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 INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
WHARTON SCHOOL OF FINANCE AND COMMERCE
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

RESEARCH STUDIES
XXX

W H O L E S A L E PRICES IN PHILADELPHIA
1784-1861

PART II—SERIES OF RELATIVE M O N T H L Y PRICES

 INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH STUDIES
I. Earnings and Working Opportunity in the Upholstery Weavers' Trade in 25
Plants in Philadelphia, by Anne Bezanson. $2.50.
II. Collective Bargaining Among Photo-Engravers in Philadelphia, by Charles Leese.
*2··5°·.
III. Trends in Foundry Production in the Philadelphia Area, by Anne Bezanson and
Robert D. Gray. $1.50.
IV. Significant Post-War Changes in the Full-Fashioned Hosiery Industry, by George
W. Taylor. $1.00.
V. Earnings in Certain Standard Machine-Tool Occupations in Philadelphia, by
H. L. Frain. ί ι . 5 0 .
VI. Help-Wanted Advertising as an Indicator of the Demand for Labor, by Anne
Bezanson. $2.00.
V I I . An Analysis of Production of Worsted Sales Yarn, by Alfred H. Williams, Mar-
tin A. Brumbaugh, and Hiram S. Davis. $2.50.
V I I I . The Future Movement of Iron Ore and Coal in Relation to the St. Lawrence
Waterway, by Fayette S. Warner. #3.00.
I X . Group Incentives—Some Variations in the Use of Group Bonus and Gang Piece
Work, by C. Canby Balderston. $2.50.
X . Wage Methods and Selling Costs, by Anne Bezanson and Miriam Hussey. $4.50.
X I . W a g e s — A Means of Testing Their Adequacy, by Morris E. Leeds and C. Canby
Balderston. $1.50.
X I I . Case Studies of Unemployment—Compiled by the Unemployment Committee of
the National Federation of Settlements, edited by Marion Elderton. $3.00.
X I I I . The Full-Fashioned Hosiery Worker—His Changing Economic Status, by George
W. Taylor, $3.00.
X I V . Seasonal Variations in Employment in Manufacturing Industries, by J. Parker
Bursk. $2.50.
X V . The Stabilization of Employment in Philadelphia Through the Long-Range
Planning of Municipal Improvement Projects, by William N. Loucks. $3.50.
X V I . How Workers Find Jobs—A Study of Four Thousand Hosiery Workers, by Doro-
thea de Schweinitz. $2.ςο.
X V I I . Savings and Employee Savings Plans, by William J. Carson. $1.50.
X V I I I . Workers' Emotions in Shop and Home, by Rexford B. Hersey. $3.0o.
X I X . Union Tactics and Economic Change—A Case Study of Three Philadelphia
Textile Unions, by Gladys L. Palmer. $2.00.
X X . The Philadelphia Upholstery Weaving Industry, by C. Canby Balderston, Rob-
ert P . Brecht, Miriam Hussey, Gladys L. Palmer, and Edward N. Wright.
X X I . Wage Rates and Working Time in the Bituminous Coal Industry, 1912-1922,
by Waldo E. Fisher and Anne Bezanson. $3.50.
X X I I . Ten Thousand Out of Work, by Ewan Clague and Webster Powell. $2.00.
X X I I I . A Statistical Study of Profits, by Raymond T . Bowman. $3.00.
X X I V . The Dollar, the Franc, and Inflation, by Eleanor Lansing Dulles, $1.25. (The
Macmillan Company.)
X X V . Executive Guidance of Industrial Relations, by C. Canby Balderston. $3.75.
X X V I . Prices in Colonial Pennsylvania, by Anne Bezanson, Robert D . Gray, and Miriam
Hussey. $4.00.
X X V I I . Earnings of Skilled Workers in a Manufacturing Enterprise, 1878-1930, by Evan
Benner Alderfer. JI.JO.
X X V I I I . Depression and Reconstruction, by Eleanor Lansing Dulles. $3.00.
X X I X . Wholesale Prices in Philadelphia, 1784-1861, by Anne Bezanson, Robert D . Gray,
and Miriam Hussey. $4.00.
X X X . Wholesale Prices in Philadelphia, 1784-1861, Part II—Series of Relative Monthly
Prices, by Anne Bezanson, Robert D . Gray, and Miriam Hussey. $4.00.
X X X I . Some International Aspects of the Business Cycle, by Hans Neisser. $2.50.
WHOLESALE PRICES IN
PHILADELPHIA
1784-1861
P A R T II—SERIES O F RELATIVE M O N T H L Y PRICES

BY

ANNE BEZANSON
ROBERT D . GRAY
MIRIAM HUSSEY
Industrial Research Department
Wharton School of Finance and Commerce
University of Pennsylvania

PHILADELPHIA
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS
1937
 Copyright, 1937

UNIVERSITY OF P E N N S Y L V A N I A PRESS

Manufactured in the

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 LIST OF TABLES
AND

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMODITIES
 LIST OF
CLASSIFICATION

Detailed Classification
Table
Commodity and Grade
No. Group Sub-Group

I Almonds* Foods Fruit

2 Alum* Chemicals & Dyes Chemicals
Ashes
3 pearl* Chemicals & Dyes Chemicals
4 pot*f Chemicals & Dyes Chemicals
5 Bark, Quercitron** Chemicals & Dyes Dyes
6 Beans** Farm Products Minor
7 Beaver* Furs Furs
8 Beef* Foods Meats
9 messf
IO prime
Beeswax
II white* Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
12 yellow* Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
J
3 Brandy, French* Spirits & Wines Spirits
Η Bread* Foods Grain Products
IS middling & n a v y t
16 pilot
"7 shipf
18 small water or crackers
Brimstone
T
9 crude* Chemicals & Dyes Chemicals
20 rolls* Chemicals & Dyes Chemicals
21 Bristles** Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
22 Butter*! Foods Dairy Products
Candles
23 sperm* Fuel & Lighting Fuel & Lighting
24 tallow* Fuel & Lighting Fuel & Lighting
25 dipped
26 moldf
27 Checks, 3-4** Textiles Fabrics
28 Cheese* Foods Dairy Products
29 Chocolate* Foods Condiments
3° Boston
31 Philadelphia
32 Cloverseed** Farm Products Minor
33 Cloves* Foods Condiments
Coal
34 Anthracite* Fuel & Lighting Fuel & Lighting
35 Lehigh
36 Schuylkill
37 Virginia (bitumi-
nous)*! Fuel & Lighting Fuel & Lighting

vi
TABLES A N D
OF COMMODITIES

Domestic
Major Group or Years Page
Imported

Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 I

Industrial Raw — 1784- 861 2

Industrial Raw Domestic 1784- 861 3

Industrial Raw Domestic 1784- 861 4
— — 1803- 861 5
— — 1815- 861 6
Furs Domestic 1784- 861 7
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 9
1784- 861 10
1784- 861 11

Industrial Raw Domestic 1815- 861 12

Industrial Raw Domestic 1784- 861 !3
Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 861 14
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 16
1802- 861 J
7
1784- 861 18
1784- 827 19
1787- 861 20

Industrial Raw Imported 1811- 861 21

Industrial Raw Imported 1784- 861 22
— — 1804- 861 24
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 25
Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784- 861 26
Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784- 861 27
1784- 861 28
1784- 861 29
— — 1818- 861 3°
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 31
Imported Foods — • 1784- 861 33
1798- 827 34
1784- 8 34
o^6
86l
— · —
1795- 35
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 86l 36
Industrial for Consumption Domestic 18 ι ο - 86l 37
ί 820- 86l 38
i82O- 86l 39
Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784-] 86l 40

vii
viii
LIST OF
CLASSIFICATION OF

Detailed Classification
Table Commodity and Grade
No. Group Sub-Group

38 Cocoa* Foods Beverages

39 Caracas
40 Island
41 Codfish, dried* f Foods Fish
42 Coffee* Foods Beverages
43 Brazil
44 Cuba
45 Java
46 St. Domingoj
47 West India
Copper
48 old* Metals & Metal Non-Ferrous
Products
49 sheathing*! Metals & Metal Non-Ferrous
Products
50 Copperas* Chemicals & Dyes Chemicals
Cordage
51 American* Textiles Fabrics
52 foreign* Textiles Fabrics
53 Corks, velvet bottle** Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
54 Corn* Farm Products Grains
55 Indian!
56 Upper County
57 white
58 Corn meal*f Foods Grain Products
59 Cotton* Textiles Fibers
60 Georgiaf
61 Louisiana & Missis-
sippi
62 Tennessee
63 Currants* Foods Fruit
64 Deer skins Furs Furs
65 Diaper (linen)** Textiles Fabrics
Duck
66 bear ravens* Textiles Fabrics
67 ravens*! Textiles Fabrics
68 Feathers* Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
69 Flax* Textiles Fibers
70 Flaxseed* Farm Products Minor
71 Flour, superfine*! Foods Grain Products
72 Fustic* Chemicals & Dyes Dyes
73 Gin, Holland*! Spirits & Wines Spirits
 ix
TABLES AND
COMMODITIES (<Continued)

