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New Strategist Publications, Inc.
Ithaca, New York
New Strategist Publications, Inc.
P.O. Box 242, Ithaca, New York 14851
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www.newstrategist.com

Copyright 2008. NEW STRATEGIST PUBLICATIONS, INC.

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without written permission from the Publisher.

ISBN 978-1-933588-95-7
ISBN 1-933588-95-0

Printed in the United States of America

Table of Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 1. The Generations
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The Millennial Generation: Another Baby Boom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Generation X: The Baby-Bust Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The Baby-Boom Generation: Still Center Stage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
The Swing Generation: Quiet Pioneers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
The World War II Generation: Going Out in Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Chapter 2. Attitudes
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Printed Newspapers Have Lost the Youngest Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
The Internet Is an Important Source of Science News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Religious Beliefs Shape the Perspectives of Older Americans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Younger Generations Spurn Traditional Sex Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Most Americans Do Not Trust Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Among the Generations, Millennials Are the Most Liberal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Chapter 3. Education
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Generation X Is the Best Educated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Young Women Are Better Educated than Young Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Asians Are Well Educated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Young Adults in the Northeast Are Most Likely to Be College Students. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
More Preschoolers Attend School. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
More than One in Four Americans Attend School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Millennials Are Boosting College Enrollment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Part-Time Study Is the Norm for Older Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Few High School Students Have Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Millennials Will Boost the Number of College Students Aged 25 to 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Adult Education Is Popular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Chapter 4. Health
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Most Americans Feel Very Good or Excellent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The Birth Rate Has Increase Since 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Blacks and Hispanics Have Children at a Younger Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
More than One-Third of New Mothers Are Not Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Most First-Time Mothers Are Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Many Women Have Not Had Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Most Adults Are Overweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Weight Problems Start Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Most Americans Do Not Get Enough Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
New Drugs Help Lower Cholesterol Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Blood Pressure Has Risen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Diabetes Is a Growing Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
More than One in Five Americans Smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Many Young Adults Are Binge Drinkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Many Adults Have Used Illicit Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

AMERICAN GENERATIONS V
Most Women of Childbearing Age Use Contraceptives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Most Teens Avoid Risky Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Many Older Americans Have Physical Difficulties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Health Problems Are Common among Older Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Men Aged 25 to 44 Account for Most AIDS Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Asthma and Allergies Affect Many Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
More People Do Not Have Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
More than One Billion Health Care Visits in 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
One in 12 Americans Had a Hospital Stay in 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Heart Disease Is the Leading Killer of the Oldest Adults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Americans Are Living Longer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Chapter 5. Housing
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Young Adults Are Most Likely to Move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Homeownership Rises with Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Married Couples Are Most Likely to Be Homeowners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Non-Hispanic Whites Are Most Likely to Own a Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
The Homeownership Rate Is Falling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Homeownership Is Highest in the Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Most Americans Live in Single-Family Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Middle-Aged Married Couples Have the Most Valuable Homes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Housing Costs Are Low for Older Homeowners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Chapter 6. Income
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Men’s Incomes Have Fallen Since 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Women’s Median Income Is at a Record High . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Baby-Boom Men Have the Highest Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Baby-Boom Women Have the Highest Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
The Incomes of Young Women Nearly Match Those of Young Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Since 1980, Older Householders Have Seen Biggest Gains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Americans Aged 45 to 54 Are Most Likely to Be Affluent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
The World War II Generation Has the Lowest Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Two Earners Means Higher Incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Regardless of Race or Hispanic Origin, Incomes Peak in Middle Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Nearly One-Third of the Elderly Receive Pension Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Poverty Has Become More Prevalent among Working Age Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Black and Hispanic Children Are Most Likely to Be Poor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Many Workers Cannot Keep Their Family Out of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Chapter 7. Labor Force
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Men’s Labor Force Participation Has Declined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Men in Their Thirties Are Most Likely to Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Boomers Are the Largest Share of the Workforce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Teenagers Are Most Likely to Be Unemployed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Hispanic Women Are Least Likely to Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
The Middle Aged Are Professionals, Managers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
The Middle Aged Work Full-Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Dual Earners Are the Norm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Working Mothers Are the Norm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Job Tenure Is Declining for the Middle Aged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Union Representation Peaks among Workers Aged 55 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

VI AMERICAN GENERATIONS
One in Four Workers Has a Flexible Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Older Workers Are Most Likely to Be Independent Contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Self-Employment Rises with Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Most Minimum-Wage Workers Are Teens or Young Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
More Older Workers Will Be in the Labor Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Chapter 8. Living Arrangements
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Boomers Head the Largest Share of Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Young and Old Have the Most Diverse Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Millennials Are Most Diverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Oldest Americans Have the Smallest Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Fewer than One-Third of Households include Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Nearly Half of Hispanic Households include Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Parents in Their Forties Have Teens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Householders in Their Thirties Have the Most Kids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Householders in the Northeast Are Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
More Children Live with Single Parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
More than 3 Million Children Live with a Grandparent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Living Arrangements Differ by Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Most Americans Are Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Younger Generations Stay Single Longer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Most Cohabitors Are Young Adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Divorce Is Highest among Men and Women in Their Fifties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Chapter 9. Population
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Social Trends Mirror Changing Age Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Sex Ratio Reverses with Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Greater Diversity among the Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Rapid Growth Is Projected for People in Their Sixties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Immigration Contributes to Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
The West Is the Youngest Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Diversity Is Growing in Every Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Young and Old Are Drawn to Different States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Racial Diversity Differs by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Chapter 10. Spending
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
At All Ages, Housing Is the Largest Expense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Under Age 30: Just the Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
25-to-34-Year-Olds: Spending on Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
35-to-44-Year-Olds: More Mouths to Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
45-to-54-Year-Olds: Big Spenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
55-to-64-Year-Olds: Spending More than Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
65-to-74-Year-Olds: Average Spenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
75 or Older: Spending on Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Chapter 11. Time Use
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Leisure Activities Rank Second in Time Use among Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Older Adults Spend the Most Time in Leisure Pursuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Older Women Spend the Most Time Doing the Laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Young Adults Spend the Most Time on the Phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

AMERICAN GENERATIONS VII

Older Americans Are Much Less Likely to Be Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Voting Is Down among All but the Oldest Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Young Adults Dominate Some Religious Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Chapter 12. Wealth
Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Net Worth Climbed for 55-to-64-Year-Olds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Fewer Boomers Own Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
The Nonfinancial Assets of Boomers Have Grown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Debt Increased in Every Age Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Retirement Plan Participation Peaks in the 45-to-54 Age Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

VIII AMERICAN GENERATIONS

List of Tables

Chapter 1. The Generations

1.1 Birth of the Millennial Generation, 1977 to 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Size of the Millennial and Post-Millennial Generations, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 Millennial Generation by Age, 2000 to 2020. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.4 Millennial Share of Population, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5 Birth of Generation X, 1965 to 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6 Size of Generation X, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7 Generation X by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8 Generation X Share of Population, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.9 Birth of the Baby-Boom Generation, 1946 to 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.10 Size of the Baby-Boom Generation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.11 Baby-Boom Generation by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.12 Baby Boom Share of Population, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.13 Birth of the Swing Generation, 1933 to 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.14 Size of the Swing Generation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.15 Swing Generation by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.16 Swing Share of Population, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.17 Birth of the World War II Generation, 1909 to 1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.18 Size of the World War II Generation, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.19 World War II Generation by Age, 2000 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.20 World War II Share of Population, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chapter 2. Attitudes
2.1 Main Source of News, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Newspaper Readership, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3 Main Source of Information about Science and Technology, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.4 Science Makes Our Way of Life Change Too Fast, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.5 Bible in Public Schools, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.6 Human Evolution, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.7 Sex Roles, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.8 Premarital Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.9 Homosexuality, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.10 Trust in Others, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.11 Detaining People without a Trial, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.12 Political Leanings, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Chapter 3. Education
3.1 Educational Attainment by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 Educational Attainment by Generation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3 Educational Attainment of Men by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.4 Educational Attainment of Men by Generation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.5 Educational Attainment of Women by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.6 Educational Attainment of Women by Generation, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.7 High School and College Graduates by Age, Race, and
Hispanic Origin, 2006: Total People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.8 High School and College Graduates by Age, Race, and
Hispanic Origin, 2006: Men. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.9 High School and College Graduates by Age, Race, and
Hispanic Origin, 2006: Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

