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 AgriculturAl
MechAnics
Fundamentals and Applications

7th edition

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 Agricultural
Mechanics
Fundamentals and Applications

7th Edition

Ray V. Herren, Ed.D.

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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 Agricultural Mechanics: Fundamentals and © 2019, 2015 Cengage
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 tAble oF
contents
At A glAnce

Preface xiv
About the Author xxi

section 1 exploring careers in Agricultural Mechanics

unit 1 Mechanics in the World of Agriculture 2
unit 2 Career Options in Agricultural Mechanics 11

section 2 using the Agricultural Mechanics shop

unit 3 Shop Orientation and Procedures 26
unit 4 Personal Safety in Agricultural Mechanics 37
unit 5 Reducing Hazards in Agricultural Mechanics 50
unit 6 Shop Cleanup and Organization 61

section 3 hand Woodworking and Metalworking

unit 7 Hand Tools, Fasteners, and Hardware 72
unit 8 Layout Tools and Procedures 97
unit 9 Selecting, Cutting, and Shaping Wood 119
unit 10 Fastening Wood 138
unit 11 Finishing Wood 153
unit 12 Identifying, Marking, Cutting, and Bending Metal 165
unit 13 Fastening Metal 183

section 4 Power tools in the Agricultural Mechanics shop

unit 14 Portable Power Tools 202
unit 15 Woodworking with Power Machines 224
unit 16 Adjusting and Maintaining Power Woodworking
Equipment 247
unit 17 Metalworking with Power Machines 259

section 5 Project Planning

unit 18 Sketching and Drawing Projects 272
unit 19 Figuring a Bill of Materials 289
unit 20 Selecting, Planning, and Building a Project 300

section 6 tool Fitting

unit 21 Repairing and Reconditioning Tools 314
unit 22 Sharpening Tools 327

v
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vi Table of Contents at a Glance

Section 7 Gas Heating, Cutting, Brazing, and Welding

Unit 23 Using Gas Welding Equipment 342
Unit 24 Cutting with Oxyfuels and Other Gases 352
Unit 25 Brazing and Welding with Oxyacetylene 364

Section 8 Arc Welding

Unit 26 Selecting and Using Arc Welding Equipment 382
Unit 27 Arc Welding Mild Steel and GMAW/GTAW Welding 394

Section 9 Painting
Unit 28 Preparing Wood and Metal for Painting 424
Unit 29 Selecting and Applying Painting Materials 436

Section 10 Power Mechanics

Unit 30 Fundamentals of Small Engines 454
Unit 31 Small Engine Maintenance and Repair 468
Unit 32 Diesel Engines and Tractor Maintenance 491

Section 11 Electricity and Electronics

Unit 33 Electrical Principles and Wiring Materials 504
Unit 34 Installing Branch Circuits 522
Unit 35 Electronics in Agriculture 534
Unit 36 Electric Motors, Drives, and Controls 551

Section 12 Plumbing, Hydraulic, and Pneumatic Systems

Unit 37 Plumbing 574
Unit 38 Irrigation Technology 594
Unit 39 Hydraulic, Pneumatic, and Robotic Power 608

Section 13 Concrete and Masonry

Unit 40 Concrete and Masonry 624

Section 14 Agricultural Structures

Unit 41 Planning and Constructing Agricultural Structures 646
Unit 42 Aquaculture, Greenhouse, and Hydroponics Structures 670
Unit 43 Fence Design and Construction 684

Appendix A Projects 700

Appendix B Data Tables 763
Appendix C Supervised Agricultural Experience 787
Appendix D National FFA Career Development Events
and Leadership Events 799
Glossary/Glosario 801
Index 848

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 Contents

Preface xiv
About the Author xxi

Section 1 Exploring Careers in Agricultural Mechanics

Unit 1 Mechanics in the World of Agriculture 2
The Role of Agricultural Mechanics 5
The Influence of Mechanization 5
Summary 8
Unit 2 Career Options in Agricultural Mechanics 11
Agriculture Is Number One 13
Agricultural Divisions 14
Career Selection 16
Agricultural Education Programs 18
Meeting the Challenge 20
Summary 22

