RT
The total design base shear need not exceed the following:
2.5Ca I
V= W Eq. 208 - 9
R
208.5.2. Static Force Procedure
208.5.2.1. Design Base Shear
The total design base shear shall not be less than the
following:

V = 0.11Ca IW Eq. 208 -10

In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also
not be less than the following:
0.8ZN v I
V= W Eq. 208 -11
R
Table 208-1: Seismic Importance Factors
SEISMIC
SEISMIC IMPORTANCE
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY IMPORTANCE
FACTOR, Ip2
FACTOR, I
1. Essential Facilities 1.50 1.50

2. Hazardous Facilities 1.25 1.50

3. Special Occupancy Structures 1.00 1.00

4. Standard Occupancy Structures 1.00 1.00

5. Miscellaneous Structures 1.00 1.00

2 The limitation of Ip for panel connections in Section 208.7.2.3 shall be 1.0 for the entire connector
3 Structural observation requirements are given in Section 107.9
4 For anchorage of machinery and equipment required for life-safety systems, the value of Ip shall be taken as 1.5
208.4.3. Site Geology and Soil Characteristics
Each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on properly
substantiated geotechnical data using the site categorization procedure
set forth in Section 208.4.3.1.1 and table 208-2.

Exception:
When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the
soil profile type, Type SD shall be used. Soil Profile Type SE or SF need not be
assumed unless the building official determines that Type SE or SF may be
present at the site or in the event that Type SE or SF is established by
geotechnical data.
Table 208-2: Soil Profile Types
Soil Soil Profile Average Soil Properties for Top 30m of Soil Profile
Profile Name/Generic Shear Wave SPT, N Undrained Shear
Type Description Velocity, Vs (m/s) (blows/300mm) Strength, SU (kPa)
SA Hard Rock > 1500
SB Rock 760 to 1500
Very Dense Soil and Soft
SC 360 to 760 > 50 > 100
Rock
SD Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100

SE1 Soft Soil Profile < 180 < 15 < 50

SF Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation. (See Section 208.4.3.1)

1 Soil Profile Type SE also includes any soil profile with more than 3.0m of soft clay defined as a soil with plasticity index, PI>20, wmc≥ 40% and
su < 24 kPa. The Plasticity Index, PI and the moisture content, wmc shall be determined in accordance with approved national standards.
208.4.4. Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics
Seismic hazard characteristics for the site shall be established based
on the seismic zone and proximity of the site to active seismic sources,
site soil profile characteristics and the structure’s importance factor.

208.4.4.1 Seismic Zone

The Philippine Archipelago is divided into two seismic zones only.
Zone 2 covers the provinces of Palawan (except Busuanga), Sulu and
Tawi-Tawi while the rest of the country is under Zone 4 as shown in
figure 208-1. Each structure shall be assigned a seismic zone factor Z, in
accordance with Table 208-3.
PHIVOLCS Fault Finder

You can determine the distance from a known source using the link below:
http://faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/
Table 208-3: Seismic Zone Factor Z
Zone 2 4

Z 0.20 0.40
208.4.4.2 Seismic Source Types Table 208-4: Seismic Sources Types
Seismic Source
Table 208-4 defines the types Seismic Definition
Source Seismic Sources Description (Maximum
of seismic sources. The location Type Moment
and type of seismic sources to be Magnitude, M)
used for design shall be established Faults that are capable of
producing large magnitude
based on approved geological data. A
events and that have a high
7.0 ≤ M ≤ 8.4

Type A sources shall be rate of seismic activity.

