REVA UNIVERSITY

School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

MEASUREMENT LAB
MANUAL
B22EE0307

2023-24

NAME : _______________________

SRN : _______________________

SEM & SEC : _______________________

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

REVA UNIVERSITY
RUKMINI KNOWLEDGE PARK
KATTIGENAHALLI, YELAHANKA, BANGALORE-560064

www.reva.edu.in
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This is to certify that Mr. /Ms………………………….... has

satisfactorily completed the course of Experiments in
Electrical and Electronics Measurement Laboratory
(B18EE3180) prescribed by REVA University for B.Tech.
Course in the Laboratory of this college in the year
-
Name of the Candidate………………………………………..

USN…………………………..……………….
Date of Practical Exam…………………………..…………….

Signature of Faculty in-charge Signature of the Director

Signature of the Examiner

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SYLLABUS
SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT
LABORATORY SUBJECT CODE: B22EE0307
Course Objectives
1. To understand the working of various electrical bridge
2. To understand the energy meter
3. To know the working of Op-amps
Course Outcomes
After the completion of the course the student will be able to:

1. Measure various parameters of given bridge

2. To apply the Op-amps in various signal processing circuits
List of Experiments:
1. Measurements of low resistance using Kelvin’s Double Bridge.(Both simulation and
hardware)
2. Measurements of inductance using Maxwell inductance Capacitance bridge &
determination of Q factor. .(Both simulation and hardware)
3. Measurements of capacitance using De-sauty’s bridge & determination of dissipation
factor. .(Both simulation and hardware)
4. Adjustment & Calibration of single phase energy meter.(Only hardware)
5. Measurement of active and reactive power in balanced 3 phase circuit using two watt meter
method.(Only hardware)
6. Measurement of inductance of a choke coil by Ammeter-Voltmeter-Wattmeter method
7. Experiment on series RLC circuit and plotting frequency response to determine band width
and quality factor

S.NO Name of the Expt. Page No.

1 Measurement of low resistance using Kelvin’s double bridge (Both 2-7

Hardware and Simulation)

2 Measurement of inductance using Maxwell’s Inductance –Capacitance 8-13

bridge & determination of Q-factor (Both Hardware and Simulation)

3 Measurement of capacitance using De-Sauty’s bridge & determination of 14-18

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dissipation factor (Both Hardware and Simulation)

4 Adjustment and calibration of 1-phase energy meter (Only Hardware) 19-24

5 Measurement of active and reactive power in a balanced 3-phase circuit 25-28

using 2-wattmeter method (Only Hardware)

6 Measurement of inductance of a choke coil by Ammeter-Voltmeter- 29-31

Wattmeter method
7 Experiment on series RLC circuit and plotting frequency response to 32-37
determine band width and quality factor
8 Measurement of high current using current transformer 40-42

1. KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE (Hardware)

Aim

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Conduct an experiment to find low resistance of the given unknown low resistance using Kelvin’s
Double Bridge.

Theory

The Kelvin’s double bridge is a modification of the Wheatstone’s bridge and provides
greatly increased accuracy in the measurement of low value resistances .An understanding of the
KDB arrangement may be obtained by the study of difficulties that arise in a WB on account of the
resistance of the leads and the contact resistances while measuring low valued resistors.

The KDB incorporate the idea of a second set of ratio arms (p, q) – hence the name double
bridge and the use of four terminal resistors for the low resistance arms.

Unknown resistance is given by

P
R= ⋅S+
Q
qr P p
−
p +q+ r Q q [ ]
P p
=
Now if Q q the above equation becomes

P
R= ⋅S
Q

The above equation indicates that the resistance of connected lead ‘r’ has no effect on the
measurement, provided that the two sets of ratio arms have equal ratios (ie., P/Q = p/q). The effect
of thermo-electric e.m.f.s can be eliminated by making another measurement with the battery
connections reversed. The true value of R being the mean of the two readings.

Apparatus

DRB (6No.), DC Power supply (1No.), Multimeter for null detection (1 no.), unknown low resistance ( an
MC ammeter or a small wire etc.) (1No.)