Domestic
Major Group or Years Page
Imported
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 42
1805- 861 43
1784- 861 44
Fish Domestic 1784- 861 45
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 47
1812- 861 48
1812- 861 49
1806- 861 5o
1784- 861 51
1812- 831 52
Industrial Raw Imported 1816- 861 53
Industrial Raw Imported 1784- 861 54
Industrial Raw — 1784- 861 56
Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784- 861 57
Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 861 58
— — • 1810- 861 59
Farm Crops Domestic 1784- 861 61
1784- 861 62
1815- 861 63
1818- 861 64
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 65
Farm Crops Domestic 1784- 861 67
1784- 861 68
1802- 861 69

1818- 861 70
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 71
Furs Domestic 1784- 861 72
— • — 1808- 861 74
Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 861 75
Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 861 76
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 77
Farm Crops Domestic 1784- 861 78
Farm Crops Domestic 1784- 861 79
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 80
Industrial Raw Imported 1784- 861 82
Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 861 83
χ
LIST O F
CLASSIFICATION O F

Detailed Classification
Table Commodity and Grade
No. Group Sub-Group

Ginger
74 ground* Foods Condiments
75 race* Foods Condiments
76 Ginseng* Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
77 Glass Building Materials Other than Wood
78 Gunpowder* Chemicals & Dyes Chemicals
79 Hams*f Foods Meats
80 Hemp, Russian* Textiles Fibers
81 Herring* Foods Fish
82 Hides* Hides & Leather Hides & Leather
83 ox, Buenos Aires
84 raw
85 Honey* Foods Condiments
86 Hops**f Farm Products Minor
87 Indigo* Chemicals & Dyes Dyes
88 Bengal
89 Frenchf
Iron
90 bar, domestic*t Metals & Metal Ferrous
Products
91 bar, foreign* Metals & Metal Ferrous
Products
92 English
93 Russian
94 Swedish
95 hoop* Metals & Metal Ferrous
Products
96 nail rod* Metals & Metal Ferrous
Products
97 pig*t Metals & Metal Ferrous
Products
98 sheet* Metals & Metal Ferrous
Products
99 Lard* Foods Meats
100 hogsf
ΙΟΙ Jersey
102 Lead* Metals & Metal Non-Ferrous
Products
103 bar
104 Pig
105 sheet
 xi
TABLES AND
COMMODITIES {Continued)

Domestic
Major Group or Years Page
Imported

Imported Foods Imported 1784- 86i 84

Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 85
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 86
Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784- 861 87
Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784- 861 88
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 90
Farm Crops Imported 1784- 861 91
Fish Domestic 1784- 861 92
Farm Derivatives Imported 1784- 861 93
1802- 861 94
1784- 861 95
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 96
— — 1790- 861 97
Industrial Raw Imported 1784- 861 99
1801- 861 100
1 7 8 4 - 861 ΙΟΙ

Industrial Raw Domestic 1784- 861 103

Industrial Raw Imported 1784- 861 104

1818- 861 105

1784- 840 106
1784- 861 107
Industrial Raw Domestic 1 7 9 5 - 861 108

Industrial Raw Domestic 1 7 8 4 - 827 109

Industrial Raw Domestic 1784- 861 no

Industrial Raw Domestic 1784- 861 III

Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 "3

1784- 861 114
1819- 861 115
Industrial Raw — 1784- 861 116

1785- 861 "7

1784- 861 118
1796- 844 n
9
χίί
L I S T OF
CLASSIFICATION OF

Detailed Classification
Table Commodity and Grade
No. Group Sub-Group

Lead
106 red dry* Building Materials Other than Wood
107 domestic
108 imported
109 white dry* Building Materials Other than Wood
110 domestic
III imported
112 white in oil* Building Materials Other than Wood
113 Leather* Hides & Leather Hides & Leather
II4 slaughter
"5 solef
116 Lemons* Foods Fruit
117 Logwood* Chemicals & Dyes Dyes
118 Campeachy
119 chipt
120 Jamaica
121 St. Domingo
122 Mace* Foods Condiments
12 3 Mackerel* Foods Fish
124 #1
125 #2
126 #3
127 Mahogany* Building Materials Wood
128 Bay
129 St. Domingo
I30 Molasses*" Foods Sugar & Molasses
J3J New Orleans
132 Sugar House
133 West Indiaf
134 Muskrat* Furs Furs
135 Nails*f Metals & Metal Ferrous
Products
136 Nutmegs* Foods Condiments
137 Oats* Farm Products Grains
Oil
138 linseed* f Building Materials Other than Wood
139 sweet* Foods Condiments
140 sperm* Fuel & Lighting Fuel & Lighting
141 whale* f Fuel & Lighting Fuel & Lighting
142 Peas* Farm Products Minor
H3 Pepper* Foods Condiments
144 Pimento* Foods Condiments
* The combined molasses index was used three times in combinations except in the
were omitted.
 Xlll
TABLES A N D
C O M M O D I T I E S (Continued,)

Domestic
Major Group or Years Page
Imported

Industrial Raw 1784- 861 121

1810- 86i 122
1784- 827 122
Industrial Raw — 1784- 861 12 j
1811- 861 124
1784- 826 124
Industrial Raw — · 1784- 861 125
Industrial Raw Domestic 1784- 861 126
1818- 861 127
1784- 861 128
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 130
Industrial Raw Imported 1784- 861
1784- 861 132
1784- 827 133
1827- 861 J
34
1827- 861 135
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 136
Fish Domestic 1784- 861 138
1784- 861 !39
1791- 861 140
1784- 861 141
Industrial Raw Imported 1784- 861 142
1784- 861 H3
1797- 861 144
Imported Foods — 1784- 861 146
1821- 861 H7
1800- 861 148
Imported 1784- 861 149
Furs Domestic 1784- 861 150
Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784- 861 151
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 152
Farm Crops Domestic 1784- 861 ι S3
Industrial Raw Domestic 1784- 861 1
55
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 156
Industrial Raw Domestic 1784- 861 T
57
Industrial Raw Domestic 1784- 861 158
Farm Crops Domestic 1784- 861 159
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 160
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 161
domestic-imported classifications where only West India was used and the other two series
XIV

LIST OF
CLASSIFICATION O F

Detailed Classification
Table Commodity and Grade
No. Group Sub-Group

Pine
145 heart & panel* Building Materials Wood
146 heartf
H7 panel
148 sap* Building Materials Wood
149 white* Building Materials Wood
150 Pitch* Building Materials Other than Wood
Γ51 Plaster of Paris* Building Materials Other than Wood
152 Pork* Foods Meats
153 Burlington & messf
154 prime
155 Raisins* Foods Fruit
156 bloom
157 Malaga
158 Muscatel
159 Rice*f Farm Products Grains
160 Rosin* Building Materials Other than Wood
Rum
161 Jamaica* Spirits & Wines Spirits
162 New England*f Spirits & Wines Spirits
163 West India* Spirits & Wines Spirits
164 Rye* Farm Products Grains
165 Rye meal* Foods Grain Products
Salt
166 coarse* Foods Condiments
167 Cadiz
168 Lisbon
169 St. Ubes
170 Turks Island
171 fine*f Foods Condiments
Saltpeter
172 refined*f Chemicals & Dyes Chemicals
173 rough* Chemicals & Dyes Chemicals
Sheeting, Russian
J brown*| Textiles Fabrics
74
175 white* Textiles Fabrics
176 Shingles* Building Materials Wood
177 long
178 short
179 Shot* Metals & Metal Non-Ferrous
Products
 XV

