IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF TANZANIA

AT MOSHI

(CORAM: SEHEL. 3.A.. KEREFU. 3.A. And MLACHA, J.A.l

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 304 OF 2019

CATHERINE HONORATI........ .................. .......... ............. ..... APPELLANT

VERSUS
CRDB BANK.......................................................... ..... 1st RESPONDENT
METHOD KAUNGA MORIS........ ............... ............ ..... ...2nd RESPONDENT
HONORATI BIASHARA JOHN LYOMBE....................... .....3rd RESPONDENT
(Appeal from the Judgment and Decree of the High Court of Tanzania
Land Division at Moshi)

(Mwinawa, J/i

dated 16th day of December, 2015

in
Land Case No. 15 of 2011

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT

4th & 15Bl December, 2023

MLACHA, J.A.:

This appeal is against the decision of the High Court of Tanzania at

Moshi in Land Case No. 15 of 2011. In that case, the appellant,

Catherine Honorati, was the plaintiff. The respondents, CRBD Bank,

Method Kaunga Moris and Honorati Biashara John Lyombe were the first,

second and third defendants, respectively. We shall hereinafter refer to

i
them as first, second and third respondents, respectively or simply

through their names wherever possible.

It was the appellant's case that she was married by Honorati

Biashara John Lyombe on 11/3/1989 at Kirua Roman Catholic parish

Moshi. During the subsistence of their marriage, they were blessed with

five issues. That, sometimes in 1996, their father in law, John

Makereme, bought a house from National Housing Corporation (the

NHC) situated at Plot No. 127, Block L, section II, Moshi Municipality and

gave it to them as their matrimonial home. The house was registered in

the name of Honorati John Kilawe in 2006, They lived in the house

peacefully, but later in the year 2010, her husband left and went to live

at unknown place. She continued to live in the said house with her

children until 16/6/2011 when she was served with a 14 days' notice

from the first respondent informing her that the house could be sold

because the second and third respondent had defaulted repayment of a

loan. On making follow up, she noted that the house had been

mortgaged by the third respondent to the first respondent on 4/2/2010

to secure a loan in favour of the second respondent. It came to her

knowledge that there was an outstanding amount of TZS 47,415,017,38

based on which the first respondent had a plan to sell the house. In an

effort to resist the sale, she moved to file the case alleging that her

consent as a wife was not obtained before mortgaging the house as

provided under section 161 (3) of the Land Act, Cap 113, R.E. 2019.

It was the defence of the first respondent that the house was

properly mortgaged because it is not a matrimonial property. That, since

the mortgagor, Honorati John Kilawe, had no wife, there was no need

for obtaining the spouse consent. She attached an affidavit of the said

Honorati John Kilawe where he deposed that he had no wife.

Third respondent agreed that the house was mortgaged to the first

defendant to secure a loan in favour of the second respondent but

stated that he was merely requested to sign the documents without

knowing the details. The second respondent neither filed a defence nor

entered appearance. As time went on, the third defendant disappeared

as well. Given the continual absence of the second and third

respondents, the trial court granted a prayer to proceed with hearing of

the suit exparte against the second and third respondents. The appellant
gave evidence and called 2 witnesses to support her case. The first

respondent called one witness.

Five issues framed by the trial court for its determination, were;

1. Whether the plaintiff is married to the third defendant.

2. Whether the suit land was matrimonial home.

3. Whether consent o f the plaintiff was required to mortgage the

property.

4. Whether the defendant exercised due diligence in accepting to

mortgage the property.

5. What reliefs are the parties entitled to.

Having heard the evidence from both sides, the trial court was

persuaded with the marriage certificate, exhibit PI, and held that the

appellant was married to the third respondent. It thus answered the first

issue in the positive. Nevertheless, having noted that the title deed,

exhibit P2, was registered in the name of Honorati John Kilawe, who was

not a party to the suit, the trial court held that the third respondent and

Honorati John Kilawe were not one and the same person. It therefore

answered the second issue in negative.

 For the fourth issue, the trial court observed that, the first

respondent visited the disputed property and asked neigbours

concerning the mortgagor, it was held that the first respondent exercised

due diligence in accepting the mortgage. The issue was answered in the

negative. Accordingly, it dismissed the suit as observed above.

