Electronic Devices and Circuits CEP

Submitted by:
Syed Abbas 2023-EE-284

Session:
2 (A)

Submitted to:
Mam Iqra Farhat
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology
Question:

Design and Simulation of Input Protection Circuit:

1. - Design a diode limiter that clips input voltages above ±0.7 V.
2. - Simulate the circuit using Simscape Electrical and verify clipping behavior for a 10 Vpp signal.

🔹 Introduction

A diode limiter (or clipper) is an electronic circuit that restricts or "clips" the voltage of a signal to a specified
level. These circuits are commonly used in analog signal processing to protect sensitive components from
voltage spikes, shape waveforms, or remove noise.

🔹 Basic Working Principle

The working principle of a diode limiter is based on the nonlinear behavior of a diode. A diode conducts current
only when the forward voltage exceeds its threshold voltage (typically ~0.7V for silicon diodes). When reverse-
biased, the diode blocks current until the reverse breakdown voltage is reached.

This characteristic allows diodes to:

 Pass voltage below a certain level

 Clip voltage above or below that level, depending on orientation
🔹 Types of Diode Limiters

1. Positive Limiter
o Clips the positive half of the waveform.
o Diode is forward-biased during positive cycles.
o Output never rises above the diode's forward voltage.
2. Negative Limiter
o Clips the negative half of the waveform.
o Diode conducts during the negative cycle.
o Prevents voltage from dropping below a set threshold.
3. Bi-directional Limiter (Dual Diode Clipper)
o Uses two diodes in opposite directions.
o Clips both positive and negative peaks of the waveform.
o Often used to protect input stages (e.g., oscilloscope, op-amp).
4. Biased Diode Limiter
o Adds a DC bias in series with the diode.
o Allows custom clipping levels (e.g., ±3V instead of ±0.7V).

Simulation Result:

Fig :1 show thows the circuit diagram of diode clipper circuit

Results:
Fig:2 shows that Design a diode limiter that clips input voltages above ±0.7 V

2. Amplifier Design and Analysis:

- Design a 3-stage BJT amplifier with total gain ≥ 200×.

- Use small-signal analysis to compute gain, bandwidth, and input/output impedance.

- Simulate in MATLAB/Simulink and verify signal amplification from 10 mV

Introduction

A multi-stage BJT amplifier is widely used in analog electronics where high gain and good frequency response
are required. In this experiment, a 3-stage common-emitter BJT amplifier is designed with a target voltage
gain of ≥ 200× (or 46 dB). The amplifier is analyzed using small-signal models to determine its performance
metrics, including voltage gain, bandwidth, and input/output impedance. The design is then simulated in
MATLAB/Simulink to verify its response to a small sinusoidal input signal of 10 mV peak amplitude.

Amplifier Design Approach

Each stage of the amplifier is configured as a common-emitter amplifier, which inherently provides voltage
gain and phase inversion. Cascading multiple such stages multiplies their individual voltage gains to achieve
the desired total amplification.

Key design considerations include:

 Biasing the BJTs to operate in the active region

 Using capacitive coupling to block DC between stages
 Controlling bandwidth using RC time constants

Fig :3 shows the circuit of bjt as a multi stage amplifire

Small-Signal Analysis

Voltage Gain (Av)

The voltage gain of a single-stage common-emitter amplifier (ignoring the bypass capacitor effect) is
approximately:

Av ≈ RC / (re + RE)

Where:

 RC is the collector resistor

 re is the intrinsic emitter resistance, re ≈ 25 mV / IC
 RE is the external emitter resistor

If the emitter bypass capacitor is present, the gain becomes:

Av ≈ RC / re

For three identical stages, the total gain is approximately:

Atotal = Av1 × Av2 × Av3

Example: If each stage has a gain of 6–7, total gain ≈ 6³ = 216 (≥ 200×)

Simulation

The amplifier is simulated in Simulink using transistor blocks and passive components. A 10 mV sinusoidal
input is applied, and the output voltage is monitored across each stage.

Simulation goals:

 Verify amplification (output > 2V peak)

 Confirm waveform shape (minimal distortion)
 Observe phase inversion (one per stage)

Input voltage wavfrom:

Fig :4 shows the input voltages

Output voltage waveform:

Fig :5 shows the output result of the system

Oscilloscope blocks are used to visualize input and output waveforms.

Conclusion

A 3-stage BJT amplifier was successfully designed to achieve a total voltage gain exceeding 200×. Small-signal
analysis provided theoretical insight into gain, impedance, and bandwidth. MATLAB/Simulink simulation
validated the amplifier’s performance in the time domain, confirming that the small 10 mV input signal was
effectively amplified with minimal distortion.

3. Voltage Regulator Design:

- Design a Zener diode-based regulator for 5V output from a 12 V supply.

- Analyze line regulation and load regulation with varying input voltages and loads.

1. Circuit Overview

The circuit shown uses a Zener diode (1N4733A) for voltage regulation. A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed
to allow current to flow in the reverse direction when a specific breakdown voltage is reached. This behavior is used to
maintain a constant output voltage despite variations in input voltage or load conditions.

2. Circuit Components

 R1 (10Ω): Series resistor that limits current into the Zener diode.
 D1 (1N4733A): 5.1V Zener diode used for regulation.
 R3 (10kΩ): Load resistor.
 Voltmeter: Measures the regulated output voltage.