Section 2 Using the Agricultural Mechanics Shop

Unit 3 Shop Orientation and Procedures 26
The Shop as a Place to Learn 27
Policies for Safe Procedures in the Shop 32
Summary 34
Unit 4 Personal Safety in Agricultural Mechanics 37
Safety in the Workplace 38
Safety Colors 40
Focal Colors 42
Protective Clothing and Devices 42
Summary 47
Unit 5 Reducing Hazards in Agricultural Mechanics 50
Reducing Fire Hazards 51
Extinguishing Fires 52
Signs of Danger 55
Emergencies or Accidents 57
Summary 58
Unit 6 Shop Cleanup and Organization 61
A Clean and Orderly Shop 62
Reasons for Keeping the Shop Clean 62
Equipment and Containers Useful for Shop Cleanup 63
Techniques for Effective Cleaning 64
Shop Cleanup Systems 65
Summary 68

vii
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viii Contents

Section 3 Hand Woodworking and Metalworking

Unit 7 Hand Tools, Fasteners, and Hardware 72
Tool Classifications 73
Fasteners 81
Hardware 90
Summary 92
Unit 8 Layout Tools and Procedures 97
Materials Used for Layout Tools 99
Systems of Measurement 100
Measuring Tools 101
Squares and Their Uses 105
Squaring Large Areas 109
Dividers and Scribers 110
Levels 110
Lines 110
Using Patterns 111
Summary 115
Unit 9 Selecting, Cutting, and Shaping Wood 119
Characteristics of Wood and Lumber 121
Cutting and Shaping Wood with Saws 129
Cutting and Shaping Wood with Boring and Drilling Tools 131
Cutting a Board to Width 132
Cutting Dados and Rabbets 134
Summary 135
Unit 10 Fastening Wood 138
Types of Joints 139
Fastening with Nails 140
Fastening with Screws 143
Fastening with Bolts 147
Fastening with Glue 147
Using Dowel Pins 148
Summary 150
Unit 11 Finishing Wood 153
Preparing Wood for Finishes 154
Applying Clear Finishes 157
Wood Stains 159
Solvents and Thinners 160
Use and Care of Brushes 161
Summary 163
Unit 12 Identifying, Marking, Cutting, and Bending Metal 165
Identifying Metals 167
Marking Metal 171
Cutting Metal 172
Bending Metal 177
Summary 180
Unit 13 Fastening Metal 183
Making Holes in Metal 184
Threading Metal 187
Fastening Metal Using Bolts and Screws 191

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 Contents ix

Fastening with Rivets 192

Fastening Metals with Solder 193
Summary 197

Section 4 Power Tools in the Agricultural Mechanics Shop

Unit 14 Portable Power Tools 202
Safety Precautions 203
Power Cords 204
Air-Driven Tools 205
Portable Drills 208
Portable Sanders 210
Portable Saws 214
Power Routers 218
Summary 220
Unit 15 Woodworking with Power Machines 224
Safety with Power Machines 225
Band Saw 226
Jigsaw 228
Table Saw 230
Radial-Arm Saw 234
Miter Saws 236
Jointer 237
Planers 239
Sanders 241
Summary 242
Unit 16 Adjusting and Maintaining Power Woodworking 247
Equipment
Adjusting the Table Saw 249
Adjusting the Band Saw 251
Adjusting the Jointer 253
Adjusting the Planer 255
Summary 257
Unit 17 Metalworking with Power Machines 259
The Drill Press 260
Grinder 261
Metal-Cutting Power Saws 264
Power Shears 266
Metal Benders 267
Summary 267

Section 5 Project Planning

Unit 18 Sketching and Drawing Projects 272
Representing by Sketching and Drawing 273
Elements of a Plan 275
Scale Drawing 277
Making a Three-View Drawing 279
Summary 286
Unit 19 Figuring a Bill of Materials 289
Components of a Bill of Materials 290
Units of Measure 291