determined from figure 208-2B, All faults other than Types A

B 6.5 ≤ M < 7.0
2C, 2D, 2E or the most recent and C.
mapping of active faults by the
Faults that are not capable of
Philippine Institute of Volcanology producing large magnitude
and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). C earthquakes and that have a M < 6.5
relatively low rate of seismic
activity.
 Table 208-5: Near-Source Factor, N a 1
208.4.4.3. Seismic Zone 4 Near- Seismic Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source2
Source Factor Source
< 2km ≤ 5km ≥ 10km
Type
In Seismic Zone 4, each site A 1.5 1.2 1.0
shall be assigned near-source B 1.3 1.0 1.0
factors in accordance with Tables C 1.0 1.0 1.0
208-5 and 208-6 based on the
Table 208-6: Near-Source Factor, N v 1
Seismic Source Type as set forth in Seismic Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source2
Section 208.4.4.2. Source
Type < 2km 5km 10km > 10km
For high rise structures and
A 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0
essential facilities within 2.0km of a B 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0
major fault, a site specific seismic C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
elastic design response spectrum is 1 The Near-Source Factor may be based on the linear interpolation of values for distances
other than those shown in the table.
recommended to be obtained for 2 The closest distance to seismic source shall be taken as the minimum distance between
the size and the area described by the vertical projection of the source on the surface.

the specific area. The surface projection need not include portions of the source at depths of 10km or
greater. The largest value of the Near-Source Factor considering all sources shall be used
for design.
 The value of N a used to determine C a need not exceed 1.1 for
structures complying with all the following conditions:
1. The soil profile type is S A, S B , S C, or S D
2. 𝜌 = 1.0
3. Except in single storey structures, residential building accomodating 10
or fewer persons, private garages, carports, shed and agricultural
buildings, moment frame systems designated as part of the lateral-force-
resisting system shall be special moment-resisting frames.
4. The exceptions to Section 515.6.5 shall not apply, except for columns
in one storey buildings or columns at the top storey of multi-storey
buildings.
5. None of the following structural irregularities is present: Type 1, 4 or 5
of Table 208-9 and Type 1 or 4 of Table 208-10
 Table 208-7: Seismic Coefficient, C a
208.4.4.4. Seismic Response Seismic Zone (Z)
Soil Profile
Coefficients Type Z = 0.2 𝑍 = 0.4
SA 0.16 0.32Na
Each Structure shall be
SB 0.20 0.40Na
assigned a seismic coefficient, C a in SC 0.24 0.40Na
accordance with Table 208-7 and a SD 0.28 0.44Na
seismic coefficient, Cv in SE 0.34 0.44Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
accordance with table 208-8.
Table 208-8: Seismic Coefficient, C v
Soil Profile Seismic Zone (Z)
Type Z = 0.2 𝑍 = 0.4
SA 0.16 0.32Nv
SB 0.20 0.40Nv
SC 0.32 0.56Nv
SD 0.40 0.64Nv
1 Site Specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be SE 0.64 0.96Nv
performed to determine seismic coefficients.
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Table 208-11A: Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete
System Limitation and Building
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R 𝛀o Height Limitation by Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4
A. Bearing Wall Systems
✓ Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls 4.5 2.8 NL 50
✓ Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls 4.5 2.8 NL NP
B. Building Frame System
✓ Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls or
Braced Frames (Shear Walls) 5.0 2.8 NL 75
✓ Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls or
Braced Frames 5.6 2.2 NL NP
✓ Intermediate precast shear walls or braced
frames 5.0 2.5 NL 10
C. Moment-Resisting Frame Systems
✓ Special Reinforced Concrete moment frames 8.5 2.8 NL NL
✓ Intermediate reinforced concrete moment
frames 5.5 2.8 NL NP
✓ Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Moment Frames 3.5 2.8 NL NP
Table 208-11A: Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete
System Limitation and Building
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R 𝛀o Height Limitation by Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4
D. Dual Systems
✓ Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls 8.5 2.8 NL NL
✓ Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls 6.5 2.8 NL NP
E. Dual System with Intermediate Moment Frames
✓ Special Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls 6.5 2.8 NL 50
✓ Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls 5.5 2.8 NL NP
✓ Shear wall frame interactive system with ordinary
reinforced concrete moment frames and ordinary
reinforced concrete shear walls 4.2 2.8 NP NP
F. Cantilevered Column Building Systems
✓ Cantilevered Column Elements 2.2 2.0 NL 10
G. Shear Wall-Frame Interaction Systems 5.5 2.8 NL 50
Table 208-11B: Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Steel
System Limitation and Building
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R 𝛀o Height Limitation by Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4