AMERICAN GENERATIONS IX
3.10 High School and College Graduates by Age and Region, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.11 School Enrollment by Age, 2000 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.12 School Enrollment by Age and Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.13 College Students by Age, 2000 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.14 College Students by Age and Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.15 College Students by Type of School, Age, and Attendance Status, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.16 High School Students by Age and Employment Status, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.17 College Students by Age and Employment Status, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.18 Projections of College Students by Sex and Age, 2006 and 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.19 Participation in Adult Education, 2004–05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chapter 4. Health
4.1 Health Status of Adults by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2 Health Status of Children by Age, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.3 Health Status by Age, 1996 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.4 Birth Rates by Age, 2000 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.5 Births by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.6 Births to Unmarried Women by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.7 Births by Age and Birth Order, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.8 Childless Women by Age, 1980 to 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.9 Average Measured Weight by Sex and Age, 1976–80 to 1999–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.10 Adults Measured as Overweight and Obese by Sex and Age, 1976–80 to 2001–04 . . . . . . . 92
4.11 Children Measured as Overweight by Age, 1976–80 to 2003–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.12 Weight Problems and Dieting Behavior of 9th to 12th Graders by Sex, 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.13 Participation in Leisure-Time Physical Activity by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.14 High Cholesterol by Sex and Age, 1988–94 and 2001–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.15 Hypertension by Sex and Age, 1988–94 and 2001–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.16 Diabetes by Selected Characteristics, 1988–94 and 2001–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.17 Cigarette Smoking by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.18 Tobacco Use among 9th to 12th Graders by Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.19 Alcohol Use by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.20 Alcohol Use by High School Students, 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.21 Illicit Drug Use by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.22 Lifetime Marijuana Use by People Aged 12 to 25, 1965 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.23 Marijuana Use by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.24 Marijuana Use by High School Students by Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.25 Contraceptive Use by Age, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.26 Sexual Behavior among High School Students by Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.27 Risk Behavior among 9th to 12th Graders by Sex, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.28 Difficulties in Physical Functioning among Adults by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.29 Number of Adults with Health Condition by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.30 Distribution of Health Conditions among Adults by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.31 Percent of Adults with Health Conditions by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.32 AIDS Cases by Sex and Age, through June 30, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.33 Health Conditions among Children by Selected Characteristics, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.34 Distribution of Health Conditions by Selected Characteristics of Children, 2006 . . . . . . . 130
4.35 Percent of Children with Health Conditions by Selected Characteristics, 2006 . . . . . . . . . 131
4.36 Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2006: Private Health Insurance Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.37 Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2006: Government Health Insurance Type. . . . . . . . . 134
4.38 People without Health Insurance by Age, 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.39 Reason for No Health Insurance Coverage by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.40 Health Care Visits by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.41 Number of Overnight Hospital Stays by Age, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.42 Deaths from the 15 Leading Causes by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

X AMERICAN GENERATIONS
4.43 Leading Causes of Death for Infants, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.44 Leading Causes of Death for Children Aged 1 to 4, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.45 Leading Causes of Death for Children Aged 5 to 9, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.46 Leading Causes of Death for Children Aged 10 to 14, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.47 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 15 to 19, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.48 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 20 to 24, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.49 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 25 to 34, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.50 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 35 to 44, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.51 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 45 to 54, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.52 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 55 to 64, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.53 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 65 to 74, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.54 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 75 to 84, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4.55 Leading Causes of Death for People Aged 85 or Older, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.56 Life Expectancy by Age and Sex, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Chapter 5. Housing
5.1 Geographic Mobility by Age, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.2 Movers by Age and Destination, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.3 Owners and Renters by Age of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.4 Homeownership Rate by Age of Householder and Type of Household, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.5 Homeowners by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2000 Census . . . . . . . . 162
5.6 Homeowners by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.7 Homeownership Rate by Age, 2000 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5.8 Homeownership Rate by Age, 1990 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
5.9 Number of Homeowners by Age, 1990 to 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.10 Homeownership Rate by Age and Region, 1990 to 2007: Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.11 Homeownership Rate by Age and Region, 1990 to 2007: Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.12 Homeownership Rate by Age and Region, 1990 to 2007: South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.13 Homeownership Rate by Age and Region, 1990 to 2007: West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.14 Type of Structure by Age of Householder, 2005: Total Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.15 Type of Structure by Age of Householder, 2005: Homeowners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.16 Type of Structure by Age of Householder, 2005: Renters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.17 Home Value by Type of Household and Age of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
5.18 Median Monthly Housing Costs by Age of Householder, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Chapter 6. Income
6.1 Median Income of Men by Age, 1980 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
6.2 Median Income of Women by Age, 1980 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.3 Income of Men by Age, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.4 Income of Men by Generation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.5 Income of Women by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.6 Income of Women by Generation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.7 Median Income of Full-Time Workers by Age and Sex, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.8 Median Household Income by Age of Householder, 1980 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6.9 Households by Age of Householder and Income Quintile, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.10 Household Income by Age of Householder, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.11 Household Income by Generation of Householder, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.12 Median Household Income by Age of Householder and Household Type, 2006 . . . . . . . . 198
6.13 Household Income by Household Type, 2006: Householders Aged 15 to 24 . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.14 Household Income by Household Type, 2006: Householders Aged 25 to 34 . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.15 Household Income by Household Type, 2006: Householders Aged 35 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.16 Household Income by Household Type, 2006: Householders Aged 45 to 54 . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.17 Household Income by Household Type, 2006: Householders Aged 55 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.18 Household Income by Household Type, 2006: Householders Aged 65 or Older . . . . . . . . 201
6.19 Household Income by Household Type, 2006: Householders Aged 65 to 74 . . . . . . . . . . . 202