Circuit diagram for hardware

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In the circuit diagram,

P,Q & p,q = Ratio arms (DRBs), S = Standard resistance arm(DRB)

R = Unknown low resistance arm, E = DC power supply, M=Multimeter as null detector

Procedure for hardware

1 Keep positions of DRBs, and dc power supply knobs at zero position.

2 Connections are made as per circuit diagram keeping the apparatus as per the shape of the circuit
diagram.
3 Keep the value of ratio arms (P/Q = p/q) to some value (say 1:1000). Keep range of the multimeter
in DC, mV range. Switch on the power supply and apply 2.5V to the circuit by varying knob to max
position. Multimeter shows some voltage. Vary DRB-S till voltage becomes zero. Now the bridge is
balanced. Note down the readings in the tabular column. Switch off the supply.
4 Reverse the battery connections and repeat step 3.
5 Repeat step 3 & 4 for different values of ratio arms and note the values.
6 Switch off the supply and bring all the knobs to zero position.
7 Calculate the unknown resistance using formula R=(P/Q)S
Tabular column for hardware

Type of Battery S.N. P/Q S R=(P/Q)S

Unknown low connection

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resistance (Ώ) (Ώ)

Regular 1/1000
1
Reversed 1/1000
Moving Coil
(MC) Regular 1/10000
Ammeter 2
Reversed 1/10000

Average

Regular 1/1000
1
Reversed 1/1000

Wire Regular 1/10000

2
Reversed 1/10000

Average

Specimen calculation

1. For MC ammeter (Battery regular) R= (P/Q) S Ohms

For MC ammeter (Battery reverse) R= (P/Q) S Ohms

2. For a small wire (Battery regular) R= (P/Q) S Ohms

For a small wire (Battery reverse) R= (P/Q) S Ohms

KELVIN’S DOUBLE BRIDGE (SIMULATION)

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P Q
A

V-AB

p q
B
S
R r

2.5v

Procedure for simulation:

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure and enter the practical values and r value (< 1Ω)
and simulate. If Vab = 0, then results are correct. Otherwise vary the value of S till V ab=0
and tabulate the results.
2. Assume a different value of R=0.5Ω (say) and obtain the balance condition.

Tabular column for simulation

S.N. Unknown P Q r S Rsimulated

resistance

1 MC 1 1000
Ammeter

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2 1 10000

3 Wire 1 1000

4 1 10000

5 Different 1 1000
value of
unknown
6 resistance 1 10000

Viva-Voce questions on KDB

1 What are the classification of resistances and their ranges?

2 What are the limitations of Wheatstone’s bridge method and how do they overcome?

3 Why KDB is called double bridge?

4 What are the different methods available for measuring low, medium and high resistances?

5 Give few practical examples which are having low resistances.

6 What is the advantage of KDB over WB?

7 What is the equation for unknown low resistance when KDB is not balanced and balanced?

8 What are the laws of resistance?

9 What is Ohm’s law and its limitation?

10 What do you mean by +ve temperature coefficient and –ve temperature coefficient of
resistance?

11 What are the different null deflectors used in dc bridges?

12 What is the advantage of series connection and parallel connection of resistances? Give one
example for each.

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13 In a parallel connection of resistances, the total resistance is less than which branch
resistance?

14 What is the principle of KDB?

15 What is the value of resistance for an open circuit and short circuit?

2. MAXWELL’S INDUCTANCE-CAPACITANCE BRIDGE (Hardware)

Aim

Conduct an experiment to measure inductance of the given unknown inductor using Maxwell
Inductance - Capacitance Bridge and determine its quality or Q – Factor.

Theory

In this bridge, an inductance is measured by comparison with a standard variable capacitance. The
circuit diagram and the phasor diagram are given at the balance conditions.

Where,

L1 = unknown inductance,

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R1 = Effective resistance of inductor L1,

R2, R3, R4 = known non-inductive resistances,

C4 = variable standard capacitor.

KVL equations at balance condition for the circuit below, we get

I1Z1=I2Z2 and I2Z3=I2Z4,

or

Z1=Z2 and Z3=Z4

or

Z1/Z3=Z2/Z4 or Z1Z4 = Z2Z3

( )
4 R
( R 1 + jωL1 ) 1+ jω C R =R2 R3 or R1 R4 + jωL1 R 4 = jω R2 R 3 C 4 R4 .
4 4

Separating real and imaginary terms and simplifying we get

R 2 R3
R1 =
R4 And L1 = R2.R3.C4

Thus we have variables R4 and C4 which appear in one of the two balance equations and hence
the two equations are independent.