A. Bearing Wall Systems

✓ Light Steel-Framed Bearing Walls with Tension
Only Bracing 2.8 2.2 NL 20
✓ Braced frames where bracing carries gravity load
✓ Light framed walls sheathed with steel sheets 4.4 2.2 NL 50
structural panels rated for shear resistance or
steel sheets 5.5 2.8 NL 20
✓ Light-framed walls with shear panels of all other
light materials 4.5 2.8 NL 20
✓ Light-framed wall systems using flat strap bracing 2.8 2.2 NL NP
Table 208-11B: Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Steel
System Limitation and Building
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R 𝛀o Height Limitation by Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4
B. Building Frame Systems
✓ Steel eccentrically braced frames (EBF), moment
resisting connections at columns away from links 8.0 2.8 NL 30
✓ Steel eccentrically braced frames (EBF), non-moment-
resisting connections at columns away from links 6.0 2.2 NL 30
✓ Special concentrically braced frames (SCBF) 6.0 2.2 NL 30
✓ Ordinary concentrically braced frames (OCBF) 3.2 2.2 NL NP
✓ Light-framed walls sheathed with steel sheet structural
panels/sheet steel panels 6.5 2.8 NL 20
✓ Light frame walls with shear panels of all other
materials 2.5 2.8 NL NP
✓ Buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBF), non-
moment-resisting beam-column connection 7.0 2.8 NL 30
✓ Buckling-restrained braced frames, moment-resisting
beam-column connections 8.0 2.8 NL 30
✓ Special steel plate shear walls (SPSW) 7.0 2.8 NL 30
Table 208-11B: Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Steel
System Limitation and Building
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R 𝛀o Height Limitation by Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4

C. Moment-Resisting Frame Systems

✓Special moment-resisting frame (SMRF) 8.0 3.0 NL NL
✓Intermediate steel moment frames (IMF) 4.5 3.0 NL NP
✓Ordinary moment frames (OMF) 3.5 3.0 NL NP
✓Special truss moment frames (STMF) 6.5 3.0 NL NP
✓Special composite steel and concrete
moment frames 8.0 3.0 NL NL
✓Intermediate composite moment frames 5.0 3.0 NL NP
✓Composite partially restrained moment
frames 6.0 3.0 50 NP
✓Ordinary composite moment frames 3.0 3.0 NP NP
Table 208-11B: Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Steel
System Limitation and Building
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R 𝛀o Height Limitation by Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4

D. Dual Systems with Special Moment Frames

✓ Steel eccentrically braced frames 8.0 2.8 NL NL
✓ Special steel concentrically braced frames 7.0 2.8 NL NL
✓ Composite steel and concrete eccentrically braced
frame 8.0 2.8 NL NL
✓ Composite steel and concrete concentrically braced
frame 6.0 2.8 NL NL
✓ Composite steel plate shear walls 7.5 2.8 NL NL
✓ Buckling-restrained braced frame 8.0 2.8 NL NL
✓ Special steel plate shear walls 8.0 2.8 NL NL
✓ Masonry shear wall with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 NL 50
✓ Steel EBF with steel SMRF 8.5 2.8 NL NL
✓ Steel EBF with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 NL 50
✓ Special concentrically braced frames with steel SMRF 7.5 2.8 NL NL
✓ Special concentrically braced frames with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 NL 50
Table 208-11B: Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Steel
System Limitation and Building
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R 𝛀o Height Limitation by Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4
E. Dual Systems with Intermediate Moment Frames
✓ Special steel concentrically braced frame 6.0 2.8 NL NP
✓ Composite steel and concrete concentrically braced
frame 5.5 2.8 NL NP
✓ Ordinary composite braced frame 3.5 2.8 NL NP
✓ Ordinary composite reinforced concrete shear walls
with steel elements 5.0 3.0 NL NP
F. Cantilevered Column Building Systems
✓ Special steel moment frames 2.2 2.0 10 10
✓ Intermediate steel moment frames 1.2 2.0 10 NP
✓ Ordinary steel moment frames 1.0 2.0 10 NP
✓ Cantilevered column elements 2.2 2.0 NL 10