AMERICAN GENERATIONS XI
6.20 Household Income by Household Type, 2006: Householders Aged 75 or Older . . . . . . . . 202
6.21 Median Household Income by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2006 . . . 204
6.22 Household Income by Age of Householder, 2006: Asians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6.23 Household Income by Age of Householder, 2006: Blacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
6.24 Household Income by Age of Householder, 2006: Hispanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.25 Household Income by Age of Householder, 2006: Non-Hispanic Whites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.26 Sources of Income by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.27 People Living in Poverty by Age, 1980 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.28 People in Poverty by Sex and Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6.29 People Living in Poverty by Sex, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
6.30 Workers with Earnings below Poverty Level for Family of Four, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Chapter 7. Labor Force
7.1 Labor Force Participation Rate by Sex and Age, 1950 to 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
7.2 Employment Status by Sex and Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7.3 Distribution of the Labor Force by Age, Generation, and Sex, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
7.4 Unemployed by Age and Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
7.5 Labor Force Participation Rate by Race, Hispanic Origin, Age, and Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . 230
7.6 Unemployment Rate by Race, Hispanic Origin, Age, and Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
7.7 Occupations by Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
7.8 Distribution of Workers by Occupation and Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
7.9 Age Distribution of Workers by Occupation, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
7.10 Full-Time and Part-Time Workers by Age and Sex, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7.11 Labor Force Status of Married-Couple Family Groups, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
7.12 Labor Force Status of Women by Presence of Children, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
7.13 Employed Parents by Age of Child, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
7.14 Tenure with Current Employer by Sex and Age, 1996 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
7.15 Long-Term Employment by Sex and Age, 1996 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7.16 Union Representation by Sex and Age, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
7.17 Workers with Flexible Schedules, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.18 Alternative Work Arrangements by Age, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
7.19 Self-Employed Workers by Sex and Age, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
7.20 Minimum Wage Workers, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
7.21 Labor Force Projections by Sex and Age, 2006 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Chapter 8. Living Arrangements
8.1 Households by Age of Householder, 2000 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
8.2 Households by Age and Generation of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
8.3 Households by Age of Householder and Type of Household, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
8.4 Households by Type and Generation of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.5 Households by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.6 Households by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . 268
8.7 Average Household Size by Age of Householder, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
8.8 People Living Alone by Sex and Age, 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
8.9 Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and
Presence of Children, 2006: Total Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
8.10 Households by Generation of Householder, Type of Household, and
Presence of Children, 2006: Total Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
8.11 Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and
Presence of Children, 2006: Asian Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
8.12 Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and
Presence of Children, 2006: Black Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
8.13 Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and
Presence of Children, 2006: Hispanic Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

XII AMERICAN GENERATIONS

8.14 Households by Age of Householder, Type of Household, and
Presence of Children, 2006: Non-Hispanic White Households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
8.15 Households by Age of Householder and Age of Children, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
8.16 Households by Age of Householder and Number of Children, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
8.17 Households by Age of Householder and Region of Residence, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
8.18 Households by Generation of Householder and Region of Residence, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . 286
8.19 Living Arrangements of Children by Race and Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . 288
8.20 Children Living with Grandparents, 1970 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
8.21 Men by Living Arrangement and Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
8.22 Men by Living Arrangement and Generation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
8.23 Women by Living Arrangement and Age, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
8.24 Women by Living Arrangement and Generation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
8.25 Marital Status of Men by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
8.26 Marital Status of Women by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
8.27 Never-Married People by Sex and Age, 1970 to 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
8.28 Opposite-Sex Unmarried Couples by Age and Generation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
8.29 Marital History of Men by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
8.30 Marital History of Women by Age, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Chapter 9. Population
9.1 Population by Age, 1920 to 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
9.2 Population by Age and Generation, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
9.3 Population by Age, Generation, and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
9.4 Population by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
9.5 Population by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
9.6 Population by Age, 2006 to 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
9.7 Population by Age and Place of Birth, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
9.8 Legal Immigrants by Age, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
9.9 Regional Populations by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
9.10 Regional Populations by Generation, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
9.11 Population of the Northeast by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
9.12 Population of the Northeast by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . 326
9.13 Population of the Midwest by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
9.14 Population of the Midwest by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . 328
9.15 Population of the South by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
9.16 Population of the South by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
9.17 Population of the West by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
9.18 Population of the West by Generation, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
9.19 State Populations by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
9.20 Distribution of State Populations by Age, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
9.21 Population by State, Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Chapter 10. Spending
10.1 Spending by Age of Householder, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
10.2 Percent Distribution of Spending by Product Category and Age, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
10.3 Spending by Householders under Age 30, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
10.4 Spending by Householders Aged 25 to 34, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
10.5 Spending by Householders Aged 35 to 44, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
10.6 Spending by Householders Aged 45 to 54, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
10.7 Spending by Householders Aged 55 to 64, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
10.8 Spending by Householders Aged 65 to 74, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
10.9 Spending by Householders Aged 75 or Older, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

AMERICAN GENERATIONS XIII

Chapter 11. Time Use
11.1 Time Use by Primary Activity and Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
11.2 Time Spent Sleeping by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
11.3 Time Spent Watching Television by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
11.4 Time Spent Socializing and Communicating by Age and Sex, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
11.5 Time Spent Reading by Age and Sex, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
11.6 Time Spent Relaxing and Thinking by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
11.7 Time Spent Participating in Sports, Exercise, or Recreation by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . 402
11.8 Time Spent Playing Games and Using the Computer for
Leisure by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
11.9 Time Spent Housecleaning by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
11.10 Time Spent Doing the Laundry by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
11.11 Time Spent Cooking by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
11.12 Time Spent Cleaning Up in the Kitchen by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
11.13 Time Spent on Lawn, Garden, and Houseplant Care by Age and Sex, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . 409
11.14 Time Spent Caring for Household Children by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
11.15 Time Spent on Pet Care by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
11.16 Time Spent Shopping for Groceries by Age and Sex, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
11.17 Time Spent Shopping (Except for Food or Gas) by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
11.18 Time Spent Participating in Religious Activities by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
11.19 Time Spent Volunteering by Age and Sex, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
11.20 Time Spent on the Telephone by Age and Sex, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
11.21 Time Spent Traveling by Age and Sex, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
11.22 Internet Use by Age, 2000 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
11.23 Voting Rate in Presidential Elections by Age, 1964 to 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
11.24 Age Distribution of Religious Groups, 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Chapter 12. Wealth
12.1 Net Worth of Households by Age of Householder, 1995 to 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
12.2 Financial Assets of Households by Age of Householder, 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
12.3 Financial Assets of Households by Type of Asset and Age of Householder, 2004 . . . . . . . 430
12.4 Stock Ownership of Households by Age of Householder, 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
12.5 Nonfinancial Assets of Households by Age of Householder, 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . 433
12.6 Nonfinancial Assets of Households by Type of Asset and Age of Householder, 2004 . . . . 434
12.7 Household Ownership of Primary Residence by Age of Householder, 2001 and 2004 . . . 435
12.8 Debt of Households by Age of Householder, 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
12.9 Debt of Households by Type of Debt and Age of Householder, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
12.10 Retirement Plan Coverage by Age, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
12.11 Ownership of IRAs and Participation in 401(k)s by Age, 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
12.12 Pension and Annuity Income Received by People Aged 50 or Older, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
12.13 Retirement Planning by Age, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