TABLES A N D
C O M M O D I T I E S (Continued)

Domestic
Major Group or Years Page
Imported

Lumber Products & Naval Stores Domestic 1784- 861 163

1784- 861 164
1800- 833 165
Lumber Products & Naval Stores Domestic 1784- 861 166
Lumber Products & Naval Stores Domestic 1792- 861 167
Lumber Products & Naval Stores Domestic 1784- 861 168
Industrial Raw Imported 1784- 861 169
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 171
1784- 861 172
1784- 861 173
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 !74
1801- 861 I
75
1784- 844 176
1791- 841 177
Farm Crops Domestic 1784- 861 178
Lumber Products & Naval Stores Domestic 1784- 861 179

Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 861 181

Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784- 861 182
Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 834 183
Farm Crops Domestic 1784- 861 184
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 185

Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 861 187

1786- 846 188
1784- 836 189
1796- 846 190
1802- 861 191
Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 861 192

Industrial Raw Imported 1784- 861 193

Industrial Raw Imported 1805- 861 194

Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 861 196

Industrial for Consumption Imported 1804- 861 197
Lumber Products & Naval Stores Domestic 1784- 861 198
1784- 861 199
1784- 828 200
Industrial for Consumption 1784- 861 201
 L I S T OF
CLASSIFICATION OF

Detailed Classification
Table Commodity and Grade
No. Group Sub-Group

Soap
180 Castile* Miscellaneous Micellaneous
181 white* Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
182 yellow* Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
Spanish Brown
183 dry* Building Materials Other than Wood
184 ground in oil* Building Materials Other than Wood
185 Spelter** Metals & Metal
Products Non-Ferrous
186 Spirits of Turpentine* Building Materials Other than Wood
187 Starch* Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
Staves
188 barrel* Building Materials Wood
189 hogshead* Building Materials Wood
190 red oak
191 white oakf
192 pipe* Building Materials Wood
Steel
193 American or country5 Metals & Metal Ferrous
Products
194 English blistered* f Metals & Metal Ferrous
Products
195 German* Metals & Metal Ferrous
Products
196 T . Crowley-Trieste* Metals & Metal Ferrous
Products
Sugar
197 Havana brown & Foods Sugar & Molasses
muscovado*
198 Havana brownf
199 muscovado |
200 muscovado 2 & 3
201 Havana white* Foods Sugar & Molasses
202 loaf & lump* Foods Sugar & Molasses
203 loaf
204 lump
205 Tallow*f Fuel & Lighting Fuel & Lighting
206 Tar* Building Materials Other than Wood
207 Tea* Foods Beverages
208 Boheaf
209 Hyson f
210 Hyson skin
211 Souchong
 xvii
TABLES AND
COMMODITIES (Continued)

Domestic
Major Group or Years Page
Imported

Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 861 203

Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784- 861 204
Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784- 861 205

Industrial R a w 1784- 861 206

Industrial R a w — 1784- 861 207

. 1810- 861 208

L u m b e r P r o d u c t s & N a v a l Stores Domestic 1784- 861 209
Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784- 861 210

L u m b e r P r o d u c t s & N a v a l Stores Domestic 1784- 861 212

L u m b e r P r o d u c t s & N a v a l Stores Domestic 1784- 861 213
1784- 832 214
1784- 861 215
L u m b e r P r o d u c t s & N a v a l Stores Domestic 1784- 861 216

Industrial R a w Domestic 1784- 861 217

Industrial R a w Imported 1784- 861 218

Industrial R a w Imported 1784- 861 219

Industrial R a w Imported 1784- 861 220

Imported F o o d s Imported 1784- 861 222

1784- 861 223

1784- 827 224
1802- 831 225
Industrial for Consumption Imported 1784- 861 226
Industrial for Consumption Domestic 1784- 861 227
1784- 861 228
1784- 850 229
Farm Derivatives Domestic 1784- 861 231
L u m b e r P r o d u c t s & N a v a l Stores Domestic 1784- 861 232
Imported Foods Imported 1784- 861 233
1784- 830 234-
1784- 861 3-35
1791- 861 236
1784- 861 <37
XV111

LIST O F
CLASSIFICATION O F

Detailed Classification
Commodity and Grade
Group Sub-Group

Timothy seed** Farm Products Minor

Tin
block* Metals & Metal Non-Ferrous
Products
plate* Metals & Metal Non-Ferrous
Products
Tobacco
James River*f Farm Products Tobacco
Kentucky* Farm Products Tobacco
Ladies twist** Farm Products Tobacco
St. Domingo** Farm Products Tobacco
Turpentine*! Building Materials Other than Wood
Verdigris* Building Materials Other than Wood
Wheat*! Farm Products Grains
Whiskey
apple** Spirits & Wines Spirits
rye**f Spirits & Wines Spirits
Wine
claret* Spirits & Wines Wines
Lisbon* Spirits & Wines Wines
Madeira*! Spirits & Wines Wines
Malaga* Spirits & Wines Wines
Marseilles Madeira** Spirits & Wines Wines
port* Spirits & Wines Wines
sherry* Spirits & Wines Wines
Sicily Madeira** Spirits & Wines Wines
Teneriffe cargo* Spirits & Wines Wines
Teneriffe particular* Spirits & Wines Wines
Wool** Textiles Fibers
half-blood
three-quarter blood
full-bloodt

* Included in total of 140 commodities in Wholesale Prices in Philadelphia, 1784-1861,

Part I.
** Included only in total of 157 commodities in Wholesale Prices in Philadelphia, 1784-
1861, Part I.
 xix
TABLES AND
C O M M O D I T I E S (Concluded)

Domestic
Major Group or Years Page
Imported

— — 1818- 861 238

Industrial Raw Imported 1803- 861 239

Industrial Raw Imported 1784- 861 240

Farm Crops Domestic 1784- 861 242

Farm Crops Domestic 1784- 861 243
— — 1815- 861 244
— — 1815- 861 245
Lumber Products & Naval Stores Domestic 1784- 861 246
Industrial Raw Imported 1784- 861 247
Farm Crops Domestic 1784- 861 248
— — 1796- 861 249
— — 1797- 861 250

Wines Imported 1800- 861 252

Wines Imported 1784- 861 253
Wines Imported 1784- 861 254
Wines Imported 1784- 861 255
— — 1813- 861 256
Wines Imported 1784- 861 257
Wines Imported 1784- 861 258
— — 1813- 861 259
Wines Imported 1784- 861 260
Wines Imported 1802- 861 261
— — 1B13- 861 263
1813- 861 264
1818- 861 265
1813- 861 266

t Absolute data published in Commodity Prices in the United States, 1700-1860, by

Arthur H. Cole. Harvard University Press, 1937.
For further explanation see pp. xxxii and xxxiii.
 C O M M O D I T I E S FOR W H I C H DATA APPEAR ON T W O TABLES*