ωL1
Q = = ωC 4 R 4
The expression for Quality factor: R1

Circuit diagram for hardware

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R 1,L1=Unknown Inductance, R2,R3,R4=DRBs, C4=DCB D=Multimeter

Vector or Phasor diagram

From circuit at balance condition we have

(1) E1 = E2 and E3 = E4 (2) I2 = IR + Ic (3) E = E1 + E3 = E2 + E4

These equations are used to draw the following vector diagram

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Ic I2
E1=E2=I2R2 E

I1wL1

I1R1 I1
IR
E3=I1R3=E4=Ic /ωC4=IRR4

Apparatus

DRB (3No.), DCB (1No.), Oscillator (1No.), Multimeter (1 no.), unknown inductance (1No.)

Procedure for hardware

1 Keep positions of DRBs, DCB and Oscillator knobs at zero position.

2 Connections are made as per circuit diagram keeping the apparatus as per the shape of the circuit
diagram.

3 Keep the ratio of R2/R3 to some value (say 1:1) and multimeter in ac. Switch on the oscillator and
apply 2.5V by turning the knob to maximum position. Multimeter shows some voltage. Vary DRB-
R4 and DCB-C4 till multimeter shows zero voltage. Now the bridge is balanced.

4 Note down the readings in the tabular column. Try for different values of ratio R2/R3 and note the
values.

5 Switch off the supply and bring all the knobs to zero position.

6 Calculate the unknown capacitance and its Q-factor using formula.

Tabular column for hardware

S.N. R2 R3 R4 C4 R1 L1 Q

Ω Ω Ω F Ω H

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Specimen calculation

L1 =R 2 R3 C 4 Η enry
R 2 R3
R1 = Ω
R4
ωL 1
Q= =ωC 4 R4
R1

Where

ω = 2πf = 2π(1000) = 6283.18rad/sec

MAXWELL’S INDUCTANCE-CAPACITANCE BRIDGE (SIMULATION)

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Unknown inductance
L1 R1 R3
a

Vab

R2
C4
b
R4

2.5V, 1KHz
0
Fig-Maxwell's LC bridge

Procedure for simulation:

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure and enter the practical values and simulate. If V ab =
0, then results are correct. Otherwise vary the values of C 4 and R4 till Vab=0 and tabulate the
results.
2. Assume a different value of L=60mH (say) and obtain the balance condition.

S.N. Vab R2 R3 C4 R1 R4 L1

Viva-Voce questions on MIC-Bridge

1 What are sources and detectors for ac bridges?

2 What are the different methods available for measurement of self-inductance?

3 What are the advantages and disadvantages of Maxwell’s inductance –Capacitance Bridge?

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4 Draw the circuit diagram, phasor diagram of Maxwell’s inductance capacitance bridge and
explain the phasor diagram.

5 Give few practical examples for inductances.

6 What is the formula and physical meaning of Q-factor? What is its importance?

7 What is the difference between an ideal coil and practical coil?

8 What is self-inductance, mutual inductance, self-induction & mutual induction?

3. DE-SAUTY’S BRIDGE (Hardware)

Aim

Conduct an experiment to measure capacitance of a given unknown capacitance using De-

Sauty’s bridge.

Theory

This bridge is the method of comparing two capacitances. At balance,

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I1Z1=I2Z2 and I2Z3=I2Z4,

or

Z1=Z2 and Z3=Z4

or

Z1/Z3=Z2/Z4 or Z1Z4 = Z2Z3

( 1
JωC 1 ) (
R 4=
1
JωC 2
R3
)
R4
C 1=C 2⋅
R3

The balance can be obtained by varying either R 3 & R4.The advantage of this bridge is that
it is very simple. But this is nullified by the fact that it is impossible to obtain balance if both the
capacitors are not free from dielectric loss. Thus with this method only loss – less capacitors like
air capacitors can be compared.