The memorandum of appeal has 9 grounds. There were also two

additional grounds making a total of 11 grounds of appeal. The grounds

of appeal contained in the original memorandum of appeal read as

follows:

1. That'f the trialjudge erred in iaw and fact to hold that the appellant
failed to prove her case over the disputed area while the evidence
showed that the appellant is the real spouse o f the 3 d respondent

2. That, the trial judge contradicted himself when he rightly held\

while deciding the first issue, that the 3 d respondent was married
to the appellant (plaintiff) but went on to rule out while deciding
the third issue, that the appellant and the third respondent were
not married.

3. That, the trialjudge erred to hold that there was no evidence that
showed that Honorati John Kilawe and Honorati Biashara John
Lyombe are one and the same person, a fact which was admitted
 by the J d respondent in his defense and he ignored the evidence
given by plaintiff's witnesses including her children and the ten cell
leader all who testified that the J d respondent is the husband of
the appellant and used the name o f Honorati John Kilawe together
with that o f Honorati John Biashara Lyombe interchangeably.

4. The trial judge erred to ignore the fact that the Ist defendant did
not conduct a thorough due diligence over the suit premises
despite the fact that there was a marriage certificate that was
attached to the mortgage agreement showing that the third
respondent (also known as Honorati John Kilawe) was a married
person and thus the spousal consent was required.

5. That, the trial judge erred to believe the evidence o f the 1st
respondent (1st defendant) book, line and sinker that due diligence
was conducted while the 1st respondent did not provide any proof
evidencing the same which would have included the evidence from
the leadership o f the street (Mtaa) where the disputed house is
located together with the names o f the people that told it that
Honorati John Kilawe was not married and that the said house
belonged to him alone.

6. That, the trialjudge erred in law and fact to rely on the purported
affidavit o f Honorati John Kilawe which lacked the jurat o f
attestation as required by the law.
7. That, the trialjudge erred in law and fact to rely on the purported
affidavit o f Honorati John Kilawe whose jurat o f attestation was
fatally defective for lack o f disclosure o f the name o f the person
who swore it, the place where it was sworn, the date unto which it
sworn and whether the magistrate who attested the same knew
the deponent or that the deponent was identified to him by
another person.

8. That, the trialjudge erred in law to hold that despite the fact that
3rd respondent (defendant) admitted in his defence that he
mortgaged the matrimonial house and was married to the
appellant, the 3 d defendant was supposed to come and testify in
court ignoring the fact that the 3rd respondent was not the
appellant's witness, the appellant was not duty bound to make him
testify on her behalf; that the 3 d respondent absented himself
after filing his defence; and that the Court was duty bound to
make requisite orders against him including evaluating his defense.

9. That, the trial judge erred in law and fact not to hold that the 3 d
respondent mortgaged the matrimonial home without seeking and
obtaining spousal consent o f the appellant and thus the purported
mortgage between him (Honorati John Kilawe also known as
Honorati John Kilawe) to the 1st respondent was null and void.

The two additional grounds read as under:

 1. The trial court being a Land Court, erred in iaw by hearing and
deciding Land Case No. 15 o f 2011 without the aid o f two
assessors contrary to rule 5 (f) o f the High Court Registries
(Amendment) Rules 2001 GN. 63 o f 2001 as amended by the
High Court Registries (Amendment) Rules 2005 GN. No. 364 o f
2005.
2. The trial court erred in iaw when it failed to pronounce default
judgment in favour o f the appellant considering that all three
respondents did not file Written Statement o f Defence to the
plaint filed on 15th October, 2005 as per court order dated 8th
October, 2015.

At the hearing of the appeal, Dr. Chacha Murungu, learned

advocate, holding brief of Dr. Rugemeleza Nshala, learned advocate,

appeared for the appellant with full instruction to proceed with the

hearing. The first respondent was represented by Mr. Mathias Samwel,

learned advocate. The second and third respondents were absent

despite being served with notice of hearing through publication.

Therefore the hearing of the appeal proceeded in their absence in terms

of rule 102 (2) of The Tanzania Court of Appeal Rules, 2009.