Chocolate, Philadelphia, Table 31, page 34. For relatives from Jan.
1784 to June 1798, July 1827 to Dec. 1836, see Chocolate,
Table 29, page 32. For footnotes, see page 41.
Cocoa, Island, Table 40, page 44. For relatives from Jan. 1784 to
Oct. 1805, see Cocoa, Table 38, page 42. For footnotes, see
page 46.
Coffee, St. Domingo, Table 46, page 51. For relatives from Jan.
1784 to Aug. 1806, see Coffee, Table 42, page 47. For footnotes,
see page 55.
Corn, Indian, Table 55, page 62. For relatives from Jan. 1784 to
Mar. 1815, see Corn, Table 54, page 61. For footnotes, see
page 66.
Cotton, Georgia, Table 60, page 68. For relatives from Jan. 1784
to Sept. 1802, see Cotton, Table 59, page 67. For footnotes, see
page 73.
Hides, raw, Table 84, page 95. For relatives from Jan. 1784 to Sept.
1802, see Hides, Table 82, page 93. For footnotes, see page 98.
Indigo, French, Table 89, page 101. For relatives from Jan. 1784 to
Nov. 1801, see Indigo, Table 87, page 99. For footnotes, see
page 102.
Lard, hogs, Table 100, page 114. For relatives from Jan. 1784 to
June 1819, see Lard, Table 99, page 113. For footnotes, see
page 120.
Lead, pig, Table 104, page 118. For relatives from Jan. 1784 to
Apr. 1785, see Lead, Table 102, page 116. For footnotes, see
page 120.
Lead, red dry, domestic, Table 107, page 122. For relatives from
M a y 1827 to Dec. 1861, see Lead, red dry, Table 106, page
121. For footnotes, see page 129.
Lead, red dry, imported, Table 108, page 122. For relatives from
Jan. 1784 to Oct. 181 o, see Lead, red dry, Table 106, page 121.
For footnotes, see page 129.
Lead, white dry, domestic, Table n o , page 124. For relatives from
Jan. 1827 to Dec. 1861, see Lead, white dry, Table 109, page
123. For footnotes, see page 129.
Lead, white dry, imported, Table H I , page 124. For relatives from
* F o r further explanation, see pp. x x x i i i and x x x i v .

XX
 C O M M O D I T I E S ON T W O TABLES XXI

Jan. 1784 to Oct. 1811, see Lead, white dry, Table 109, page
123. For footnotes, see page 129.
Leather, sole, Table 115, page 128. For relatives from Jan. 1784 to
Mar. 1818, see Leather, Table 113, page 126. For footnotes,
see page 129.
Mahogany, Bay, Table 128, page 143. For relatives from Jan. 1784
to Feb. 1797, see Mahogany, Table 127, page 142. For foot-
notes, see page 145.
Molasses, West India, Table 133, page 149. For relatives from Jan.
1784 to M a y 1800, see Molasses, Table 130, page 146. For
footnotes, see page 154.
Pine, heart, Table 146, page 164. For relatives from Jan. 1784 to
Aug. 1799, Jan. 1834 to Dec. 1861, see Pine, heart and panel,
Table 145, page 163. For footnotes, see page 170.
Raisins, bloom, Table 156, page 175. For relatives from Dec. 1844
to Dec. 1861, see Raisins, Table 155, page 174. For footnotes,
see page 180.
Raisins, Malaga, Table 157, page 176. For relatives from Jan. 1784
to Dec. 1790, see Raisins, Table 155, page 174. For footnotes,
see page 180.
Salt, Lisbon, Table 168, page 189. For relatives from Jan. 1784 to
July 1786, see Salt, coarse, Table 166, page 187. For footnotes,
see page 195.
Salt, Turks Island, Table 170, page 191. For relatives from Dec.
1846 to Dec. 1861, see Salt, coarse, Table 166, page 187. For
footnotes, see page 195.
Shingles, long, Table 177, page 199. For relatives from Mar. 1828
to Dec. 1861, see Shingles, Table 176, page 198. For footnotes,
see page 202.
Staves, hogshead, white oak, Table 191, page 215. For relatives from
June 1832 to Dec. 1861, see Staves, hogshead, Table 189, page
213. For footnotes, see page 221.
Sugar, Havana brown, Table 198, page 223. For relatives from Aug.
1831 to Dec. 1861, see Sugar, Havana brown and muscovado,
Table 197, page 222. For footnotes, see page 230.
Sugar, loaf, Table 203, page 228. For relatives from Aug. 185a to
Dec. 1861, see Sugar, loaf and lump, Table 202, page 227. For
footnotes, see page 230.
 INTRODUCTION
The primary purpose of this study has been to ascertain the whole-
sale prices in Philadelphia between the Revolution and the Civil
War. The basic data underlying the analyses of the first volume,
Wholesale Prices in Philadelphia, 1784-1861, are offered to other
students of the economic development of this area and to students
who, though primarily interested in other areas, may desire to make
interregional comparisons. In order that the use of the prices of in-
dividual commodities may not be handicapped by the change from
Pennsylvania pounds, shillings, and pence to dollars and by the va-
riations in the physical units in which prices were quoted at different
times in the 78 years, the original material has been expressed in
terms of relatives—the percentage that any price of a specific com-
modity represented of its average monthly price between January
1821 and December 1825 inclusive. For each series a factor is given
by which the relative prices can be converted into dollars and cents
for a constant physical unit. No adjustments have been made for any
changes in the value of gold and silver. Throughout the study prices
were kept in the prevailing currency of the time.
The following description of the method by which the data were
collected and the finished results arrived at will be of value to any-
one using the data. Explanations of the form of the tables follow the
description of method.

COLLECTION OF DATA
As a first step in the collection of the original prices the files of old
Philadelphia newspapers were examined. Local libraries, especially
the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Ridgway Branch of the
Library Company of Philadelphia, the Athenaeum of Philadelphia,
the Mercantile Library, the American Philosophical Society, and the
libraries of the University of Pennsylvania, were consulted. The
search for papers not in their files was extended to include other de-
positories, notably the Library of Congress in Washington and the
XXI11
xxiv PRICES IN PHILADELPHIA, 1784-1861

New York Public Library and the New York Historical Society in
New York City.
The first Philadelphia newspaper to carry prices after the Revolu-
tion was the Pennsylvania Mercury and Universal Advertiser of
August 20, 1784. The list of the newspaper sources and the years for
which they are used is given in the bibliography, pp. 268-270. In
the early part of the period, when the lists in each paper were short
and did not always appear continuously, it was necessary to use a
large number of papers. Early attempts had been made to establish
specialized price reporting such as the Philadelphia Price Current
published by John McPherson, the Complete Counting House Com-
panion by Mathew Carey as a supplement to the Pennsylvania Eve-
ning Herald from 1785 to 1789, and Finlay's American Naval and
Commercial Register from December 1795 to December 1797. With
the starting of Hope's Philadelphia Price Current in 1804 a continuous
series of specialized commercial newspapers began in Philadelphia.
Grotjan's Philadelphia Public Sale Report, started in May 1 8 1 2 ,
was carried on by other editors from 1825 to 1827 and the Phila-
delphia Price Current and Commercial List, beginning in 1827, con-
tinued under various names, throughout the period. Even with such
sources available, however, it was necessary to consult other Phila-
delphia newspapers in order to secure continuous records of prices
for some commodities. In collecting the prices from the newspapers
the quotations published nearest the 15th of each month were used.
Whenever a range of prices was given, the low and the high were
averaged.
These data, when collected and posted by series, were broken by
many gaps, especially in the early years. The next step was to sup-
plement the prices obtained from newspapers with others secured
from merchants' letters and account books. The complete list of the
sources used is given in the Bibliography, pp. 270-271. The His-
torical Society of Pennsylvania has preserved many fine records of
the Biddies, Cliffords, Hollingsworths, and Whartons, of Chaloner
and White, Reed and Forde, Warder and Brothers, Lippincott and
Company, and many other prominent business firms. The Library
of Girard College made many of the records of Stephen Girard
available to us. Other account books were found in the possession of
 INTRODUCTION XXV

individuals, especially the unusually complete records of the firm of

Wetherill and Brother starting with the accounts and letters of Sam-
uel Wetherill, which have been carefully preserved by M r . A . P.
Wetherill. T h e search for Philadelphia material was extended to
other areas, the Library of Congress yielding the Stephen Collins
papers; the John Carter Brown Library in Providence, letters from
Hewes and Anthony of Philadelphia; the Boston Historical Society,
the Wetmore papers, which contained many letters from Hewes and
Anthony and other P h i l a d e l p h i a s ; and the Baker Library of H a r -
vard University, the Trotter collection. Whenever possible, more
than one but no more than 11 quotations in any month were taken
from the merchants' accounts and the range of the high and low
prices averaged.
Even with this number of supplementary sources there were cer-
tain commodities, especially in the latter part of the period, which
were not quoted in the local papers nor dealt in extensively by mer-
chants. In order to preserve the same group of series throughout the
78 years we were finally forced to use a few prices from the Baltimore
and N e w Y o r k markets. In all of these cases, however, a test was first
made on an overlapping period to determine that the prices of these
commodities in either Baltimore or N e w York had been approxi-
mately equal to and moving with the local prices.
Thus starting with the framework of prices from local newspapers,
we supplemented these data with prices from other local sources and
finally with a limited amount of material from other areas. A t every
step in the process we carefully scrutinized the prices, checking and
verifying them before proceeding further, always keeping in mind
that the validity of the final result rested fundamentally upon the
accuracy of the basic data. In only a few places was it necessary to
estimate prices on the basis of related commodities or to interpolate
arbitrarily for a few months.
E v e n with all of this work it was not possible to fill in completely
the months from M a y to December 1794, from December 1798 to
April 1799, and from September 1799 to M a y 1800. These gaps
were caused primarily by the severe epidemics of fever during which
trading in Philadelphia came to a standstill. During some of these
same months Pennsylvania especially was disturbed by internal fric-
xxvi PRICES IN PHILADELPHIA, 1784-1861