G. Steel systems not specifically detailed for seismic

3.0 3.0 NL NP
resistance, excluding cantilever systems
Table 208-11C: Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Masonry
System Limitation and Building
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R 𝛀o Height Limitation by Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4
A. Bearing Wall Systems
✓ Masonry shear walls 4.5 2.8 NL 50

B. Building Frame Systems

✓ Masonry shear walls 5.5 2.8 NL 50

C. Moment-Resisting Frame Systems

✓ Masonry moment-resisting wall frames (MMRWF) 6.5 2.8 NL 50

D. Dual Systems
✓ Masonry shear walls with SMRF 5.5 2.8 NL 50
✓ Masonry shear walls with steel OMRF 4.2 2.8 NL 50
✓ Masonry shear walls with concrete IMRF 4.2 2.8 NL NP
✓ Masonry shear walls with masonry MMRWF 6.0 2.8 NL 50
Table 208-11D: Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Wood
System Limitation and Building
Basic Seismic-Force Resisting System R 𝛀o Height Limitation by Seismic Zone, m
Zone 2 Zone 4
A. Bearing Wall Systems
✓ Light-framed walls with shear panels: wood structural
panel walls for structures three stories or less 5.5 2.8 NL 20
✓ Heavy timber braced frames where bracing carries
gravity load 2.8 2.2 NL 20
✓ All other light framed walls NA NA
B. Building Frame Systems
✓ Ordinary heavy timber-braced frames 5.6 2.2 NL 20
208.5.2.2. Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics
The value of T shall be determined from one of the following methods:
1. Method A:
For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the following
equation: 3
T = Ct ( hn ) 4 Eq. 208 -12

Where:
Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment-resisting frames
Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically braced frames
Ct = 0.0488 for all other buildings
208.5.2.2. Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics
The value of T shall be determined from one of the following methods:
1. Method A:
For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the following
equation: 3
T = Ct ( hn ) 4 Eq. 208 -12
Alternatively, the value of Ct for structures with concrete or masonry shear walls may be taken
as 0.0743Τ 𝐴𝑐
The value of Ac shall be determined from the following equation:
é æ De ö ù
2

Ac = å Ae ê 0.2 + ç ÷ ú Eq. 208 -13

êë è hn ø úû
The value of De/hn used in Equation 208-13 shall not exceed 0.9.
208.5.2.2. Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics
The value of T shall be determined from one of the following methods:
2. Method B:
The fundamental period T may be calculated using the structural
properties and deformational characteristics of the resisting elements in a
properly substantiated analysis. The analysis shall be in accordance with the
requirements of Section 208.6.2. The value of T from Method B shall not
exceed a value 30 percent greater than the value of T obtained from Method A
in Seismic Zone 4, and 40 percent in Seismic Zone 2.
The fundamental period T may be computed by using the following
equation:
æ n
2ö
çè å wid i ÷ø
T = 2p i=1
Eq. 208 - 14
æ n ö
g ç å wfid i ÷
è i=1 ø
208.5.2.2. Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics
The value of T shall be determined from one of the following methods:
2. Method B:
The vaues of f t represent any lateral force distributed approximately in
accordance with the principles of Equations 208-15, 208-16 and 208-17 or any
other rational distribution. The elastic deflections, 𝛿𝑖 , shall be calculated using the
applied lateral forces, ft.
208.5.2.3. Vertical Distribution of Force

The total force shall be distributed over the height of the structure in
conformance with Equations 208-15, 208-16 and 208-17 in the absence of a more
rigorous procedure.
n
V = Ft + å Ft Eq. 208 -15
i=1

The concentrated force, F t at the top, which is in addition to F n shall be

determined from the equation:

Ft = 0.07TV Eq. 208 -16

208.5.2.3. Vertical Distribution of Force
The value of T used for the purpose of calculating F t shall be the period
that corresponds with the design base shear as computed using Equation 208-4. F t
need not exceed 0.25V and may be considered as zero where T is 0.7s or less.
The remaining portion of the base shear shall be distributed over the height of
the structure, including Level n, according to the following equation:

Fx =
( V - Ft ) wx hx
Eq. 208 -17
n

åw h i i
i=1

At each level designated as x, the force F x shall be applied over the area of
the building in accordance with the mass distribution at that level. Structural
displacements and design seismic forces shall be calculated as the effect of forces
F x and F t applied at the appropriate levels above the base.
Introduction to Lateral Force Procedures and NSCP Seismic
Provisions of Building Structures
Sample Problems for
Base Shear Computation
using the NSCP Code
Problem 1
Determine the design base shear for a five-storey concrete special moment
resisting frame building. The following information is given:
Zone 4, Z = 0.4
Seismic Source Type A
Distance to Seismic Source = 10km
Soil Profile Type = S c
I = 1.0
R = 8.5
W = 7300 kN
Problem 1 - Solution
A. Solve for the structure period
For concrete moment-resisting
frames, C t = 0.0731
3
T = Ct ( hn ) 4

3
T = 0.0731( 25 ) 4

T = 0.817sec
❖T > 0.7sec, therefore, F t ≠ 0
Problem 1 - Solution
B. Find the near source factors N a and N v
Table 208-5: Near-Source Factor, N a
Seismic Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source2
Source
Type < 2km ≤ 5km ≥ 10km
A 1.5 1.2 1.0
B 1.3 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0

Table 208-6: Near-Source Factor, N v

Seismic Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source2
Source
Type < 2km 5km 10km > 10km N a = 1.0
A 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0
N v = 1.2
B 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Problem 1 - Solution
C. Determine the Seismic Coefficients C a and C v
Table 208-7: Seismic Coefficient, C a
Soil Profile Seismic Zone (Z)
Type Z = 0.2 𝑍 = 0.4
SA 0.16 0.32Na
SB 0.20 0.40Na
SC 0.24 0.40Na
SD 0.28 0.44Na
SE 0.34 0.44Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8

Ca = 0.40N a N a = 1.0
Ca = 0.40 (1.0 ) = 0.40 N v = 1.2
Problem 1 - Solution
C. Determine the Seismic Coefficients C a and C v
Table 208-8: Seismic Coefficient, C v
Soil Profile Seismic Zone (Z)
Type Z = 0.2 𝑍 = 0.4
SA 0.16 0.32Nv
SB 0.20 0.40Nv
SC 0.32 0.56Nv
SD 0.40 0.64Nv
SE 0.64 0.96Nv
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8

Cv = 0.56N v N a = 1.0
Cv = 0.56 (1.2 ) = 0.672
N v = 1.2
Problem 1 - Solution
D. Determine the Base Shear
The total design base shear in a given
direction is:
Cv I ( 0.672 ) (1.0 )
V= W V= ( 7300 )
RT ( 8.5 )( 0.817 )
V = 706.401kN Values:
But the code indicates that the total design C a = 0.40
base shear need not exceed the following:
I = 1.0
2.5Ca I 2.5 ( 0.40 ) (1.0 )
V= W V= ( 7300 ) R = 8.5
R ( 8.5 ) W = 7300kN
V = 858.824kN
Problem 1 - Solution
D. Determine the Base Shear
And that the base shear shall not be less
than the following:
V = 0.11Ca IW V = 0.11( 0.40 )(1.0 )( 7300 )
V = 321.2kN
And in Seismic 4, the total design base Values:
shear shall also be not less than:
N v = 1.20
0.8ZN v I 0.8 ( 0.4 ) (1.20 ) (1.0 )
V= W V= ( 7300 ) I = 1.0
R ( 8.5 ) R = 8.5
V = 329.788kN W = 7300kN
Z = 0.4
Problem 1 - Solution
D. Determine the Base Shear
Therefore, the governing design base
shear for this example is:

V = 706.401kN V = 858.824kN
V = 321.2kN
Values:
V = 329.788kN N v = 1.20
I = 1.0
R = 8.5
W = 7300kN
Z = 0.4
Problem 2
Determine the period for each of the structure shown below using Method
A. Method A period calculations involves the following expression:
3
T = Ct ( hn ) 4