Apparatus: DRB (2No.), DCB (1No.), Oscillator (1No.), Multimeter ( no.), unknown capacitance(1No.)
Circuit diagram for hardware

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C1=Unknown Capacitor, C2=DCB, R3,R4=DRBs D=Head Phones

Vector diagram

From circuit at balance condition we have

(1) E1 = E2 and E3 = E4 (2) E = E1 + E3 = E2 + E4

These equations are used to draw the following vector diagram

Procedure for hardware

1 Keep positions of DRBs, DCB and Oscillator knobs at zero position.

2 Connections are made as per circuit diagram keeping the apparatus as per the shape of the circuit
diagram. Keep the values of R3 and R4 equal (say). Multimeter in ac mode.

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3 Switch on the oscillator and apply 2.5V by varying it to maximum position. Multimeter shows some
voltage. Vary DCB-C2 till multimeter shows zero volts. Now the bridge is balanced.

4 Note down the readings in the tabular column. Try for different values DRB-R3, DRB-R4 and note
the values.

5 Switch off the supply and bring all the knobs to zero position.

6 Calculate the unknown capacitance using formulae.

Tabular column for hardware

S.N. R3(Ohm) R4(Ohm) C2(F) C1(F)

Specimen calculation

R4
C 1= ⋅C 2
R3

DESAUTY’S BRIDGE (SIMULATION)

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Unknown Capacitance
C1 a R3

VAB
Vab

C2 R4
b

2.5V,1KHz

Procedure for simulation

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure and enter the practical values and simulate. If V ab =
0, then results are correct. Otherwise vary the value of C2 till Vab=0 and tabulate the results.
2. Assume a different value of C=50µF (say) and obtain the balance condition.

S.N. Vab C2 R3 R4 C1

Viva-Voce questions on De-Sauty’s Bridge

1 What are the different methods available for measurement of capacitance?

2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of De-Sauty’s bridge?

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3 Draw the circuit diagram, phasor diagram of De-Sauty’s bridge and explain the phasor diagram.

4 Give few practical examples for capacitances.

5 What is the formula and physical meaning of dissipation factor? What is its importance?

6 What is a lossless capacitor and loss full capacitor?

7 What are the different types of capacitors?

8 What is capacitance, breakdown voltage and basic equation of a capacitor?

9 What is dissipation factor?

10 What is the equation for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, capacitors in series, capacitors in
parallel and multi plate capacitor?

4. SINGLE PHASE ENERGY METER

Aim

Conduct an experiment to adjust & calibrate the given single phase energy meter.

Theory

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Energy meters are integrating instruments and hence measure either the total quantity of
electricity in ampere – hour or total amount of energy in KWH supplied to the load circuit in a
given time. Thus, an energy meter differs from a wattmeter as it also takes into account the length
of time for which the energy is supplied. The energy meters fall into three general classes.

1. Electrolytic meters 2.Motor meters.3.Clock meters.

The most important out of these three groups are motor meters. The clock meters because
of their complexity are rarely used. Electrolytic motors are D.C. instruments and still are used to
some extent.

For a.c. circuits, motor meters are of two types, but the driving current in the disc is now
produced by induction from fixed electromagnets. The principle of this induction type energy
meter is almost exactly the same as that of the induction wattmeter and this type of motor meter is
almost universally used for a.c. energy measurement. The metering of a.c. circuits is now much
more important than that of D.C. circuits.

Motor meters for D.C. circuits are of two kinds:

2.1 Commutator motor meter

2.2 Mercury motor meter.

Apparatus

1-Phase Induction Energy meter (1No.), W.M.-230V,10A,UPF(1No.), MI voltmeter-250V (1No.),

MI Ammeter-10A, Stop clock (1No.) & Lamp load.