tion over the collection of excise taxes, culminating in the Whiskey

Rebellion in 1794 and Fries Rebellion in 1799. 1
As an example of the reliability of the newspaper prices, such data
for three commodities, linseed oil, spirits of turpentine, and copper
sheathing, are compared on the chart with average monthly prices
for the same commodities secured from merchants' records. Those of
linseed oil and spirits of turpentine were compiled from the account
books of Wetherill and Brother and those of copper sheathing 2 from
the records of Nathan Trotter and Company. Certain differences are
to be expected. T h e newspapers usually quoted the high and low
prices of the sales of the week, representing slight differences in
quality. T h e account book prices, however, are the average of from
one to eleven sales, weighted by the volume of each. This procedure
introduces many slight fluctuations in prices because a change could
appear merely because of a shift in the relative amount sold at slightly
different prices. In addition, since both of these firms specialized in
the highest grade of materials, their prices would tend to be slightly
above the average of the market as a whole. T h e same type of com-
parison can be shown for many other commodities, but this analysis
is deferred to a later study, when the records of these companies will
be analyzed in detail. T h e close approximation of the prices from
the two sources for linseed oil from 1795 to i860 and for spirits of
turpentine and copper sheathing from 1821 to i860 indicates that
the filling in of gaps in the newspaper prices by use of quotations
from merchants is justified (by use of the range) and that the editors
of the Philadelphia newspapers carefully collected the prices which
they published and changed their listed prices promptly. These con-
clusions are further verified by many other comparisons which we
have made in the course of this study.
W h e n neither newspapers nor account books provided actual prices
it was necessary to estimate figures which would indicate the move-
ment of prices. There were various methods by which the estimating
was done. T h e first and most simple consisted of averaging the prices
on either side of a blank month, or, if more than one month was

1Dunaway, Wayland Fuller, A History of Pennsylvania, pp. 4.11-419.

' T h e similarity of the two lines is the only point emphasized by the chart. It should
be noted that the lowest section is not plotted from o.
 INTRODUCTION xxvii

blank, of distributing the difference between the two known points

equally over the intervening period. If, as often happened, the prices
at either side of the blank were identical, the same price was carried
through the intervening months. The use of these methods is so ob-
vious on the tables, since all estimated figures are in italics, that no
special footnotes have been made. There were occasions, however,
when these simple methods were not justified either because of the
number of months for which data were unknown, or because of
known fluctuations in the prices of similar commodities. Then it was
necessary to estimate on the basis of the behavior of some other prices.
Whenever possible, another specification of the same commodity was
used for a basis. For instance, when no supplementary newspapers or
account books yielded prices for pearl ashes for January 1784 to
February 1791, it was decided to use the prices of pot ashes as a base
for estimation. The average relationship between the two grades
from July to December 1791 was computed. By applying this per-
centage to the known prices of pot ashes from January 1784 to
February 1791, the scaled prices of pearl ashes were derived. If the
gap had occurred in the middle of the period and there had been a
difference in the relationship before and after the gap, the shift in
relationship would have been distributed over the intervening
months. As a result the scaled figures would have varied slightly
from month to month even though the original data were unchanged
for several months. T o avoid this in certain cases, therefore, prices
of one grade were carried or fitted on the basis of another or of the
same grade in the New York market. Some of the New York prices
for the years before 1795 were made available through the courtesy
of Professors G. F. Warren and F. A. Pearson of Cornell University.

C O N S T R U C T I O N OF R E L A T I V E S

Not until we were satisfied with the accuracy and completeness of

the absolute prices did we begin the task of combining them into in-
dices of prices. As the first step, all of the original data were converted
into relative prices by dividing the average monthly prices of each
series by its monthly average price from 1821 to 1825 inclusive.
The selection of a base period required a decision as to the number
of years to be used as well as the selection of definite years. W e felt
xxviii PRICES IN PHILADELPHIA, 1784-1861

COMPARISON OF A V E R A G E M O N T H L Y W H O L E S A L E PRICES
INTRODUCTION XXIX
 PRICES IN PHILADELPHIA, 1784-1861

that one year would be too short a period to use as a base since special
circumstances might force any one commodity out of its usual rela-
tion to other commodities. The average of five years seemed adequate
to permit the working out of such short-time variations in relative
values of commodities. In selecting five consecutive years to be used
as the base we were also desirous of choosing a stretch of years near
the middle of the entire period. The years 1 8 2 1 - 2 5 were ideal for
our purpose. In the first place it was practically midway between
1 7 8 4 and 1 8 6 1 . Of more importance, however, was the fact that
those five years included an even distribution of years with cyclically
low and high prices. From an examination of many of the individual
series it was apparent that 1 8 2 1 marked a low following the peaks
during and immediately after the War of 1 8 1 2 . The peak of a cycle
appeared in 1 8 2 2 , the end of the following recession occurred in
1824, and the next peak was in 1825. Thus the five years, 1 8 2 1 - 2 5 ,
were composed of two years with high prices, two years with low
prices, and one year with prices between a peak and a trough.
In the computation of the relatives, many adjustments had to be
made. The most frequent one was the conversion of prices quoted
in Pennsylvania pounds, shillings, and pence into equivalent dollar
values. The ratio of 7 shillings 6 pence to one dollar was used. Gen-
erally the conversion was simply made by expressing the average of
the base period, 1 8 2 1 - 1 8 2 5 , in pounds, shillings, or pence.
In addition every series was examined for possible changes in the
unit in which it was quoted. This involved not only obvious changes
such as from pipe to gallon for wine but also variations in measures
and containers arising out of modifications of trading customs and
laws. The most important of these two types of alterations in units
are described below.
On March 1 2 , 1789 the Pennsylvania legislature repealed the
act of August 1 8 , 1 7 2 7 , which had defined a barrel of either beef or
pork as a cask gauging 3 1 gallons wine measure, and established
instead a uniform weight of 200 pounds for a barrel of either beef
or pork. This new unit was equivalent to 28 gallons wine measure
for beef and 29 gallons for pork. The act was to take effect Novem-
ber χ, 1789, 3 but from the newspaper prices and the records of mer-
3
March 21, 1789, Pennsylvania Mercury and Universal Advertiser,
 INTRODUCTION XXXI

chants it is apparent that the change was actually made in March.