1. Steel special moment-resisting frame

structure
The height of the structure above
its base is 30m with a basement 6m from
the ground level.
The height below the ground will
not be included in determining h n for
calculating the period T.
Problem 2
Determine the period for each of the structure shown below using Method
A. Method A period calculations involves the following expression:
3
T = Ct ( hn ) 4

1. Steel special moment-resisting frame

structure
Use C t = 0.0853 for steel SMRF
3
T = 0.0853( 30 ) 4

T = 1.09sec
Problem 2
Determine the period for each of the structure shown below using Method
A. Method A period calculations involves the following expression:
3
T = Ct ( hn ) 4

2. Concrete special moment-resisting

frame structure
The height of the tallest part of the
building is 12meters. Roof
Penthouses are generally not
considered in determining h n for
period calculations, but heights of
setbacks are included.
Use C t = 0.0731 for concrete SMRF
3
T = 0.0853(12 ) = 0.471sec
4
Problem 3
Determine the base shear and the design lateral forces for a two-storey
reinforced SMRF office building using the simplified design base shear given the
following information:
Zone 4, Z = 0.4
Seismic Source Type C
Soil Profile Type = unknown
R = 8.5
W = 1500 kN
Problem 3 - Solutions
1. Check the applicability of the simplified
method:
The simplified static lateral-force
procedure may be used for the following
structures of Occupancy Category IV or V.
a. Buildings of any occupancy (including single-family dwellings) not more than
three storeys in height excluding basements, that use light frame construction.
b. Other buildings not more than two stories in height excluding basements.

❖Since our building is covered by 1.b., we can use the simplified method.
Problem 3 - Solutions
2. Determine Base Shear
Since soil properties are not known,
the suggested soil profile type S D shall be
used per NSCP Section 208.4.3

Table 208-5: Near-Source Factor, N a

Seismic Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source2 N a = 1.0
Source
Type < 2km ≤ 5km ≥ 10km
A 1.5 1.2 1.0
B 1.3 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0
Problem 3 - Solutions
2. Determine Base Shear
Since soil properties are not known,
the suggested soil profile type S D shall be
used per NSCP Section 208.4.3

Table 208-7: Seismic Coefficient, C a

Soil Profile Seismic Zone (Z)
Type Z = 0.2 𝑍 = 0.4 N a = 1.0
SA 0.16 0.32Na C a = 0.44N a = 0.44(1.0)
SB 0.20 0.40Na
SC 0.24 0.40Na C a = 0.44
SD 0.28 0.44Na
SE 0.34 0.44Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Problem 3 - Solutions
2. Determine Base Shear
Since soil properties are not known,
the suggested soil profile type S D shall be
used per NSCP Section 208.4.3
3.0Ca
V= W
R
N a = 1.0
3.0 ( 0.44 )
V= (1500 ) C a = 0.44N a = 0.44(1.0)
8.5 C a = 0.44
V = 232.941kN
Problem 3 - Solutions
3. Determine the lateral force at each level
3.0Ca
Fx = Wx
R
3.0 ( 0.44 )
F1 = ( 600 )
8.5
F1 = 93.176kN N a = 1.0