When Dr. Murungu was invited to make his submission, he prayed

to drop the first additional ground of appeal and argued the second

8
additional ground of appeal as the main ground. Making reference to

page 105 of the record of appeal, Dr. Murungu submitted that the

appellant prayed to amend the plaint which prayer was granted after

there was no objection from the other side. It was ordered that the

amended plaint be filed on or before 15/10/2015. He submitted that, on

22/10/2015, when the case was called for mention, Mr. Sandi, counsel

for the first respondent, acknowledged to have been served with the

amended plaint but prayed to adopt the written statement of defence

(WDS) which was filed prior to the amendments. It was his submission

that it was wrong for the trial court to proceed to hear the case in the

absence of an amended WSD from the respondents. He contended that,

following the prayer to amend the plaint which was granted by the court,

the respondents were supposed to file amended WSD but they did not

file it. He challenged the procedure used by the trial court to allow the

first respondent to adopt her earlier WSD as an illegal procedure.

Making reference to the case of Airtel Tanzania Limited v. Ose

Power Salutions Limited, Civil Appeal No. 206 of 2017 (unreported),

the counsel submitted that, since there was no amended WSD to the
amended plaint, the trial court was supposed to act under Order VIII

rule 14 of the Civil Procedure Code Cap. 33 R.E. 2017 (the CPC) and

pronounce default judgment. He urged the Court to invoke section 4 (2)

of the Appellate Jurisdiction Act, Cap. 141, R.E. 2019 (the AJA) and

quash the trial court's proceedings from 22/10/2015 onwards, nullify the

judgment, set aside the decree of the trial court, and step into the shoes

of the trial court to pronounce the default judgment. To cement his

prayer, he cited to us the case of Joe R.M. Rugarabamu v. Tanzania

Tea Blenders Limited (1990) T.L.R. 24, For the remaining grounds

which were agued in the alternative, the learned counsel adopted his

written submission to form part of his oral submission,

Reading through the written submissions, we could find a

submission on grounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 argued conjunctively. No

submission was made on ground number 6. Counsel submitted that

proof that the appellant was married by the third respondent is

evidenced by a marriage certificate which has the name Honorati

Biashara John Lyombe. He went on to submit that it was necessary to

obtain the consent of the appellant because there was evidence that she
was married by the third respondent. This fact is also admitted by the

third respondent in his WSD, he submitted. He proceeded to submit that

there was evidence from PW1, PW2 and PW3 showing that the appellant

and the third respondent lived in the house. It was also part of his

submission that the names were used by the third respondent

interchangeably. He went ahead and said that what was done by the

first respondent contradict section 114 (1) (a) and (b) of The Land Act,

Cap 113 and Land Form No.42 of the Land (Mortgage) Regulations on

matrimonial home. He added that, the trial judge did not consider the

point that there was no due diligence on the part of the first respondent.

For the seventh ground of appeal, the counsel for the appellant

submitted that, the affidavit which supported the mortgage transaction

contained lies and had a defective verification clause.

The reply of the counsel for the first respondent on the additional

ground was short. That, the first respondent supported the order made

by the trial court that the WSD filed earlier on, before the amended

plaint is adopted. He argued that, since the amendment was minor as it

did not change the claim of the appellant, it was correct for the trial

li
court to allow the first respondent to adopt her earlier filed WSD. The

learned counsel did not see the base for granting a default judgment.

Submitting on grounds one and two, Mr. Samwel argued that the

appellant failed to prove that the loan was taken by the third

respondent, a person not known to the first respondent. He pointed out

that, the mortgage does not bear the name of the third respondent but

the name of Honorati John Kilawe. In that regard, he supported the

finding of the trial court found at page 128 of the record of appeal that,

the appellant is not the wife of Honorati John Kilawe. He further pointed

out that Honorati John Kilawe filed an affidavit showing that he is not

married. That the first respondent conducted due diligence where it was

established that Honorati John Kilawe had no wife. Subsequently, a loan

was issued to the second respondent and secured by the third

respondent's mortgage.

Submitting on grounds three and four, the counsel for the first

respondent argued that, throughout the loan transactions there was no

problem of names because the name of the mortgagor was exactly the

same as reflected in the title deed. He added that the certificate of

marriage attached to the plaint and admitted in evidence as exhibit PI

was not part of the mortgage deed.