Among the wines there was no problem in the series of Marseilles
Madeira, Sicily Madeira, and Teneriffe Particular, which were al-
ways quoted by the gallon, nor in that of claret, which was clearly
specified "cask of 60 gallons." In the other six series, however, the
quotations shifted from pipes to gallons. In order to secure an accu-
rate method of adjusting for this change, many merchants' accounts
as well as various studies of weights and measures, notably Homans'
Cyclopaedia of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, were ex-
amined. The following relationships were ascertained and verified:
Madeira Pipe = 110 gallons
Malaga Pipe = 114 gallons
Teneriffe Cargo Pipe = 1 2 0 gallons
Sherry Pipe = 130 gallons
Port Pipe = 138 gallons
Lisbon Pipe = 140 gallons

In many other series there were individual changes in units. Each

required a large amount of detailed work in order to determine to
our satisfaction what the proper relationship was. The results of our
investigations are as follows:
Coal, Lehigh J
Coal, Schuyl- > 28 bus. of 80 lbs. = 1 ton of 2240 lbs.
kill )
Corn meal cwt. of 112 lbs. = 1 bbl. of 196 lbs.
Flaxseed 7 bus. = 1 hogshead
Hemp 2240 lbs. = 1 ton
Honey 5 gals. = 1 demijohn
Peas 8 bus. = 1 cask
Steel, Am. 2000 lbs. — 1 ton
Timothy seed 8 bus. == 1 cask

The most frequently appearing change in unit was in the definition

of the number of pounds constituting a hundredweight. In the early
years most commodities sold by weight were quoted in units of 112
pounds. On July 13, 1824 the Chamber of Commerce of Philadel-
phia adopted a general revision of trading customs to take effect on
xxxii PRICES IN PHILADELPHIA, 1784-1861

the following August 2. Among other changes was the requirement

"that sugar, rice, cocoa, copperas, alum, brimstone, shot, lead and
all other articles heretofore sold by the cwt. ( 1 1 2 lbs.) shall hereafter
be sold by the decimal hundred ( 1 0 0 lbs.)." 4 Subsequent comments
in all of the market reports clearly indicate that this revision was
accomplished. The final result was that many series that had been
quoted by the hundredweight of 1 1 2 pounds appeared with a price
per pound and then later shifted to a price per 100 pounds.
Whenever any of these various changes occurred in the base period
it was necessary to recompute the prices on a uniform basis in order
to secure an average that could be used in computing the relative
prices. If the change in unit appeared at any other time, however, it
was possible to convert merely the base average to its equivalent in
the other unit.
E X P L A N A T I O N OF T A B L E S

In preparation for the making of group and total indices it was

necessary to eliminate any chance weighting which might result from
having two or more grades of some commodities and only one of
others. Accordingly the relative prices of the various grades of some
commodities were arithmetically averaged. For example, the grades
of mess and prime beef were combined into one beef "commodity-
group." In the case of coffee and logwood, certain grades were av-
eraged and then the result was averaged with the relatives of an-
other grade. Relative prices of two grades of bread were averaged
from 1784 to 1 7 8 7 , of three grades from 1787 to 1 8 0 1 , of four
grades from 1802 to 1827, and of three grades again, as prices of
one grade were discontinued, from 1827 to 1 8 6 1 . Other commodities
for which the number of specifications available varied were treated
the same way.
There were in all 205 different commodities or grades of com-
modities for which prices were available for at least part of the period
from 1784 to 1 8 6 1 . Combinations such as are described above re-
duced these 205 series to 1 5 7 with continuous prices from 1 8 1 8 to
1 8 6 1 . Of the 1 5 7 there were 140 series which started in 1784. These
are the 140 series which were combined to make the total index dis-
1
JULY 19, 1824, Grotjan's Philadelfhia Public Sale Refort.
 INTRODUCTION XXXlll

cussed in the first volume. T h e classification table and page list, on

pp. ν if., show the various specifications which were combined to
make a single commodity-group. O n that list the 140 commodities
are marked with a single asterisk. W h i l e most of these series covered
the entire period 1784-1861, it was necessary in a few cases to sub-
stitute during part of the period the relative prices of a related com-
modity. For example, yellow beeswax, which was not to be averaged
with white, was used for white beeswax in the early years as well as
by itself for the entire period. In the combination of the grades of a
commodity and in the substitution of one commodity to complete an-
other, the series were carefully inspected to insure that no undue
change in prices was introduced and that the series did tend to move
in a similar fashion. W h e r e specifications implied differences in use
the grades were not combined. It is evident from the list that there
are no relatives of prices of "ashes" as such but only of pearl ashes
and pot ashes. O n the other hand, relatives of the prices of "bread"
are presented as well as those of middling, pilot, ship, and small water
bread. T h e asterisks on pearl ashes, pot ashes, and bread indicate that
they were the series included in the total of 140 discussed in the first
volume. T h e 17 additional commodities and commodity-groups for
which prices could not be started in 1784 are marked on the page list
with a double asterisk. T h e 47 series marked with a dagger are those
for which the absolute prices are to be published by Professor Arthur
H . Cole in his summary volume, Commodity Prices in the United-
States, ιγοο-ι86ο.B
For certain commodities of which the grades were to be combined
the prices of only one specification were available for a part of the
period. Accordingly, the relatives of the individual series and of the
commodity-group would be identical for certain years. T o avoid
duplication in printing, however, the relatives have been presented
on only one table—that of the commodity-group. T h e detailed foot-
notes for an individual series cover the whole period for which prices
of the given grade are available. As a result, there are some footnotes
for which no keys appear on either the commodity-group or individ-
ual commodity table. T h e specifications are given in order that all

* Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

xxxiv PRICES IN PHILADELPHIA, 1784-1861

known information may be available to other students. O n pages

xx-xxi there is a reference list of the commodities for which the data
appear on two separate tables. T h e years given in the seventh column
of the table list cover the whole period for which prices are available
and not merely that portion which is contained on the specific page.
T h e four columns of classification indicate how the various com-
modities were grouped for discussion in the first volume. Three
methods of classification were used.
For one classification, the commodities were divided into those
produced within the United States and those which were imported
from foreign countries. Some commodities which were imported dur-
ing part of the period and produced domestically for the remaining
years were omitted from this classification.
A second grouping of the commodities was made chiefly on the
basis of the area of the economy in which they are produced. Domestic
agriculture is represented by two groups: farm crops, composed of
field products; and farm derivatives, composed of products of what
would now be the milling, baking, meat packing, and dairy industries.
For indications of the prices of foreign agricultural commodities in
the Philadelphia market we have imported foods, consisting chiefly
of fruits, beverages, spices, and raw sugar and molasses. In addition,
wines represent a specialized part of processed foreign agricultural
products. Industry is likewise characterized by two groups: industrial
raw and semi-finished commodities such as dyes, chemicals, ferrous
and non-ferrous metals, and materials for paints; and industrial com-
modities ready for consumption, which include a diversified list of
manufactured articles such as textile fabrics, refined sugar, soap, glass,
and spirits. T o typify conditions in the lumber and forest industry
we have grouped pine boards, cedar shingles, and oak staves with
the naval stores under the heading lumber products and naval stores.
T w o other important sectors, fishing and trapping, are designated by
the groups of fish and furs. This grouping reduces all commodities
included in the general index to nine classes or major groups. T h e
commodities in each group are listed on page xxxv.
In an attempt to isolate more clearly the commodities contributing
to specific fluctuations in prices from 1784 to i 8 6 i , a third classifica-
 I N T R O D U C T I O N xxxv

C L A S S I F I C A T I O N OF COMMODITIES BY M A J O R G R O U P S

F A R M CROPS 12 FARM DERIVATIVES 14

Corn Rice Beef Ginseng
Cotton Rye Bread Hams
Flax Tobacco Butter Hides
Flaxseed James River Cheese Lard
Hemp, Russian Kentucky Corn meal Pork
Oats Wheat Feathers Rye meal
Peas Flour, superfine Tallow
I M P O R T E D FOODS 2 1 I N D U S T R I A L R A W AND S E M I - F I N I S H E D 4 0
Almonds Alum Lead
Molasses Ashes Lead
Chocolate New Orleans
Cloves pearl red dry
Sugar House pot white dry
Cocoa West India
Coffee Beeswax white ground in oil
Nutmegs white
Currants Oil, sweet Leather
Ginger yellow Logwood
Pepper Brimstone
ground Pimento Mahogany
race crude Oil
Raisins rolls
Honey Sugar linseed
Lemons Copper sperm
Havana brown & old
Mace muscovado whale
Tea sheathing Plaster of Paris
Copperas Saltpeter
L U M B E R PRODUCTS AND N A V A L S T O R E S 12 Fustic refined
Pine boards Indigo rough
Staves Spanish brown
heart & panel barrel Iron
sap bar, American or dry
hogshead
white pipe domestic ground in oil
Pitch Tar bar, foreign Steel
Rosin Turpentine hoop American or coun-
Shingles nail rod try.
Spirits of turpen- Pig English blistered
tine sheet German
T. Crowley-Trieste
I N D U S T R I A L R E A D Y FOR C O N S U M P T I O N 2 7 Tin
block
Brandy, French Rum plate
Candles Jamaica Verdigris
sperm New England
tallow West India FISH 3 WINES 8
Coal Salt Cod, dried Claret
anthracite coarse Herring Lisbon
bituminous fine Mackerel Madeira
Cordage Soap Malaga
American castile FURS 3 Port
foreign white Sherry
Duck yellow Beaver
Deer skins Teneriffe
bear ravens Sheeting cargo
ravens Russian brown Muskrat
Gin, Holland Russian white London particu-
Glass Shot lar
Gunpowder Starch
Nails Sugar
loaf & lump
Havana white
XXXVI PRICES IN PHILADELPHIA, 1784-1861