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Circuit diagram
Energy Meter
1Phase, 230V,10-20A
750 Rev/KWH

Procedure

1. With Supply switch & lamp switches in off position, connections are made as per circuit
diagram. Close the supply switch.
2. Low load or friction compensation: Apply 10% of full load current (1A) by switching on
lamps. The meter readings and time taken by the disc to make N revolutions (5rev) is noted

down & switch off the lamps. Calculate the %error. If it is < ±5 %, then the low load, UPF
adjustment is not required. If it is > ±5 % , then low load adjustment is done by using shading
loop which is placed between central limb of the shunt magnet and the disc. Retain at the
minimum error position.
3. Full load upf adjustment: Now, full load current is passed gradually by switching on lamps,
readings are noted. Switch off the all the lamps & open supply switch. %error is calculated. If it
lies within ±5 % , no adjustments are required. Otherwise, the position of the brake magnet is
adjusted, till the %error lies within±5 % . Retain at the minimum error position.
4. To obtain calibration curve: Lamp-Load is applied in steps for different currents (up to rated
current – 10A), note down meter readings with time taken for N revolutions (5 rev) by the
aluminum disc. Switch off all the lamps & open supply switch. Calculate %error and plot
calibration curve (Graph of I/%E).
Tabular column for friction error adjustment

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Indicated Actual Energy

% Error=
Shading I P N T energy WT
EA= EI−EA
loop EI = N/750
1000×3600 ×
EA
position (A) (W) (rev) (sec) ( KWH )
( % age .
(KWH)

Left

Middle

Right

Where, 750=750 Rev/Kwh = K=Energy meter constant from its name plate details. This can also
be written as 1/750 Kwh/rev. If this is multiplied by revolutions, we will get Kwh. This procedure
is used to calculate the indicated energy. (i.e. EI = N/750 KWH)

Specimen calculation for friction error adjustment

1 Wattmeter constant = Vselected Iselected CosØ/ Full scale reading

2 Indicated Energy = EI = N/750 KWH

3 Actual Energy = EA = WT/(1000x3600) KWH

4 % Error = (EI – EA)x100 /EA %

Tabular column for UPF, full load adjustment

Indicated Actual Energy

% Error=
Brake I P N T energy WT
EA= EI−EA
magnet EI = N/750
1000×3600 ×
EA
positions (A) (W) (rev) (sec) ( KWH )
( % age .
(KWH)

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Specimen calculation for UPF, full load adjustment

1 Indicated Energy = EI = N/750 KWH

2 Actual Energy = EA = WT/(1000x3600) KWH

3 % Error = (EI – EA)x100 /EA %

Tabular column for calibration curve

Indicated Actual Energy % Error=

energy WT E I −E A
V I P N T EA= ×100
S.N. 1000×3600 EA
(V) (A) (W) (rev) (sec) EI = N/750 ( KWH ) ( % age .)
(KWH)

Specimen calculation for calibration curve

1 Indicated Energy = EI = N/750 KWH

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2 Actual Energy = EA = WT/(1000x3600) KWH

3 % Error = (ER – EA)x100 /EA %

Calibration curve

% error

Load Current (I)

Viva-Voce questions on 1-Phase EM

1 What is Energy and what is the practical unit of electrical energy?

2 What is an energy meter?

3 What is the basic and working principle of induction type energy meter?

4 What are the broad classification of 1EM? Explain briefly each classification.

5 What are copper shading bands in an 1EM? Where they are located? What is the use of it
and how?

6 What are errors in an 1EM?

7 What are the different adjustments in an 1EM? Why they are required?

8 What is creeping in an 1EM and what is the remedy?

9 What for Phantom loading method for 1EM ? What is this method? What is the advantage
of this method?

10 What is braking in a 1EM? Which part of EM will do it and how?

11 What are different friction errors in EM? How do they occur? What is the remedy to reduce
them?

12 What are the different torques exists in EM and how?

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13 Arrangement for control torque is necessary or not? Justify your answer.

5. MEASUREMENT OF 3-PHASE POWER USING TWO WATTMETERS IN A

BALANCED INDUCTIVE LOAD

Aim

Conduct an experiment to measure active & reactive power in a balanced 3-Phase inductive
load using only two watt-meters.

Theory

Three watt meters required to measure three phase power. But two watt meters are
sufficient to measure three phase power by placing the current coils of each wattmeter in any two
lines & connecting voltage terminals of each wattmeter to the third line. Then the active power is
given by P = W1+W2 and reactive power is given by Q = √3 (W1-W2).