XIV AMERICAN GENERATIONS

List of Charts

Chapter 1. The Generations

Birth of the Millennial Generation, 1977 to 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Millennial Share of the Population, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Birth of Generation X, 1965 to 1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Generation X Share of Population, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Birth of the Baby-Boom Generation, 1946 to 1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Baby Boom Share of Population, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Birth of the Swing Generation, 1933 to 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Swing Share of the Population, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Birth of the World War II Generation, 1909 to 1932 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
World War II Share of Population, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chapter 2. Attitudes
Media use varies sharply by generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Millennials welcome the change brought about by scientific progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Most Millennials and Generation Xers believe in evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
The young do not think traditional sex roles are best . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Millennials are the only ones who uphold the principle of habeas corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Baby Boomers have not become more conservative with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Chapter 3. Education
The Swing and World War II generations are the least educated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Boomer men are better educated than their female counterparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Among 30-to-34-year-olds, educational attainment varies by race and Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . 56
The best-educated young adults are in the Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
The growing majority of 18-and-19-year-olds are in school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Many young adults attend school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Most students on college campuses are aged 22 or older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Full-time attendance falls with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
The proportion of college students who work rises with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
The number of college students will increase in every age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Younger adults are most likely to participate in adult education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Chapter 4. Health
Adults of prime working age do not feel as good as they did. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The birth rate is higher today than it was in 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Most Asian women delay childbearing until their thirties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Women in their late thirties are most likely to be married when they give birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Three out of four first-borns have mothers under age 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
More women aged 40 to 44 are childless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Men are more likely than women to be overweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Boys are more likely than girls to be overweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Young adults are most likely to get the right amount of exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Older women are most likely to have high cholesterol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
High blood pressure is more likely with increasing age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
The percentage of people with diabetes rises with age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Many high school students smoke regularly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Most young adults do not wait for legal drinking age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Marijuana use became common among young adults in the 1970s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
The pill is popular among young women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Many teens say they rode with a driver who had been drinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

AMERICAN GENERATIONS XV
Physical difficulties rise with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Most people aged 75 or older have arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Men dominate AIDS cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Asthma is a big problem for children in single-parent families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Twenty-nine percent of 18-to-24-year-olds do not have health insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Emergency rooms account for a large share of health care visits by young adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Hospitalization is least likely among teenagers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
The majority of deaths occur to people aged 75 or older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Life expectancy is more than 77 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Chapter 5. Housing
Older people are least likely to move . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Homeownership reaches the majority in the 30-to-34 age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Fifty-nine percent of women who live alone own their home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Homeownership varies greatly by race and Hispanic origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Many age groups are losing ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Young adults made gains in every region, while the middle aged lost ground in most . . . . . . . . . . . 166
The youngest homeowners are most likely to live in a condo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Home values are lowest among the youngest homeowners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Housing costs are highest for the middle aged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Chapter 6. Income
Older men have gained ground since 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Women’s incomes have made big gains since 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Generation X men have the second-highest median income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Swing women have much lower incomes than Boomers or Gen Xers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
The earnings gap is narrow among the young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Most households lost ground between 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Few of the affluent are aged 65 or older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Boomer incomes are well above those of the other generations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Among married couples, the oldest have the lowest incomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Asian households have the highest incomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
The percentage of people who receive wage and salary income
falls sharply in the oldest age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Children are more likely than the elderly to be poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Poverty is higher for black and Hispanic children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Many full-time workers cannot support a family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Chapter 7. Labor Force
The labor force participation rate of older men has risen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Women’s labor force participation peaks among women in their forties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
The Swing and World War II generations account for few workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Unemployment falls with increasing age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Unemployment is highest for young black men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Most managers and professionals are aged 35 to 54. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Teenagers are most likely to work part-time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Most couples under age 55 are dual earners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Most mothers with infants are in the labor force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Long-term employment has fallen sharply among men aged 45 to 49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Few workers are represented by unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
The oldest workers are most likely to have flexible schedules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Few young adults are independent contractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Older workers are most likely to be self-employed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Teens and young adults are most likely to be minimum wage workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
The number of workers aged 55 or older will grow rapidly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

XVI AMERICAN GENERATIONS

Chapter 8. Living Arrangements
The Swing and WW II generations head the smallest share of households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
The married-couple share of households peaks among Generation Xers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Older householders are more likely to be non-Hispanic white. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Women’s chances of living alone rise steeply with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Few older householders are caring for children under age 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Non-Hispanic white households are least likely to include children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Householders aged 30 to 34 are most likely to have preschoolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Many one-child families are the result of an emptying nest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
The Northeast has the largest share of older householders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Fewer children today live with both parents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
The number of children who live with a grandparent fell slightly between 2000 and 2006 . . . . . . . 289
Women are much more likely than men to live alone in old age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
The marital status of men and women differs greatly in old age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Young people today are more likely to be single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Millennials account for the largest share of unmarried couples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
More than one in five adults have experienced divorce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Chapter 9. Population
Children and young adults shrink as a share of population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Males are scarce in the World War II generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Among the young, Hispanics are the largest minority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Declines are projected for the 45-to-54 age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Most Americans live in their state of birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
The Northeast is the oldest region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
More diversity among the young in every region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Old and young are concentrated in different states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
The young are much more diverse in California than in Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Chapter 10. Spending
Health care spending rises sharply with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Millennials are not big spenders on entertainment or clothes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Householders aged 25 to 34 spend more than average on clothes for infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Householders aged 35 to 44 spend more than average on most things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Householders aged 45 to 54 spend more than average on most items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Householders aged 55 to 65 spend more than average on entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Householders aged 65 to 74 are big spenders on maintenance and repairs for owned homes . . . . . . 385
The oldest householders are big spenders on health insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Chapter 11. Time Use
Young adults devote the most time to personal care activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Young adults devote more time to computers than to reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Older women spend the most time doing laundry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
People aged 65 or older spend the most time involved in religious activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
The oldest Americans are least likely to use the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Few young adults vote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Mormons are much younger than Methodists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Chapter 12. Wealth
Householders aged 55 to 64 made the biggest gains between 2001 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Financial assets are modest, regardless of age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
The nonfinancial assets of Boomers are above average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Debt declines with age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
The percentage of workers who participate in an employment-based
retirement plan peaks in the 45-to-54 age group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

AMERICAN GENERATIONS XVII

 INTRODUCTION

Introduction

In the past, when the pace of change was slow, the concept of generations had little im-
portance for society, public policy, or commerce. But today the world changes rapidly, and
people who are as little as ten years apart in age may have very different experiences grow-
ing up—which makes them unlike one another in significant ways. American Generations
reveals the differences and similarities among the generations of Americans.

The population is now fragmented by generation as much as by race and sex, Ameri-
can Generations is an important tool for understanding the nation today and tomorrow. The
generational profiles contained in this book are of value not only to marketers, but also to
social scientists and policy makers. Each generation, after all, makes its demands on public
policy just as it does on business. And those seeking to understand societal or consumer
change must address how attitudes and values, wants and needs, evolve with generational
replacement.

The sixth edition of American Generations examines both generations and age groups.
Age groups are static, never changing; generations pass through age groups. People aged
40 today are members of Generation X, but in another decade the Millennial generation
will occupy the age group. Since each generation has a distinct character, the policy issues,
products, services, advertising, and media that resonate with people aged 40 today may
not work for 40-year-olds a decade from now.

Explaining generational differences

Several factors account for generational differences. One is education, which greatly influ-
ences people’s attitudes and values, wants and needs. The generations born after World
War II are much better educated than older Americans. This fact alone means that middle-
aged and younger generations will think and behave differently from the way their parents
did at the same age. Another important difference is the greater degree of diversity among
younger generations. Accustomed to a wide variety of cultures, younger generations are
more likely to view the nation as a “salad bowl” rather than a melting pot. Technology also
divides the generations. The Internet and cell phones are an integral part of the lives of
younger generations, setting them apart from their elders.

Differences in attitudes and behavior are not the only factors that make each generation
unique. The relative size of the generations affects the age distribution of the population.
When generations are of uneven size, as they are today, the social and economic effects can
be far-reaching. In the 1950s, for example, schools that had been adequate for educating the
relatively small Swing generation suddenly were flooded with students as Boomers arrived.
As the last classes of Boomers graduated from high school, public schools had to adapt to
the smaller Generation X. Many of them sold their school buildings in the belief that the

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 1
crush was over. Wrong. Behind Generation X came the much larger Millennial generation,
rivaling the Baby Boom in size and straining school budgets and facilities all over again.