On ground five, the counsel for the first respondent referred the

Court to the case of Hadija Issa Arerary v. Tanzania Postal Bank,

Civil Appeal No. 135 of 2017 (unreported) on the duties of the Bank and

submitted that, if the mortgagor is not married, the first respondent will

demand an affidavit showing he is not married. Upon being satisfied

through affidavit that he has no wife, the first respondent can proceed

with loan transactions. At the end, the learned counsel urged the Court

to uphold the decision of the trial court and dismiss the appeal.

In rejoinder, Dr. Murungu submitted that the affidavit contradicts

with the marriage certificate and thus it has no legal effect. He further

argued that the said affidavit is defective because its verification clause

does not show the deponent and the person who identified the

deponent. The counsel for the appellant also submitted that the defect

on the affidavit proves that the first respondent did not do a proper due

diligence. He added that if serious efforts were made, even by a simple

inquiry at the local government, the firs respondent would have realized
that Honorati John Kilawe, the mortgagor had a wife. When probed by

the Court as to why the appellant did not object for exhbit PI to be

admitted in evidence, counsel decided to leave it to the Court.

Having closely read the record of appeal, considered the grounds

of appeal and heard the submission of the parties, both oral and written,

the issue for our determination is whether the appeal has any merit.

We shall start by the additional ground of appeal by making

reference to a book by Mulla oh The Indian Code of Civil

Procedure, 19th Edition at page 1794, where it reads:

"In respect o f amendment o f pleadings, the Court

may at any stage o f the proceedings allow either
party to alter or amend his pleadings in such a
manner and on such terms as may be just, and
all such amendments shall be made as may be
necessary for the purpose o f determining the real
question o f controversy between the parties"

The above is mirrored in our Order VI Rule 17 of the CPC, that, the

Court, at any stage of the proceedings, can allow either party to alter or

14
amend his pleadings to enable the court to determine the real question

in controversy.

The learned author went on to say:

"It is well-settled that, an amendment o f plaint

and amendment of written statements are not
necessarily governed by exactly the same
principle. "

The plaintiff having been permitted to amend the plaint, the

defendant is also entitled to amend the WSD but the scope of

amending the WSD is limited to the amended pleading introduced in

the plaint.

The Court had in several occasions discussed the question of

amendment of pleadings. It did so in the cases of Morogoro

Hunting Safaris Limited v. Halima Mohamed Manuya, Civil

Appeal No. 117 of 2011, General Manager African Barrick Gold

Mine Ltd v. Chacha Kigua & 5 Others, Civil Appeal No. 50 of 2017,

Peter Wegesa Chacha Timasi & 2 Others, Civil Appeal No. 49 of

2020 and Airtel Tanzania Limited v. Ose Power Solutions

15
Limited, Civil Appeal No. 206 of 2017 (All unreported). In Airtel

Tanzania Limited (supra) we said the following:

"Indeed, as rightly propounded by the

respondent’s counsel, and seen from the cases
referred to above, the settled position is that
upon filing an amended plaint, the original plaint
ceases to exist The same when an amended
WSD is filed inferring the end o f the original
WSD".

In the present appeal, we reiterate the same position that after the

appellant had amended her plaint on 15/10/2015, the original plaint filed

on 9/8/2011 ceased to exist. The cessation did not extend to the first

respondent's pleading because there was no amended WSD filed. The

amendment made by the appellant was in respect of her plaint. Further,

we gathered from the record of appeal that the amendment of the plaint

was in respect of correcting the heading of the plaint, instead of reading

"High Court" it read "Land Division". Also it geared at inserting exact

amount in the paragraph conferring jurisdiction to the High Court.

Essentially, it was more of a correction of some typos in the plaint which

did not alter the claim of the appellant. That being the case, we find that
the trial judge was correct in allowing the first respondent to adopt the

WSD because it was not affected by the amendments. The additional

ground is thus found without merit and dismissed.

We shall now move to consider the first, second, third, fourth, fifth,

eighth and ninth grounds Which were argued collectively by the learned

counsel for the appellant. These grounds of appeal raise critical issues

whether what was done by the trial court rejecting the appellant's claim

on differences of names was correct.