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMODITIES BY GROUPS AND SUB-GROUPS

F A R M PRODUCTS
Grains 5 Tobacco 1 Minor 1
Corn James River Flaxseed
Oats Kentucky Peas
Rice Ladies Twist** Beans**
Rye St. Domingo** Cloverseed**
Wheat Hops**
Timothy Seed**
FOODS
Grain Products 4 Meats and Meat Dairy Products 1 Fish 3
Products 4
Bread Beef Butter Cod, dried
Corn meal Hams Cheese Herring
Flour, superfine Lard Mackerel
Rye meal Pork

Fruit 4 Beverages 3 Condiments 12 Sugar and Molasses 6

Almonds Cocoa Chocolate Molasses
Currants Coffee Cloves New Orleans
Lemons Tea Ginger Sugar House
Raisins ground West India
race Sugar
Honey Havana brown &
Mace muscovado
Nutmegs Havana white
Oil, sweet loaf & lump
Pepper
Pimento
Salt
coarse
fine

CHEMICALS AND D Y E S F U E L AND L I G H T I N G 7

Chemicals 9 Dyes 3 Candles
Alum Fustic sperm
Ashes Indigo tallow
pearl Coal
pot Logwood anthracite
Brimstone Bark, Quercitron* Virginia (bituminous)
crude Oil
rolls sperm
Copperas whale
Saltpeter Tallow
refined
rough
Gunpowder

tion, more detailed than that of the nine maj or groups, has been used
as a supplement. For this purpose we adopted the grouping suggested
by the International Scientific Committee on Price History which
roughly parallels that used by the United States Bureau of Labor
Statistics in its studies of wholesale prices. As we have used it without
 INTRODUCTION
M E T A L S AND M E T A L PRODUCTS BUILDING MATERIALS
Ferrous Metals 11 Ν on-Ferrous Metals 6 Wood 8 Other than Wood 14
Iron Copper Mahogany Glass
bar, American old Pine Lead
or domestic sheathing heart & panel red dry
bar, foreign Lead sap white dry
hoop Tin white white ground in
nail rod block Shingles oil
Pig plate Staves Oil, linseed
sheet Shot barrel Pitch
Steel Spelter** hogshead Plaster of Paris
American or pipe Rosin
country Spanish Brown
English blis- dry
tered ground in oil
German Spirits of Turpen-
T. Crowley- tine
Trieste Tar
Nails Turpentine
Verdigris
FURS 3 TEXTILES HIDES AND L E A T H E R 2
Beaver Fibers 3 Fabrics 6 Hides
Deer skins Cotton Cordage Leather
Muskrat Flax American
Hemp, Russian foreign
Duck
Wool**
bear ravens
ravens
Sheeting
Russian brown
Russian white
Checks f**
Diaper (linen)**

SPIRITS AND WINES MISCELLANEOUS 8

Spirits 5 Wines 8 Beeswax
Brandy, French Claret white
Gin, Holland Lisbon yellow
Rum Madeira Feathers
Jamaica Malaga Ginseng
New England Port Soap
West India Sherry Castile
Teneriffe white
Whiskey cargo yellow
apple** particular Starch
rye** Marseilles Madeira** Bristles**
Sicily Madeira** Corks, velvet
bottle**

a house furnishings group but with one of the spirits and wines, it
consists of eleven main groups, some of which are subdivided, making
a total of twenty-five groups and sub-groups. Fish, furs, and wines
remain the same as in the previous classification. Some of the sub-
groups, such as grains or beverages, represent portions of one of the
xxxviii PRICES IN PHILADELPHIA, 1784-1861

major groups, while others, such as condiments, pull together com-

modities from two or more of the major groups. The commodities
comprising each sub-group are listed on pp. xxxvi-xxxvii. The num-
ber after each group name refers to the number of commodities in-
cluded in the total of 140. The items with a double asterisk make up
the 17 additional series in the total of 157.
On nearly all of the individual commodity tables and on those
parts of the commodity-group tables which contain relatives of a
single specification, there will be found some italicized figures. These
represent prices for which no actual data were available and which
had to be arrived at by some means of estimating.

Base
The base given on each commodity table has been expressed in
terms of single units of money and of measure. This conceals the
prices expressed in Pennsylvania pounds, shillings, and pence in the
early years and also the shift in weights and measures which oc-
curred frequently in the quotations of many commodities. The terms
in which the base is expressed make it possible for anyone who wishes
to deal in absolute prices rather than in relatives to convert the data
into uniform prices for the 78 years. The unit of measure or weight
chosen is in every case that in effect during the closing years of the
study, thus making more convenient a comparison of these price
data with any which may be available for subsequent years. No bases
appear on the tables which are combinations of two or more grades.

Footnotes
The footnotes detail the changes in specifications as quoted in the
newspapers and the dates covered by these changes. Some of the
variations arise from the use of more than one newspaper—a use
dictated by necessity and not by choice. Others of the variations arise
out of the increased use of the commodity and the need for more
detailed specifications. Many commodities in the years immediately
after the Revolution were listed by name only, without any grade.
In the later years two or even more grades might be listed. The one
which best fitted the unspecified price was used to continue that series
and the completed series was given the name of the grade. For in-
 INTRODUCTION xxxix

stance, the prices current from January 1784 to June 1798 carried
merely "chocolate." In July 1798 the list changed to "chocolate,
Philadelphia" and "chocolate, Boston." T h e prices of Philadelphia
chocolate were the more like those of unspecified chocolate. Conse-
quently the footnotes for Philadelphia chocolate start with "unspeci-
fied." T h e next note reads "Philadelphia, unspecified" to distinguish
it from the later notes in which distinction was made between two
grades of Philadelphia chocolate.
 RELATIVE MONTHLY SERIES 1
TABLE I .—ALMONDS B a s e — $ . 1 4 8 3 3 p e r pound