3. Working Principle

 When the input voltage is higher than the Zener breakdown voltage (5.1V), the Zener diode conducts in reverse,
clamping the voltage across the load resistor R3 to approximately 5.1V.
 The excess voltage is dropped across the series resistor R1.
 R1 also limits the current through the Zener diode to prevent it from exceeding its maximum power rating.
1. Line Regulation
Line regulation refers to the ability of a Zener diode to maintain a constant output voltage despite changes in the
input (supply) voltage.
2. Load Regulation
Load regulation refers to the ability of the Zener diode to maintain a constant output voltage despite changes in the
load current.
4. Simulation Results

From the screenshot:

 The Zener diode voltage is shown as 5.28V, slightly higher than the rated 5.1V. This is normal due to:
o Tolerance of the Zener diode (±5% typical).
o Simulation approximations.
 The voltmeter confirms the regulated output voltage as 5.28V, indicating successful regulation.

5. Observations

 The circuit effectively regulates the output voltage, making it suitable for powering devices that require a stable
5V supply.
 Proper current limiting via R1 is crucial to prevent damage to the Zener diode.

6. Applications

 Voltage regulation in low-current applications.

 Reference voltage generation.
 Protection circuits.

7. Conclusion

This Zener diode voltage regulator circuit demonstrates successful voltage clamping and regulation at around 5.1V to
5.3V, depending on component tolerances. It is simple and effective for low-power applications where precise voltage
control is not critical.

4. Transistor Switching Circuit:

- Design a digital switching circuit using an NPN transistor to enable/disable amplifier circuit
. - Verify the ON/OFF behavior via MATLAB simulation using a square wave control input.
1. Objective

To design and simulate a digital switching circuit using an NPN transistor (BC547). The transistor acts as a switch to enable
or disable an amplifier circuit, indicated by the state of an LED. The circuit is driven by a square wave control signal, and
its ON/OFF behavior is analyzed.

2. Circuit Components
Component Description

Q1 NPN Transistor (BC547)

R1 4kΩ Resistor (Collector load)

R2 9kΩ Resistor (Base resistor)

D1 Green LED

Control Signal Square wave input

3. Working Principle

 NPN Transistor (BC547) acts as a switch.

 Base of Q1 is driven by a square wave signal (e.g., 0V and 5V).
 When the input is HIGH (e.g., 5V):
o Base-emitter junction is forward biased.
o Transistor enters saturation region.
o Collector to emitter conducts, allowing current through the LED and R1.
o LED turns ON.
 When the input is LOW (e.g., 0V):
o Transistor is cut-off.
o No current flows through LED.
o LED turns OFF.

5. Simulation Setup

Fig shows the simulation of transistor switching circuit

 Fig shows the simulation result of the circuit

 Square wave input is used at the base of the transistor.

 Frequency: ~1 Hz to clearly observe ON/OFF behavior.
 Amplitude: 0V to 5V.
 MATLAB or Proteus simulation can show LED blinking with the input square wave.

5. Observations

 ON Condition: When the input is HIGH, the transistor conducts, and the LED lights up.
 OFF Condition: When the input is LOW, the transistor remains off, and the LED is off.
 The LED visually confirms the switching action in real time.

6. Applications

 Used as a digital control switch in amplifier circuits.

 Can act as a microcontroller output driver.
 Found in relay drivers, logic level shifters, and other digital interfacing circuits.

7. Conclusion

The NPN transistor-based switching circuit successfully demonstrates digital control of a load (LED) using a square wave
signal. The transistor operates effectively in cut-off and saturation regions, making it suitable for enabling/disabling
amplifier circuits or other digital devices.

5. Fault Analysis:
- Simulate and analyze circuit behavior under two fault conditions:
- Open collector in the amplifier stage.
- Shorted Zener diode.
- Comment on how circuit performance and output
Open collector in the amplifier stage.
Simulation:

Fig :8 shows the faulted file

Stage 1 – Open Collector of Q1:

 No current flows through the collector resistor (R3) → No voltage drop.

 Collector voltage will be at Vcc (~12V) (since no current flows through R3).
 Amplification stops: Since there is no collector current, the transistor is cut off, and the gain becomes zero.
 C2 receives no amplified signal, so Stage 2 input = zero.
 Final output: No signal propagation beyond Stage 1 → Final output is flat/zero.

🔹 Stage 2 – Open Collector of Q2:

 Stage 1 works correctly, so Stage 2 base gets signal.

 But no collector current in Q2 → VC2 = Vcc, no voltage swing.
 No signal passed to Stage 3 via C3.
 Final output = zero or DC offset (no AC gain from this point).

🔹 Stage 3 – Open Collector of Q3:

 Stage 1 and 2 amplify normally.

 Q3 gets input via C3.
 But with open collector:
o VC3 = Vcc, no collector current.
o No output signal developed across R10.
o Final output (C4) = flat DC or no signal.
Simulation :

Fig shows the faulted zener diode regulation

There is no regulation is take plce because the zener is shorted and all the current is flow through the low resistance
region

Conclusion:
This report presents the design, simulation, and analysis of a complete analog signal conditioning circuit composed of
diode limiters, BJT amplifiers, Zener-based regulators, and transistor-based digital switches. Each section is explored
through both theoretical understanding and practical MATLAB/Simulink simulations, addressing real-world engineering
design problems as outlined in the course’s CLOs and PLOs.