This expansion and contraction can catch business and public policy off guard. But it
is possible to look down the road and know what is coming. That is what American Genera-
tions is all about—preparing businesses and policymakers for what lies ahead, helping them
plan for the population booms and busts to come as the generations move through the age
structure and change our society.

Much of the social change of the past half-century has been caused by “generational
replacement.” As older generations die and are replaced by new generations, society adopts
the attitudes and values of the living generations. From the expanding roles of women to
the increased acceptance of cohabitation and casual dress in the workplace, attitudes are
changing because new generations are taking over.

Using age group data

Differences among generations are too often buried in statistics that look only at the popula-
tion as a whole, or divide it by a characteristic such as sex, but not age. Overall, 28 percent
of Americans aged 25 or older have a bachelor’s degree, but this single statistic fails to tell
an important part of the story—there is a distinct generational difference in education. Only
17 percent of the World War II generation has a college degree compared with 32 percent of
Generation X. The incomes, labor force participation, living arrangements, spending pat-
terns, and even time use all vary by generation.

Because generations do not always fit easily into the age group data collected by the
Census Bureau and other organizations, much of the statistical information presented in this
book approximates the generations. Baby Boomers, for example, were aged 43 to 61 in 2007.
They do not fit into the standard five- or ten-year age groups, such as 45-to-54-year-olds, for
which researchers typically collect data. When generations are split by age groupings, the
text of this book discusses the generation that accounts for the majority of the age group’s
members. In many of the book’s tables, New Strategist’s editors have estimated the size of
each generation, allowing readers to see at a glance the differing educational attainment,
household income, living arrangements, and labor force status of the generations.

New to this edition of American Generations is a chapter that reveals the major attitu-
dinal differences among the generations, based on 2006 General Social Survey data. The
book also contains the latest income, spending, housing, and labor force statistics as well
as an updated look at time use based on unpublished 2006 data from the American Time
Use Survey.

How to use this book

American Generations is divided into 12 chapters: The Generations, Attitudes, Education,
Health, Housing, Income, Labor Force, Living Arrangements, Population, Spending, Time
Use, and Wealth. Each chapter includes tables and text describing the most important trends,
including what to expect in the future.

2 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 INTRODUCTION

Most of the tables in American Generations are based on data collected by the federal
government, in particular the Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the National
Center for Education Statistics, the National Center for Health Statistics, and the Federal
Reserve Board. The federal government continues to be the best source of up-to-date, reli-
able information on the changing characteristics of Americans.

Several government surveys are of particular importance to American Generations. One

is the Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey. The CPS is a nationally representative
survey of the civilian noninstitutional population aged 15 or older. The Census Bureau
takes it monthly, collecting information on employment and unemployment from more
than 50,000 households. Each year, the March survey includes a demographic supplement
that is the source of most national data on the characteristics of Americans, such as their
educational attainment, living arrangements, and incomes. CPS data appear in many tables
of this book.

The American Community Survey is another important source of data for American
Generations. The ACS, an ongoing nationwide survey of 250,000 households per month,
provides detailed demographic data at the community level. Designed to replace the
census long-form questionnaire, the ACS includes more than 60 questions that formerly
appeared on the long form, such as language spoken at home, income, and education. ACS
data are available for the nation, regions, states, counties, metropolitan areas, and smaller
geographic units.

The Consumer Expenditure Survey is the data source for the Spending chapter.
Sponsored by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the CEX is an ongoing study of the day-to-day
spending of American households. The data collected by the survey are used to update
prices for the consumer price index. The CEX includes an interview survey and a diary
survey administered to two separate, nationally representative samples. The average spend-
ing figures shown in the Spending chapters of this book are the integrated data from both
the diary and interview components of the survey. For the interview survey, about 7,500
consumer units are interviewed on a rotating panel basis each quarter for five consecutive
quarters. For the diary survey, another 7,500 consumer units keep weekly diaries of spend-
ing for two consecutive weeks.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ American Time Use Survey is the source of data for the
Time Use chapter. Through telephone interviews with a nationally representative sample of
noninstitutionalized Americans aged 15 or older, ATUS collects information in minute detail
about what survey respondents did during the previous 24 hours—or diary day. Time use
data allow social scientists to better understand our economy and lifestyle and how policy
decisions affect our lives.

The data in the Wealth chapter come from the Survey of Consumer Finances, a triennial
survey taken by the Federal Reserve Board. The SCF collects data on the assets, debt, and net
worth of American households. The latest data available are from the 2004 survey, for which
the Federal Reserve Board interviewed a representative sample of 4,522 households.

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 3
 To explore changes in attitudes, New Strategist extracted data from the nationally
representative General Social Survey of the University of Chicago’s National Opinion
Research Center. NORC conducts the biennial survey through face-to-face interviews with
an independently drawn, representative sample of to 3,000 to 4,000 noninstitutionalized
people aged 18 or older who live in the United States. The GSS is one of the best sources of
attitudinal data on Americans available today. As the University of California—Berkeley has
put the dataset online, this valuable resource has become more accessible than ever before.
The results are available in the Attitudes chapter.

Value added
While the government collected the data presented in American Generations, the tables
published here are not reprints from government reports—as is the case in many refer-
ence books. Instead, New Strategist’s editors spent hundreds of hours scouring web sites,
compiling numbers into meaningful statistics, and creating tables with calculations that
reveal the trends.

Government web sites are useful for obtaining summary data and for tapping into
complex databases. But too often summary data are not enough, and those complex data
bases usually require analysis by statistical program. With this volume, New Strategist
has done the work for you, delving into the data and providing analysis and comparisons,
placing the important information about the generations at your fingertips. The text and
chart accompanying most of the tables tell a story about the generations, explaining past
and future trends. Researchers who want even more can use the source listed at the bottom
of each table to explore the original data. The book contains a comprehensive table list to
help readers locate the information they need. For a more detailed search, use the index at
the back of the book. Also in the back of the book is the glossary, which defines most of the
terms commonly used in tables and text.

With American Generations in hand, you will discover the many ways in which the
five generations of living Americans differ. Those who know the differences will better
understand the change in store for the decades ahead.

4 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 THE GENERATIONS

CHAPTER

1
The Generations

The five generations of American adults are, from youngest to oldest, the Millennial gen-
eration, Generation X, the Baby Boom, the Swing generation, and the World War II genera-
tion. Below is a brief overview of the generations, followed by a more detailed look at their
demographics.

• Millennial Generation Like the Baby Boom, this generation, which was born be-
tween 1977 and 1994, is marked by its large size. Unlike Boomers, however, Millennials do
not face a generation gap. They share many of the values and interests of their parents.

The world in which Millennials are growing up is very different from that of their
parents’ childhood, however. Racial and ethnic diversity is much greater among Millennials
than among older generations. Global boundaries are becoming more transparent, as travel,
migration, and the Internet connect members of the generation across the globe. Millennials
also face a harsher world, one in which economic anxiety is palpable as their parents cope
with a fragile economy, falling housing prices, soaring health care costs, and uncertain
retirement prospects.