Apparatus

1-Phase wattmeter - 600V,10A,LPF (2 No.s), MI voltmeter – 600V (1No.), MI ammeter - 10A

(1No.), 3-phase autotransformer (1No.), 3-Phase Lamp load (1No.) and 3-phase inductive load
(1No.)

Circuit diagram

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star connected
W1
W1=600V,10A,LPF Resistive load
600V,10A,UPF 0-10A
M L A S1 F1 R1
~

0-500V
V
R ~ ~ C V

Output
Input
S2 F2 Y1
Y ~
B ~ C V
3 Ph, 440V, 50Hz supply S3 F3 B1
M L
600V,10A,UPF
Auto transformer W2=600V,10A,LPF Inductive load
W2

Procedure

1. Calculate wattmeter constant of each wattmeter. Keep autotransformer in zero volt position,
supply switch in off position, inductive load in free rotating position and switch on 200W in
each phase in lamp load.

2. Use thin wires for voltmeter and potential coil of wattmeter.

3. Switch on 3-phase ac supply. Vary autotransformer and apply some voltage (say 300V).

4. Vary inductive load till ammeter read some current.

5. Note down meter readings and try for one more reading by increasing inductive load.

6. Bring back inductive load to initial free running position, bring back autotransformer to
zero volt position and switch off supply. Switch off lamp load.

7 Calculate active power, reactive power and verify them.

Tabular column

S. VL IL W1 W2 P= CosФ P= Q= SinФ Q=
N.
(V) (A) (W) (W) W1+W2 √ 3 V L I L Cos φ √ 3 (W -W ) √ 3 V L I L Sin φ
1 2

(W)
(Watts) (VA) (VA)

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Observation and Specimen calculation

1 Wattmeter constant = K1 = Vs Is (PF) / FSR

2 Wattmeter constant = K2 = Vs Is (PF) / FSR

Where

Vs = Voltage range selected, Is = Current range selected, PF = power factor of the W.M. =
0.2 (for LPF wattmeter), FSR = Full scale reading selected.

3 Active power = P = W1+W2

or

Active power = √3 VLILCosφ

4 Reactive Power = Q = √3 (W1 – W2)

or

Reactive Power = Q = √3VLILSinφ

( )
W 1−W 2
Cos φ= Cos {Tan−1 √ 3 }
W 1 +W 2
The Load Power factor ,
5

Viva-Voce questions on 3-Phase circuits

1 What are the expressions for wattmeter reading in two WM methods?

2 What is the effect of PF on wattmeter reading in a 3-phase power measurement?

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3 What is balanced load and balanced system?

4 What are the advantages of star and delta connections?

5 Give few practical examples for star & delta connections?

6 Present power system is resistive or inductive or capacitive?

7 The potential coil of the wattmeter is called as pressure coil. Why?

8 What are the errors in LPF electrodynamometer wattmeter and what is the remedy?

9 How do you measure 3-phase power using only one wattmeter?

10 What is the principle of connecting wattmeters for measuring 3-phase power?

11 What is useful power, useless power and virtual power?

12 How does reactive power is measured using one wattmeter?

13 How do you select voltage range, current range & type of (LPF & UPF) wattmeter for
conducting experiment?

14 In a 3 wire star or delta circuit, what are the directions of currents?

15 What is the value of neutral wire current in a balanced and unbalanced star connected
system?

16 What is the formula for PF in terms of 2 wattmeter readings in a balanced 3 phase load?

17 The PF angle φ in the equation, P=√3VLILcosφ is b/w VLIL?

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Experiment No. 6

Measurement of inductance of a choke coil by Ammeter-Voltmeter-Wattmeter method

Aim: To determine inductance of a choke coil by Ammeter-Voltmeter-Wattmeter method

Apparatus required:

S.N. Instrument Range Quantity

1 Ammeter 0-1 A (Moving Iron-MI-AC) 1
2 Voltmeter 0-300 V (Moving Iron-MI-AC) 1
3 Wattmeter 1A/300V/LPF 1
4 Choke coil 230 V, 0.4 A 1

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

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1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram and keep auto-transformer in zero-Volt position