3.0 ( 0.44 )
C a = 0.44N a = 0.44(1.0)
F2 = ( 900 ) C a = 0.44
8.5
F2 = 139.765kN
Problem 3 - Solutions
Commentary:
Computing the design base shear using the
standard method will yield smaller values:
2.5Ca I
V= W
R
2.5 ( 0.44 ) (1.0 ) N a = 1.0
V= (1500 ) C a = 0.44N a = 0.44(1.0)
8.5
V = 194.118kN C a = 0.44
It is noticeable that from this example, the design base shear value using the
simplified method is approximately 20% higher than that using the standard
method. 232.941
= 1.20
194.118
Problem 4 (Combination of Structural Systems: Along Different Axes)
This example illustrates
determination of R values for a building
that has different structural systems
along different axes (i.e., directions) of
the building.
In this example, a 3-storey
building has concrete shear walls in one
direction and concrete moment frames
in the other. Floors are concrete slab,
and the building is located in Zone 4.
Determine the R value for each
direction.
Lines A and E are reinforced concrete bearing walls: R = 4.5
Lines 1,2 and 3 are concrete special moment-resisting frames: R=8.5
Problem 4 - Discussion
1. Determine the R value for each
direction.
In Zone 4, the provisions of NSCP
Section 208.5.4.2 require that when a
structure has bearing walls in one
direction, the R value used for the
orthogonal direction cannot be greater
than that for the bearing wall system.
❖Use R = 4.5 in both directions.
Problem 4 - Discussion
Commentary:
The reason for this orthogonal
system requirement is to provide sufficient
strength and stiffness to limit the amount
of out-of-plane deformation of the bearing
wall system. A more direct approach
would be to design the orthogonal system
such that the Δ 𝑀 value is below that would
result in the loss of bearing wall capacity.
The design loads for the special
moment-resisting frames are calculated
using R=4.5. However, the frame details
must comply with the requirements for
the R = 8.5 system.
Problem 5 (Combination of Structural Systems: Along Different Axes)

Occasionally, it is necessary to
have different structural systems in the
same direction. This example shows how
the R value is determined in such a
situation.
One-storey steel frame structure
has the roof plan shown below. The
structure is located in Zone 4.
Determine the R value for the N/S
direction.

Lines A and E are steel ordinary moment-resisting frames: R = 4.5

Lines B,C and D are steel ordinary braced frames: R = 5.6
Problem 5 - Discussion
1. Determine the R value for N/S Direction

When a combination of structural

systems is used in the same direction,
NSCP Section 208.5.4.3 requires that
the value of R used be not greater than
the least value of the system utilized.

❖Use R = 4.5 for the entire structure.

Problem 6 (Vertical Distribution of Force)
A 10 Storey building has a
moment resisting steel frame for a
lateral force-resisting system. Find the
vertical distribution of lateral forces F x .
The following information is given:
Zone 4
W = 18,400 kN
C v = 0.56 R = 8.5 I = 1.0
T = 1.32 sec V = 918.4 kN
1. Determine F t
2. Find F x at each level.
Problem 6 (Vertical Distribution of Force)
1. Determine F t
This is the concentrated force
applied at the top of the structure. It is
determined as follows. First, check that
F t is not zero.
T = 1.32sec > 0.7sec
\Ft ¹ 0
Ft = 0.07TV Ft = 0.07 (1.32 ) ( 918.4 )
Ft = 84.86kN

2. Check if F t is less than 0.25V

0.25V = 0.25 ( 918.4 )
0.25V = 229.6
\Ft < 0.25V ❖OK!
Problem 6 (Vertical Distribution of Force)
3. Find F x at each level.
The vertical distribution of seismic forces
is determined from NSCP Equation 208-15.
Level x Hx wx wxhx Fx
78.49 + 84.86
Roof 38.4 950 36, 480 = 163.35
10 34.8 1,800 62,640 134.77
9 31.2 1,800 56,160 120.83
8 27.6 1,800 49,680 106.89
7 24.0 1,800 43,200 92.95
6 20.4 2,600 53,040 114.12
5 16.8 1,850 31,080 66.87
4 13.2 1,850 24, 420 52.54
3 9.6 1,950 18, 720 40.28 Fx =
( V - Ft ) wx hx Ft = 84.86kN
Eq. 208
n
2 6.0 2,000 12,000 25.82 åw h i i V = 918.4kN
å = 387, 420 å = 918.4 i=1
 ASK ANY QUESTION
RELATED TO OUR TOPIC
FOR TODAY.
Do the Exercises about
Base Shear
Computations
Reference:
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (2016). National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2015 (7th Edition)Volume 1 Buildings, Towers and Other Vertical Structures.

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (2003). ASEP Earthquake Design

Manual 2003 Volume 1: Code Provisions for Lateral Forces.