Millennials are likely to continue trends that are hallmarks of Boomers and Generation
Xers. On civil liberties issues, the generation seems even more liberal than Generation X.
Millennial girls and women will further the gains made by their elders. They are already
moving into the remaining male-dominated arenas, such as sports. Young women greatly
outnumber young men in the nation’s colleges.

The Millennials are the first generation born into the high-tech world. They are grow-
ing up with the Internet and cell phones. Unlike older generations, which have had to
struggle to adapt, most Millennials are proficient in using these technologies. The future
belongs to them.
• Generation X Born between 1965 and 1976, this well-educated, media-savvy gen-
eration now makes up the largest share of the nation’s parents with children under age 18.
The small size of Generation X has made it relatively easy to overlook—and it is painfully
aware of this fact. When Gen Xers were teenagers, attention was focused on the Baby Boom.
Businesses retailored youth-oriented offerings to suit the tastes of Boomer families. Now that
Generation X has children, businesses are focusing on teens and young adults to capture
the spending of the large Millennial generation.

As parents, Gen Xers face the same problems that confronted Boomers—a conflict
between work and family roles. With the workplace demanding ever more from employees,

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 5
and children demanding ever more from parents, Gen Xers find themselves with little time
or money to spend on themselves. Some Gen Xers lack health insurance, and others have
problems keeping up with their mortgage payments. With Boomers clogging the promo-
tional pipeline at work, the housing market shaky, and health insurance costs rising, many
Gen Xers wonder when their day will come.

• Baby-Boom Generation Born between 1946 and 1964, this is still the largest genera-
tion of Americans. Because of their numbers, Boomers have been the focus of attention since
their birth. Businesses that sold diapers, baby food, and grade-school books rejoiced at their
arrival. But as Boomers matured into successive stages of life, the businesses they left behind
had to choose between tracking them or shifting their loyalties to a new generation.

Boomers were raised by young, stay-at-home mothers who followed Dr. Spock’s
every word. They were taught to be independent and to believe they could control their
own destinies. During the 1960s, this upbringing manifested itself in the anti-authoritarian
counterculture movement. In the 1980s, it translated into see-how-fast-I-can-get-rich ma-
terialism. In the 21st century, Boomers are reaching the empty-nest stage of life. Instead of
breathing a sigh of relief, however, Boomers are confronted with a fragile economy, housing
market woes, health insurance and college expenses that are rising much faster than their
incomes, and a retirement postponed by years as defined-benefit pension plans disappear.
While the greatly anticipated empty-nest lifestage could be an opportunity for self-expres-
sion and personal growth, it may turn out to be more work than play as Boomers put their
children through college, pay off their mortgage, and save for retirement.

Baby Boomers have been affected by their generation’s immense size throughout
their lives. In turn, the massive generation has had an enormous influence on the American
economy and culture. This influence will continue for at least two more decades.

• Swing Generation Born between 1933 and 1945, this small generation of Americans
was caught between two powerful forces—the Boomers and the World War II generation.
Consequently, the generation swings between the attitudes and lifestyles of the generations
on either side, which accounts for its name. Some members adopted the more casual lifestyle
commonly associated with Boomers. Many leaders of the civil rights, women’s, and antiwar
movements in the 1960s were members of the Swing generation. Other Swing generation
members are as conservative as their World War II elders. Many of the nation’s politicians
and CEOs are members of the Swing generation.

The Swing generation came of age during a period of quiet prosperity. Its relatively
small size benefited its members—companies needed entry-level workers when they were
young adults and managers as they reached middle age. They benefited from an expand-
ing economy and skyrocketing real estate prices. This is the most affluent group of older
Americans in history—and likely will remain so, a footnote in the history books.

• World War II Generation Born before 1933, these are the oldest living Americans.
Many members of the generation fought in the war that gave the generation its name. The
Great Depression and World War II shaped their attitudes and values more than anything

6 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 THE GENERATIONS

else. Sometimes called the GI Generation, they were once a major force in the United States.
Their size and power has diminished greatly with age, but they still wield some political
influence because they vote at a much higher rate than young adults. The World War II
generation is less educated than younger Americans because a high school education was
once sufficient to get a good-paying, secure job. This generation’s lower level of education
is one reason why its members see things differently from younger Americans.

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 7
The Millennial Generation: Another Baby Boom

The current youth generation numbers a powerful 76 million.

In 1977, a new birth boom began when 3.3 million babies were born—159,000 more than
in the previous year. This large rise in the number of births followed the 12-year lull that
is commonly called Generation X. By 1980, annual births were up to 3.6 million. By 1989,
they topped 4 million. Altogether, nearly 68 million babies were born between 1977 and
1994—when births once again dropped below the 4 million mark.

The large Millennial generation—the name for those born between 1977 and 1994—
spanned the ages from 14 to 31 in 2008. Because of their numbers, Millennials command the
nation’s attention. Today, there are 76 million Millennials as immigrants boost their ranks.
Millennials account for 25.0 percent of the total population, virtually equal to Boomers’ 25.4
percent. Millennials aged 18 or older account for a substantial 26 percent of the nation’s
adults—a substantially greater share than Generation X’s 22 percent.

Like Boomers before them, Millennials have already had an enormous impact on the
nation’s public schools. Now the generation is inflating the entry-level workforce and is about
to enter the housing market—perhaps helping to stabilize declining housing values.

Millennials have strength in numbers—and they know it. Like their Boomer parents,
their voices are heard when they take up a cause. And they have their parents’ political and
economic clout to help them find their place in American society.

■ The Millennial generation has diversified the youth market. Asians, blacks, and Hispanics
account for a large share of Millennials—affecting everything from fashion to politics.

■ The first generation to be raised on cell phones and the Internet, Millennials are always
connected.

■ Millennials must compete against their many peers for colleges, jobs, and houses. This
competitive crush shapes the attitudes and lifestyles of Millennials and is one of the factors
that distinguishes them from Generation X.

8 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 THE GENERATIONS

Table 1.1 Birth of the Millennial Generation, 1977 to 1994

(annual number of births, 1977 to 1994; numbers in thousands)

number
Total births 67,949
1977 3,327
1978 3,333
1979 3,494
1980 3,612
1981 3,629
1982 3,681
1983 3,639
1984 3,669
1985 3,761
1986 3,757
1987 3,809
1988 3,910
1989 4,041
1990 4,158
1991 4,111
1992 4,065
1993 4,000
5000 1994 3,953

4000
4 million

3000
3 million

2000
2 million
World War II Swing Baby Boom Generation X MILLENNIAL
1977–1994

1000
1 million

00
1909 1932 1933 1945 1946 1964 1965 1976 1977 1994
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Report of Final Natility Statistics, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 45, No. 11
Supplement, 1997

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 9
 Table 1.2 Size of the Millennial and Post-Millennial Generations, 2008

(number of people in the Millennial and Post-Millennial generations by single year of age, 2008)

number
Post-Millennial, under age 14 57,022,017
Under age 1 4,266,450
Aged 1 4,232,060
Aged 2 4,201,064
Aged 3 4,170,106
Aged 4 4,140,234
Aged 5 4,116,284
Aged 6 4,097,526
Aged 7 4,101,310
Aged 8 3,941,919
Aged 9 3,898,535
Aged 10 3,881,888
Aged 11 3,911,686
Aged 12 4,000,262
Aged 13 4,062,693