At paragraph 5 of the amended plaint, the appellant claimed that

the third respondent was her husband following their celebrated wedding

on 11/3/1989. She further claimed at para 10 of the amended plaint that

the third respondent is the same as Honorati John Kilawe. To establish

her claim, she testified before the trial court as PW1. Her evidence is

found at pages 107 to 113 of the record of appeal. At page 107 of the

same record, she said that she was married by Honorati John Lyombe

Kilawe in 1989. She tendered a marriage certificate and it was admitted

in evidence as exhibit PI. This exhibit shows that PW1 was married to

Honorati Biashara John Lyombe. At page 111 of the same record, PW1
said that the proper name of her husband is Honorati Biashara John

Lyombe. PW1 further tendered the certificate of title which was also

admitted in evidence as exhibit P2. The appellant further called Merkior

Alfred Mlingi (PW2), the ten cell leader of the area where PW1 was

residing, and Patrick Honorati Kilawe, her son. Both testified that the

third respondent was also known by the name of Honorati John Kilawe.

The learned counsel for the appellant argued that the evidence on

record contradicts what was said by the trial court. With profound

respect to the submission of the counsel for the appellant, the name

Honorati Biashara John Lyombe is not the same as Honorati John Kilawe

which appears in the mortgage deed. This fact is also admitted by the

appellant as when she was cross examined by the counsel for the first

respondent, at page 111 of the record of appeal, she said that the

guarantor to CRDB loan is Honorati John Kilawe.

In the case of Joseph F. Mbwiliza v. Kobwa Mohamed

Lyeselo Msukuma (Legal Representative/ Administratrix of the

Estate of the Late Rashid Mohamed Lyeselo) and Another, Civil

Appeal No. 227 of 2019 30 (Unreported), The Court was faced with a

similar scenario and said that:

"Worth noting, is the fact that, any oral

agreement between the parties if they ever
existed, could not override the written
agreement where there is nothing to show the
terms had been amended by the parties"

The Court went on to state that:

"... once parties to a contract reduce their

agreement into writing, the written agreement
prevails in terms o f section 101 o f the Tanzania
Evidence Act, Cap 6 R.E 2019 (the Evidence Act).
This principle was restated by the Court in the
case o f Lufu Victor Kayombo (supra) stating that:
Documentary evidence reflected repositories and
memorial o f truth as agreed between the parties
and retained the sanctity o f their understanding"

In the present appeal, marriage certificate which is the basis of the

relation between the appellant and the third respondent has the names

of Honorati Biashara John Lyombe, whereas, the mortgage deed has the

names of Honorati John Kilawe. Obviously, these are two different

19
names. These two names appearing in two different documents, cannot

be overridden by the oral account of PW1, PW2 and PW3. We therefore

find that the trial court correctly held that Honorati John Kilawe is not

the same as Honorati Biashara John Lyombe. Further, we have noted

that the title deed was issued on 17/8/2006, prior to the issuance of the

loan in 2010 and its subsequent mortgage deed executed on 4/2/2010.

As such we see no evidence of collusion or fraud.

In the end we concur with the trial court that the appellant failed

to establish her connection to the title deed and the name indicated

therein. She failed to prove her case. Accordingly, we find that the first,

second, third, fourth, fifth, eighth and ninth grounds of appeal are

baseless and we proceed to dismiss them.

Having found that the third respondent is not Honorati John

Kilawe, we see no need to belabor on the seventh ground of appeal that

challenges the validity of the affidavit as to do so it will be for academic

purpose. We also observed that the appellant did not submit on the sixth

ground of appeal of which we take that he has abandoned it.

20
 All said and done, we find that the appeal is devoid of merit and is

hereby dismissed. In circumstances of the present appeal, we make no

order as to costs.

DATED at MOSHI this 15th day of December, 2023.

B. M. A. SEHEL
JUSTICE OF APPEAL

R. J. KEREFU
JUSTICE OF APPEAL

L. M. MLACHA
JUSTICE OF APPEAL

The Judgment delivered this 15th day of December, 2023 via Video

Conference linked from High Court Moshi to Dar es Salaam, in the

presence of Mr. John Karol Chogoro, learned advocate holding brief for

Dr. Chacha Murungu, learned advocate for the appellant, Mr. Mathiya

Samwel, learned advocate for the 1st respondent and absence of 2nd and

3rd respondents, is hereby certified as a true copy of the original.