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x Contents

Calculating Board Feet 292

Pricing Materials 295
Summary 297
Unit 20 Selecting, Planning, and Building a Project 300
Purposes of Projects 301
Scope of Projects 301
Selecting a Project 303
Preparing a Plan 304
Design 304
Summary 310

Section 6 Tool Fitting

Unit 21 Repairing and Reconditioning Tools 314
Protecting Tool Surfaces 316
Repairing Damaged Tools 318
Summary 325
Unit 22 Sharpening Tools 327
Tools Used for Sharpening 328
Cutting Edges 329
Testing for Sharpness 330
Sharpening Tools 330
Summary 337

Section 7 Gas Heating, Cutting, Brazing, and Welding

Unit 23 Using Gas Welding Equipment 342
General Safety with Compressed Gases 343
Summary 350
Unit 24 Cutting with Oxyfuels and Other Gases 352
Oxyfuel Processes 353
Characteristics of Oxyfuels 353
Cutting Steel with Oxyfuels 355
Plasma Arc Cutting 361
Summary 362
Unit 25 Brazing and Welding with Oxyacetylene 364
Basics of Soldering, Brazing, and Fusion Welding 365
Brazing and Braze-Welding Procedures 369
Fusion Welding with Oxyacetylene 373
Summary 377

Section 8 Arc Welding

Unit 26 Selecting and Using Arc Welding Equipment 382
Arc Welding Process and Principles 383
Welding Equipment 385
Electrodes 389
Summary 392
Unit 27 Arc Welding Mild Steel and GMAW/GTAW Welding 394
Safety Procedures 395
Setting Up 397
Striking the Arc 398
Running Beads 400
Welding Joints 402
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 Contents xi

Welding in Various Positions 406

Welding Pipe 408
Piercing, Cutting, and Spot Welding 409
GMAW Welding 410
Automated and Robotic Welding 418
Summary 418
Section 9 Painting
Unit 28 Preparing Wood and Metal for Painting 424
Preservatives 426
Preparing Wood for Painting 426
Steam Cleaning Machinery 428
Preparing Machines for Painting 430
Masking for Spray Painting 432
Estimating Paint Jobs 432
Summary 433
Unit 29 Selecting and Applying Painting Materials 436
Selecting Paint 437
Using Brushes 439
Using Rollers 441
Using Aerosols 443
Spray-Painting Equipment 444
Spray-Painting Procedures 446
Summary 450

Section 10 Power Mechanics

Unit 30 Fundamentals of Small Engines 454
Safety Precautions 455
Types of Combustion Engines 455
Engine Systems 459
Summary 465
Unit 31 Small Engine Maintenance and Repair 468
Safety Precautions 469
Tools for Engine Repair 469
Maintenance of Small Engine Systems 469
Troubleshooting and Repair 476
Summary 483
Unit 32 Diesel Engines and Tractor Maintenance 491
How a Diesel Engine Operates 492
Maintaining Diesel Engines and Farm Tractors 494
Summary 501

Section 11 Electricity and Electronics

Unit 33 Electrical Principles and Wiring Materials 504
Principles of Electricity 505
Electrical Safety 509
Electrical Wiring 510
Summary 519
Unit 34 Installing Branch Circuits 522
The Entrance Panel 524
Wiring Boxes 524
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xii Contents

Wiring a Switch and Light 526

Testing a Circuit 528
Wiring Lights with Three-Way Switches 529
Summary 532
Unit 35 Electronics in Agriculture 534
Development of Electronics 536
Principles of Electronics 537
Agricultural Applications 545
Food Distribution 547
Strategies for Maintaining Electronics Equipment 548
Summary 548
Unit 36 Electric Motors, Drives, and Controls 551
Selecting Electric Motors 552
Interpreting Nameplate Information 555
Motor Drives 555
Electric Motor Controls 558
Maintaining Motors, Drives, and Controls 569
Summary 569