Millennial, aged 14 to 31 75,955,712

Aged 14 4,124,736
Aged 15 4,224,441
Aged 16 4,307,814
Aged 17 4,403,060
Aged 18 4,444,982
Aged 19 4,337,285
Aged 20 4,275,120
Aged 21 4,218,301
Aged 22 4,230,682
Aged 23 4,215,145
Aged 24 4,173,940
Aged 25 4,217,782
Aged 26 4,240,622
Aged 27 4,300,205
Aged 28 4,261,853
Aged 29 4,089,671
Aged 30 3,984,903
Aged 31 3,905,170

Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist

10 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 THE GENERATIONS

Table 1.3 Millennial Generation by Age, 2000 to 2020

(age range of the Millennial generation, 2000 to 2020)

age range
2000 6–23
2001 7–24
2002 8–25
2003 9–26
2004 10–27
2005 11–28
2006 12–29
2007 13–30
2008 14–31
2009 15–32
2010 16–33
2011 17–34
2012 18–35
2013 19–36
2014 20–37
2015 21–38
2016 22–39
2017 23–40
2018 24–41
2019 25–42
2020 26–43

Source: Calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 11
 Table 1.4 Millennial Share of Population, 2008

(number and percent distribution of the total population and the population aged 18 or older by generation,
2008)

number
share of total
population
share of adult
population *
Total people 303,597,646 100.0% –
Post-Millennial (under age 14) 57,022,017 18.8 0.0%
MILLENNIAL (aged 14 to 31) 75,955,712 25.0 25.7
Generation X (aged 32 to 43) 49,347,057 16.3 21.5
Baby Boom (aged 44 to 62) 77,263,383 25.4 33.7
Swing (aged 63 to 75) 26,903,025 8.9 11.7
World War II (aged 76 or older) 17,106,452 5.6 7.5

45
* Population aged 18 or older, projected to be 229,515,578 in 2008.
Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist tota

34% adu

30 30%
26%100000
25% 25% all of total population
share
22% dualof adult population
share
75000

16%
15 15% 50000
12%
9% 8%
25000 6%

0 0% 0
with w/out
mill
MILLENNIAL gen
GenerationxX bb
Baby Boom swing
Swing wwII
World War II

12 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 THE GENERATIONS

Generation X: The Baby-Bust Generation

Though small, Generation X is a powerhouse in the marketplace.

It is the fate of Generation X, born between 1965 and 1976, to be overshadowed by the large
generations on either side of it—the Millennial and Baby Boom generations. The reason is
simple arithmetic.

After the 19-year birth fest that created the Baby Boom, the annual number of births
declined. In 1964, the last year of the Baby Boom, more than 4 million babies were born. In
1965, there were only 3.8 million births. The annual number of births continued to slide in
a generally downward direction through 1976 before beginning to rise again. This period
of fewer births resulted in a numerically small generation sandwiched between two much
larger ones.

In 2008, there were 49 million Generation Xers, aged 32 to 43. The generation accounts
for only 16 percent of the population, well below the 25 percent share accounted for by Boom-
ers and Millennials. Generation X makes up 22 percent of the adult population compared
with Boomers’ 34 percent and Millennials’ 26 percent.

Although the media often overlook Generation Xers, businesses cannot afford to ignore
them. That is because Generation X now dominates family life, heading the largest share
(45 percent) of households with children.

■ Generation Xers are now the nation’s parents, and they are entering their peak earning
and spending years.

■ Generation X is well-educated. The women of Generation X have a higher level of edu-

cational attainment than any other group of Americans.

■ The falling incomes of Generation X may affect many businesses that market products
and services for families with children.

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 13
 Table 1.5 Birth of Generation X, 1965 to 1976

(annual number of births, 1965 to 1976; numbers in thousands)

number
Total births 41,143
1965 3,760
1966 3,606
1967 3,521
1968 3,502
1969 3,600
1970 3,731
1971 3,556
1972 3,258
1973 3,137
1974 3,160
1975 3,144
1976 3,168
5000

4000
4 million

3000
3 million

2000
2 million
World War II Swing Baby Boom GENERATION X Millennial
1965–1976

1000
1 million

00
1909 1932 1933 1945 1946 1964 1965 1976 1977 1994
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994

Source: National Center for Health Statistics, Report of Final Natility Statistics, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 45, No. 11
Supplement, 1997

14 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 THE GENERATIONS

Table 1.6 Size of Generation X, 2008

(number of people in Generation X by single year of age, 2008)

number
Total, aged 32 to 43 49,347,057
Aged 32 3,856,270
Aged 33 3,914,681
Aged 34 3,832,045
Aged 35 3,911,864
Aged 36 4,083,651
Aged 37 4,308,430
Aged 38 4,392,479
Aged 39 4,179,191
Aged 40 4,085,970
Aged 41 4,093,624
Aged 42 4,209,370
Aged 43 4,479,482

Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 15
 Table 1.7 Generation X by Age, 2000 to 2020

(age range of Generation X, 2000 to 2020)

age range
2000 24–35
2001 25–36
2002 26–37
2003 27–38
2004 28–39
2005 29–40
2006 30–41
2007 31–42
2008 32–43
2009 33–44
2010 34–45
2011 35–46
2012 36–47
2013 37–48
2014 38–49
2015 39–50
2016 40–51
2017 41–52
2018 42–53
2019 43–54
2020 44–55

Source: Calculations by New Strategist

16 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 THE GENERATIONS

Table 1.8 Generation X Share of Population, 2008

(number and percent distribution of the total population and the population aged 18 or older by generation,
2008)

number
share of total
population
share of adult
population
*
Total people 303,597,646 100.0% –
Post-Millennial (under age 14) 57,022,017 18.8 0.0%
Millennial (aged 14 to 31) 75,955,712 25.0 25.7
GENERATION X (aged 32 to 43) 49,347,057 16.3 21.5
Baby Boom (aged 44 to 62) 77,263,383 25.4 33.7
Swing (aged 63 to 75) 26,903,025 8.9 11.7
World War II (aged 76 or older) 17,106,452 5.6 7.5

45
* Population aged 18 or older, projected to be 229,515,578 in 2008.
Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist tota

34% adu

30 30%
26%100000
25% 25% all of total population
share
22% dualof adult population
share
75000

16%
15 15% 50000
12%
9% 8%
25000 6%

0 0% 0
with w/out
mill
Millennial gen xX
GENERATION bb
Baby Boom swing
Swing wwII
World War II

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 17
The Baby-Boom Generation: Still Center Stage

In middle age, Boomers dominate the nation’s politics and economy.

Nine months after the end of World War II the nation’s maternity wards filled with babies—
and no one so much as blinked, for this is the sort of thing demographers expect following
the end of a war. But no one anticipated that the boom in births would last an astonishing
19 years. In 1957, the peak birth year, 4.3 million babies were born.

The Baby Boom numbers 77 million people. Having grown up declaring they would
never trust anyone over 30, the youngest members of the generation are now in their mid-
forties. The oldest turn 62 in 2008 and become eligible to draw Social Security benefits.
Retirement is on the minds of many Boomers, although most will not be able to afford to
retire before they become eligible for Medicare at age 65.

Because of its size, the Baby-Boom generation has been the focus of business and me-
dia attention for the past half-century. It is hard to ignore a generation that accounts for 25
percent of the total population and 34 percent of adults—a larger share of adults than any
other generation. In turn, Boomers have transformed American culture and the economy.