2. Close the supply switch

3. Pass 0.1 A current by varying autotransformer and note down the reading of meters

4. Repeat step-3 for 0.2A, 0.3A and 0.4 A of current and note down readings for each step of
currents

5. Bring back autotransformer to zero-Volt position and open the supply switch

6. Calculate resistance and inductance of the choke coil

Tabular Column:

S.N. I V W Z R XL L
Amperes Volts Watts Ohms Ohms Ohms Henry
1 0.1
2 0.2
3 0.3
4 0.4

Specimen Calculations for S.N.2:

1. Impedance of the choke coil in Ohms

V
Z=
I

2. Power Factor of the choke coil, Resistance of the choke coil in Ohms

𝑅 = 𝑍𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃

3. Inductive reactance of the choke coil in Ohms,

X L =√ Z 2−R2

4. Inductance of the choke coil in Henry’s

XL
L=
2 πf
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Frequency of the AC supply, f=50 Hz

Result:

Inference:

Experiment No. 7

Series Resonance

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Aim: - To conduct an experiment on series RLC circuit and plot frequency response to determine
band width and quality factor

Components / Instruments Required:

Sl. No. Components/Instruments Range Quantity

1 Function generator 10 MHz/10 VPP 1

2 Decade resistance box 1

3 Decade Capacitor box 1

4 Decade Inductance box 1

5 Multimeter 1

6 Connecting wires

Theory

Resonance: It is a condition attained in RLC circuit when frequency or inductance or

capacitance is varied at which the reactance of the circuit is zero and hence impedance of the
circuit is resistive. In RLC series resonant circuits at resonance current is maximum, Impedance is
minimum, voltage across inductor and capacitor is equal to each other in magnitude and opposite
to each other in phase

Application of Resonance Principle:

1) Resonant circuits (series or parallel) are useful for constructing filters, as their transfer functions
can be highly frequency selective

2) They are used in selecting the desired stations in radio and TV receivers

3) The principle of resonance is used in resonant circuits in power electronics as Zero Voltage
Switching (ZVS) and Zero Current Switching (ZCS) to minimize switching frequency

Circuit Diagram

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Procedure:

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Keep at zero position of signal generator, DRB, DIB and DCB

3. Set R=100Ω in DRB, L=10mH in DIB and C=0.1µF in DCB

4. Switch ON signal generator. Select sine wave and set VPP=10V

5. Change frequency from 3kHz to 10kHz in steps of 1kHz

6. Note down the readings of frequency and current in the tabular column and observe the
reading of current. Its value increases and reaches maximum value and then decreases

7. Switch OFF signal generator

8. Plot frequency curve and determine band width

Observation

Frequency 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

kHz

Current

mA

Frequency Plot

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Calculations

1) To determine band width

Draw a line parallel to x-axis at I =0.707 I m on the frequency plot. It will cut the curve at two
points. Mark the frequencies corresponding to these points as f1 and f2

Band width=f2-f1

f r (Practical)
2) Quality factor=
Band Widt h

Where

fr=Resonant frequency

1 1
f r ( Theoritical ) = = =5035.47 Hz
2 π √ LC 2 π √10 m∗0.1 μ

Simulation circuit:

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R1 L1 C1

10m
100 0.1u

V1

10v

Procedure:

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure and enter the practical values , R= 100Ω, L =
10mH and C = 0.1uF.
2. Select the VAC source and provide the value as, VAC= 10V.
3. Go to new simulation profile.
4. Select AC sweep noise and give the following value:
Starting frequency = 1kHz
End frequency = 10kHz
Points = 10
5. Run and observe the simulation graph.

Expected Simulated Graph:

100mA

50mA

0A
1.0KHz 3.0KHz 5.0KHz 7.0KHz 9.0KHz
-I(C1)
Frequency

Result

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Inference

Exp. No. 8 : Date:

MEASUREMENT OF HIGH CURRENT USING CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Aim: To measure high current and high voltage by using current transformer(CT)

Name Plate Details: CT

Precautions:

i) The CT & PT should be loaded

ii) The CT secondary winding should be at least short circuited

THEORY:

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Transformer used in conjunction with measuring purpose are called Instrumentation transformer. Current
Transformer: The transformer used for the measurement of current is called current transformer. The
current is used with its primary winding connected in series with the line carrying the current to be
measured and therefore the primary current is dependent upon the load connected to the system is not
determined by the load connected to the secondary winding of CT. The primary consist of a very few turns
and therefore no drop in it. The secondary winding of the current transformer has larger number of times
the exact number being determined by the turn’s ratio.