Section 12 Plumbing, Hydraulic, and Pneumatic Systems

Unit 37 Plumbing 574
Tools for Plumbing 575
Identifying, Selecting, and Connecting Pipe 577
Identifying Pipe Fittings 582
Maintaining Water Systems 582
Summary 591
Unit 38 Irrigation Technology 594
Irrigation Planning 595
Water Requirements 595
Irrigation Systems 596
Managing Irrigation 602
Summary 605
Unit 39 Hydraulic, Pneumatic, and Robotic Power 608
Principles of Fluid Dynamics 609
Hydraulic Systems 614
Filtering Systems 617
Pneumatic Systems 618
Robotics 618
Summary 620

Section 13 Concrete and Masonry

Unit 40 Concrete and Masonry 624
Masonry Construction 625
Concrete Construction 625
Mixing Concrete 628
Estimating Materials for a Job 630
Preparing Forms for Concrete 630
Insulating Concrete Floors 631
Making Joints 632
Reinforcing Concrete 632

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 Contents xiii

Pouring, Finishing, and Curing Concrete 633

Laying Masonry Units 635
Summary 642

Section 14 Agricultural Structures

Unit 41 Planning and Constructing Agricultural Structures 646
Planning Agricultural Buildings 647
Constructing Agricultural Buildings 649
Building Materials 649
Laying out Stairs and Rafters 657
Insulating Agriculture Structures 658
Rope Work in Agricultural Settings 663
Summary 666
Unit 42 Aquaculture, Greenhouse, and Hydroponics Structures 670
Environmental Structures Used in Aquaculture 671
Greenhouses 675
Hydroponics 680
Summary 681
Unit 43 Fence Design and Construction 684
Early Uses of Fences 685
Modern Fences 686
Constructing Fences 691
Summary 693

Appendix A Projects 700

Appendix B Data Tables 763
Appendix C Supervised Agricultural Experience 787
Appendix D National FFA Career Development Events
and Leadership Events 799
Glossary/Glosario 801
Index 848

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 Preface

Agricultural mechanics is one of the most widely substitute teachers. It also provides easy methods to
taught courses in agricultural education programs. It assess student progress. Each unit is part of a sec-
is taught in all 50 states and is considered to be among tion, and each includes (1) a statement of objective,
the most useful courses taught. Like any applied sci- (2) competencies to be developed, (3) a list of new
ence, this discipline is constantly changing as new terms, (4) a materials list, (5) highly illustrated text
advances are made and new techniques and equipment material, (6) student activities, and (7) self-evalua-
are put into use. Agricultural Mechanics: Fundamentals tion. This edition contains updated relevant websites
and Applications has for many years been a standard that provide more information on the unit topics. All
text for students studying agricultural mechanics. new terms are carefully defined in the text as well as
It grew out of the need for an easy-to-read, easy-to- in the glossary.
understand, and highly illustrated text on modern agri- The appendices include 40 project plans with bills
cultural mechanics for high school and post-secondary of materials and construction procedures. The projects
programs. This edition addresses the specific needs of were carefully selected to match the skills covered in
students enrolled in agriscience, production agricul- the text. Plans include some projects that have become
ture, ornamental horticulture, agribusiness, agricul- classics in the field, some that cover targeted enter-
tural mechanics, and natural resources programs. All prises, and some that are new and innovative. The
of these areas require basic knowledge and skills in projects were also chosen because they are used in high
mechanics to succeed in a career path. The text starts school agriculture/agribusiness, agriscience, or related
with very basic and general information, such as career programs.
opportunities, and then provides instruction on basic The appendices also include 36 tables contain-
mechanical skills and applications. ing information for estimating, planning, selecting,
This seventh edition focuses on additional tech- purchasing, and building in agricultural mechanics.
nical information, as needed, throughout. The text The project plans, tables, glossary, and index provide
is consistent in format, easy to use for individual- unique reference materials that, for many users, are
ized instruction, easy to teach from, and simple for alone worth the price of the text.

xiv
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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