Boomers finally have some competition, however, with the arrival of the 76-million-
strong Millennial generation. The younger cohort accounts for another 25 percent of the
population and is drawing the spotlight away from Boomers. But this does not make Boom-
ers resentful, since most Millennials are their beloved children. And besides, the economic
clout of the Baby-Boom generation guarantees it will remain a force to be reckoned with
for decades to come.

■ Boomers are becoming demanding customers of the health care industry, which will
increasingly cater to Boomer wants and needs.

■ Most Boomers are now in the empty-nest lifestage, when free time and discretionary
income are supposed to increase. But the sharply rising cost of a middle-class lifestyle is
curtailing their dreams.

■ Even as empty-nesters, the primary focus of many Boomers is the well-being of their
adult children. Look for Boomer spending to be directed toward the needs of the extended
family.

18 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 THE GENERATIONS

Table 1.9 Birth of the Baby-Boom Generation, 1946 to 1964

(annual number of births, 1946 to 1964; numbers in thousands)

number
Total births 75,862
1946 3,411
1947 3,817
1948 3,637
1949 3,649
1950 3,632
1951 3,820
1952 3,909
1953 3,959
1954 4,071
1955 4,097
1956 4,210
1957 4,300
1958 4,246
1959 4,286
1960 4,258
1961 4,268
1962 4,167
1963 4,098
1964 4,027
5000

4000
4 million

3000
3 million

2000
2 million
World War II Swing BABY BOOM Generation X Millennial
1946–1964

1000
1 million

00
1909 1932 1933 1945 1946 1964 1965 1976 1977 1994
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994

Source: Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States—Colonial Times to 1970, Part 1, 1975

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 19
 Table 1.10 Size of the Baby-Boom Generation, 2008

(number of people in the Baby-Boom generation by single year of age, 2008)

number
Total, aged 44 to 62 77,263,383
Aged 44 4,546,700
Aged 45 4,537,915
Aged 46 4,554,845
Aged 47 4,592,337
Aged 48 4,668,783
Aged 49 4,499,945
Aged 50 4,487,073
Aged 51 4,389,640
Aged 52 4,268,968
Aged 53 4,254,730
Aged 54 4,061,850
Aged 55 3,937,094
Aged 56 3,806,969
Aged 57 3,667,311
Aged 58 3,655,987
Aged 59 3,513,404
Aged 60 3,515,558
Aged 61 3,466,203
Aged 62 2,838,071

Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist

20 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 THE GENERATIONS

Table 1.11 Baby-Boom Generation by Age, 2000 to 2020

(age range of the Baby-Boom generation, 2000 to 2020)

age range
2000 36–54
2001 37–55
2002 38–56
2003 39–57
2004 40–58
2005 41–59
2006 42–60
2007 43–61
2008 44–62
2009 45–63
2010 46–64
2011 47–65
2012 48–66
2013 49–67
2014 50–68
2015 51–69
2016 52–70
2017 53–71
2018 54–72
2019 55–73
2020 56–74

Source: Calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 21
 Table 1.12 Baby Boom Share of Population, 2008

(number and percent distribution of the total population and the population aged 18 or older by generation,
2008)

number
share of total
population
share of adult
population *
Total people 303,597,646 100.0% –
Post-Millennial (under age 14) 57,022,017 18.8 0.0%
Millennial (aged 14 to 31) 75,955,712 25.0 25.7
Generation X (aged 32 to 43) 49,347,057 16.3 21.5
BABY BOOM (aged 44 to 62) 77,263,383 25.4 33.7
Swing (aged 63 to 75) 26,903,025 8.9 11.7
World War II (aged 76 or older) 17,106,452 5.6 7.5

45
* Population aged 18 or older, projected to be 229,515,578 in 2008.
Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist total

34% adul

30 30%
26%100000
25% 25% all of total population
share
22% dualof adult population
share
75000

16%
15 15% 50000
12%
9% 8%
25000 6%

0 0% 0
with w/out
mill
Millennial gen
GenerationxX bb
BABY BOOM swing
Swing wwII
World War II

22 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 THE GENERATIONS

The Swing Generation: Quiet Pioneers

Although small in number, this generation has produced its share of notable figures.

Like Generation X, the Swing generation is smaller than the generations that surround
it—the older World War II generation and the younger Baby-Boom generation. And like
its younger counterpart, the generation generally has been overlooked. But the members
of the generation pioneered many of the changes in American society during the last half
of the 20th century.

As the stock market fell in the 1930s, so too did the annual number of births, dropping
to 2.3 million in 1933. The number of births remained below 2.5 million from 1933 until 1940
when it began to climb again, although only slightly. It wasn’t until the early 1940s that
the annual number of births again matched the level of the early years of the 20th century.
Altogether, 34 million babies were born between 1933 and 1945.

The Swing generation now numbers 27 million. It accounts for 9 percent of the total
population and 12 percent of adults. But its small size belies the influence it wields on Ameri-
can society. The women of the Swing generation were the first to move into the workforce in
substantial proportions. Many leaders of the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s were
members of the generation, including Gloria Steinem, Jesse Jackson, and Abbie Hoffman.
Much of the popular culture credited to the Baby Boom was actually created by the Swing
generation. Bob Dylan, for example, is a member of the Swing generation. In 2008, the Swing
generation is aged 63 to 75, an age group that continues to hold power and influence.

■ The political power of the Swing generation is much greater than its small size would
suggest because the voting rate peaks among people in their sixties and seventies.

■ Although most members of the Swing generation are retired, many still hold powerful
positions in government and business.

■ The Swing generation will probably go down in history as the most affluent cohort of
older Americans, thanks to generous government and corporate retirement benefits.

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 23
 Table 1.13 Birth of the Swing Generation, 1933 to 1945

(annual number of births, 1933 to 1945; numbers in thousands)

number
Total births 33,962
1933 2,307
1934 2,396
1935 2,377
1936 2,355
1937 2,413
1938 2,496
1939 2,466
1940 2,559
1941 2,703
1942 2,989
1943 3,104
1944 2,939
1945 2,858
5000

4000
4 million

3000
3 million

2000
2 million
World War II SWING Baby Boom Generation X Millennial
1933–1945

1000
1 million

00
1909 1932 1933 1945 1946 1964 1965 1976 1977 1994
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994

Source: Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States—Colonial Times to 1970, Part 1, 1975

24 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
 THE GENERATIONS

Table 1.14 Size of the Swing Generation, 2008

(number of people in the Swing generation by single year of age, 2008)

number
Total, aged 63 to 75 26,903,025
Aged 63 2,670,600
Aged 64 2,648,708
Aged 65 2,640,747
Aged 66 2,398,153
Aged 67 2,193,606
Aged 68 2,095,841
Aged 69 1,993,516
Aged 70 1,914,049
Aged 71 1,800,933
Aged 72 1,742,209
Aged 73 1,705,649
Aged 74 1,569,509
Aged 75 1,529,505

Source: Bureau of the Census, Internet site http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/; calculations by New Strategist

AMERICAN GENERATIONS 25
 Table 1.15 Swing Generation by Age, 2000 to 2020

(age range of the Swing generation, 2000 to 2020)

age range
2000 55–67
2001 56–68
2002 57–69
2003 58–70
2004 59–71
2005 60–72
2006 61–73
2007 62–74
2008 63–75
2009 64–76
2010 65–77
2011 66–78
2012 67–79
2013 68–80
2014 69–81
2015 70–82
2016 71–83
2017 72–84
2018 73–85
2019 74–86
2020 75–87

Source: Calculations by New Strategist

26 AMERICAN GENERATIONS
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