Procedure:

Current Transformer:

i) Connections are given according to the circuit diagram

ii) The load is switched on one buy one and reading of both primary

and secondary readings are noted down

iii) The load is decreased gradually and the supply is switched off.

Formulae:

Primary winding Current ( Rated )

KCT =
Secondary winding Current (Rated )

RESULT:

Thus the high current measured using current transformer

To measure the High Current:

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To find KCT

Voltage (v) Current actual Current CT KCT

(A) (A)

Viva Questions:

1. What is a current transformer (CT)?

2. Why do we use current transformers for high current measurement?
3. What is the difference between a current transformer and a voltage transformer?
4. Explain the principle of operation of a current transformer.
5. What are the main components of a current transformer?
6. What are the types of current transformers?
7. What is the significance of the turns ratio in a current transformer?
Exp. No. 9 Date:
:

Measurement of choke coil parameters using 3 voltmeter Method

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Aim: To measure the parameters of choke coil a choke coil using three voltmeter method. Apparatus:
S.No Name of components Type Range Qty
1. Ammeter MI 0-2 A 1
2. Voltmeter MI 0-300V 3
3. 1-phase variac 1
4. Choke Coil 230V, 40W 1
5. Rheostat 1

Theory:

A choke coil is a part used in electrical circuits to allow DC current to flow through while blocking AC
current from passing. These coils are used in a number of electrical devices. When used as part of a
radio's circuitry, it falls into one of two frequency classes: audio or radio.
The choke coil parameters we are going to measure in this 3-voltmeter method are the inductance,
resistance as all choke coils have inherent resistance in addition to their inductance. We also measure
the quality factor and power absorbed by the given choke coil.
A given choke coil is usually represented by a pure inductance (L) in series with equivalent resistance (r).
This equivalent resistance takes into effect the iron losses in the core of the choke coil and the inherent
resistance of the choke coil. 3-Voltmeter method and 3-Ammeter method are two of the best ways to
measure these two parameters. Thus the equivalent resistance accounts for the copper loses in the
choke coil and the iron loses in the iron core.
The following figures represent the circuit diagram of 3-voltmeter, equivalent circuit of choke coil.
Circuit Diagram:

Fig: Connection for measurement of parameters of a choke coil using three voltmeter
method

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Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the variac at minimum (or) zero volt position.
3. Now switch on the power supply.
4. Gradually vary the variac at different voltages up to rated voltage of choke coil and simultaneously
note down the readings of the ammeter and three voltmeters.
5. Then adjust the variac to its minimum position.
6. Switch off the power supply.
7. Calculate the parameters of choke coil by the known formulae.

Observation Table:

S.No I V1 V2 V3 L
(amp) (volts) (volts) (volts) Cos ∅ P Ir (mH)
1. .
2.
3.
4

Calculations:

V1 = V2+V3-2V2V3 cos ∅

From the phasor diagram

cos ∅ =¿(V21 -V22 -V23 )

2V2V3

Power in the coil=P=V3I Cos ∅ Power

loss in the choke coil = I r

V3I (cos ∅ ¿ = I r

Choke coil resistance => r = V3/I (cos ∅ ¿ Impedance

of the coil => Z = V3/I

Coil reactance XL= √ Z 2 -r 2

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Coil inductance => L = XL/2 π f Henry

Precautions:

1. Initially set the variac to minimum position

2. Vary the variac such that the current and voltage are within the rated values.
Results:

Viva-Voce questions on KDB

1. How would you connect the voltmeters in this method to measure the different voltage drops
across the choke coil?
2. How do you differentiate between the resistive and inductive components of the voltage drop in
the 3-Voltmeter method?
3. What is the relationship between the voltage readings from the voltmeters and the inductance
and resistance of the choke coil?
4. How is the phase angle between the voltage and current in the choke coil related to the
inductance and reactance?
5. In what types of circuits would you typically use a choke coil, and why is it important to measure
its parameters accurately?

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENT LAB B22EE0307