rear Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1784 101.12' 101.12 100, 67 100.30 99.85 99.4S 99.03 9 8 . «5 98.20 97.83 97.38 84.27
1785 71.16 71.16 71.666 72.14 72.6 5 73.12 78.55 77.00 75.42 73.77 72.05 70.28
1786 69.01 67.75 66.39 60.47 62.19 64.41 73.35 82.40" 82.40 82.40 83.77" 84.97
1787 S6.01 SO. 99 75.37 76.25 76.99 79.48 81.96 84.45 89.89° 89.89 89.89 89.89
1788 89.89 89.S0* 89.47 89.17 88.84 SB. 51 88.15 87.83 87.17 87.12 85.07 83.05
1789 SO.97 78.92 76.85 74.91» 74.91 74.91 74.91 74.01 73.03 74.366 75.66 76.92
1790 75.99 71.91 70.99 70.07 68.15 71.16 71.16 75.35 76.45 74.67 74.72 90.09
1791 100.0B 97.38 104.65 94.75 95.86 100.15 101.33 90. U 89.11 94.72 96.84 93.17
1792 S3. SO 84.40 85.28 86.19 87.09 88.74 91.13 86.20 87.07 81.19 86.08 84.64
1793 86.00 86.83 87.66 86.02 86.80 87.60 94.91 95.78 96.64 97.47 98.34 99.20
1791 100.06 100.99 101.89 102.«5
1796 122.41 116.96 117.96 118.94 119.93 120.91 133.23 139.46 140.59 141.68 155.82 176.28'
1796 168.54 168.54 168.54 168.54 178.66 151.69 151.69 171.91 175.28 182.03 182.03 168.54
1797 175.28 175.28 158.43 158.43 158.43 158.43 168.43 131.46 131.48 131.46 134.83 134.83
1798 144.95c 144.95 144.95 144.95 144.95 155.08 155.06 155.06 144.96 144.95 144.96 128.09
1799 128.09 128.09 128.09 121.35 121.35 121.36 121.36 121.35
1800 148.32* 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32
ISOI 148.32 148.32 134.83 148.32 148.32 168.54 188.64 168.64 168.64 168.54 168.64 168.54
1802 168.54 168.54 168.54 168.54 134.83 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 151.69 151.69 134.83
1803 128.09 128.09 128.09 128.09 128.09 128.09 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87
1804 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87 121.36 121.35 121.35 121.35 121.35 148.32
1805 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32
1806 134.83d 134.83 134.83 134.83 155.06 168.54 188.54 151.69 151.69 151.69 151.69 124.72
1807 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72
1808 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 141.58 141.68 141.58 141.68 141.58 141.68 141.58
1809 141.58 141.58 141.58 141.58 141.58 141.58 141.68 141.58 141.58 134.83 134.83 134.83
1810 134.83 134.83 128.09 128.09 114.61 128.09 168.64 202.25 202.25 202.25 188.77 188.77
1811 202.25 202.25 202.25 192.14 202.25 202.25 202.25 202.25 202.25 202.26 202.26 202.25
1812 202.25 202.25 168.54 151.69 151.69 151.69 168.54 168.54 168.54 168.54 168.54 168.54
1813 168.54 168.54 168.54 168.54 168.54 168.54 168.64 188.54 168.54 168.54 168.64 168.64
1814 195.51 1S9.64 IBS. 71 177.85 171.91 171.91 171.91 171.91 171.91 171.91 171.91 171.91
1815 171.91 171.91 161.80 151.69' 151.69 151.69 151.69 141.58a 148.32 148.99 149.67 150.Si
1816 151.01 151.69 149.46 147.17 144.95 144.95 144.95 144.95 144.95 144.95 144.95 134.83
1817 134.83 134.83 134.83 141.58 141.58 141.58 141.68 141.58 141.68 175.28 155.0« 156.06
1818 155.06 155.06 168.54 168.54 168.54 168.64 176.28 175.28 175.28 175.28 124.72 L24.72
1819 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72 124.72
1820 155.06 155.06 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13
1821 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 102.81 102.81 121.35
1822 121.35 121.35 121.35 121.35 121.36 134.83 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87
1823 101.13' 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13
182« 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90
1825 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90 111.24 111.24 111.24 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16
1826 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16
1827 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 SO. 90 87.64 87.64" 87.64 87.64 87.64
1828 85.9« 94.38 101,13 101.13 80.90 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70
1829 92.70 92.70 92.70 117.98 117.98 117.98 117.98 114.81 104.50 104.50 97.76 97.76
1830 97.76 97.76 97.76 94.38 91.01 84.27 84.27 84.27 84.27 74.16 74.16 74.16
1831 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90
1832 80.90 80.90 74.16 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90 80.90
1833 SO. 90 80.90 80.90 91.01 91.01 84.27 84.27 110.43 117.98 117.98 77.53 104.50
183« 91.01 91.01 91.01 91.01 91.01 91.01 91.01 91.01 91.01 91.01 91.01 97.76
1835 121.35 121.35 121.35 121.35 121.35 121.35 121.36 121.36 121.36 97.76 97.76 97.76
1836 89.33 89.33 89.33 75.84 75.84 75.84 75.84 75.84 75.84 76.84 75.84 74.18
1837 74.16 72.47 74.16 74.16 74.16 69.10 69.10 69.10 69.10 69.10 69.10 69.10
1838 69.10 69.10 69.10 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 74.16 80.90 80.90
1839 80.90 80.90 82.59 79.22 82.59 82.59 82.59 82.59 82.59 69.10 69.10 89.10
1840 69.10 69.10 67.42 67.42 67.42 67.42 67.42 67.42 67.42 87.42 67.42 84.27
1841 84.27 94.38 94.38 94.38 94.38 94.38 94.38 77.53 77.53 77.63 77.53 77.53
1842 77.53 77.53 77.63 77.53 77.63 77.53 77.53 77.53 77.53 77.53 77.63 77.53
1843 70.79 70.79 70.79 70.79 87.64 87.64 87.64 91.01 97.76 101.13 92.70 92.70
1844 107.87 104.50 104.50 114.61 104.50 104.50 104.50 99.44 99.44 99.44 92.70 -92.70
1845 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70 92.70 85.96
1846 85.96 85.96 85.96 8b96 86.98 85.96 86.96 80.90 80.90 80.90 94.38 94.38
1847 94.38 94.38 94.38 94.38 70.79 70.79 70.79 70.79 70.79 70.79 94.38 94.38
1848 94.38 94.38 94.38 94.38 94.38 94.38 94.38 97.76 101.13 101.13 94.38 94.38
1849 94.38 94.38 94.38 94.38 94.38 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.13 101.la
1850 104.50 138.21 138.21 138.21 138.21 138.21 140.77 140.77 140.77 167.46 167.48 144.95
1851 158.43 158.43 158.43 141.58 141.58 141.58 141.51 141.58 141.58 141.58 141.58 141.68
1852 141.58 141.58 141.58 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87 121.35 121.36 123.91 123.91
1853 123.91 123.91 123.91 123.91 123.91 107.87 107.87 107.87 114.61 114.61 114.61 114.61
1854 114.61 114.61 114.61 114.61 114.61 114.61 114.61 114.61 111.24 111.24 111.24 111.24
1855 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87 107.87 134.83 115.49 115.49 136.52 136.52 116.29 134.84
1856 136.52 136.52 136.52 136.52 136.52 136.52 136.52 136.52 136.52 136.52 136.52 136.52
1857 185.40 185.40 185.40 185.40 185.40 185.40 185.40 185.40 185.40 185.40 186.40 185.40
1858 77.53 77.63 77.53 77.53 77.63 77.63 77.63 77.53 77.63 77.53 77.53 60.68
1859 60.68 60.68 60.68 60.68 60.88 60.68 60.68 60.68 60.68 74.16 74.16 74.16
I860 97.76 97.76 97.76 97.76 97.76 133.15 133.15 133.15 133.15 133.15 133.15 133.15
1861 133.15 133.15 133. 15 133.15 133.15 133.15 133.15 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32 148.32

For f o o t n o t e s s e e page 8 .
2 PRICES IN PHILADELPHIA, 1784-1861
TABLE 2.—ALUM Base—$.05032 per pound

Ye ar Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1784 US. 29' 118 29 105.00 91 68 97.50 103.34 109.16 115.00 120.82 126 67 132 49 120.66
1785 108.83 132 49 131.89 131.30 130. 71 130 12" 130 12 130.12 130.12 130.12 130.12 130.12
1786 1,10.12 ISO.12 130 12» 130 12 118 29 136 04 134.07 132 08 130.12° 130.12' 124.61 124.61
1787 124.CI i2i.ei 138 45 138.45 152 29 152.29 152.29 152.29 120.16 120.16 124 61 124.61
1788 124.61" 1.10.55 136. 48 142.42 106.82 111 26 115.71 114.17 117.64 111 01 109.54 108.00
1789 iof.i6c loe.ie 106. i f ! 106.46 106 46 106.46 106.46 106 46 106.46 106.46 106 46 106.46
1790 109.94" 113.a 11«.92 120.42 123. 90 100.67 8 5 17 100.33 100.67 100.67 100.67 85.17»
1791 85.17 8 5 17 76.89 76 8 9 76 89 76 89 76 89 76 89 76.89 76 89 76 8 9 76.89
1792 68.58 6 8 58 68 58 68 58 6 8 58 68 58 68 58 68 58 68.58 68 58 76 8 3 76.83
1793 76.83 76 8 3 76 8 3 76 8 3 76 8 3 76 8 3 76 8 3 76 8 3 76.83 76 8 3 76 8 3 76.83
1791 76.83 76 8 3 76 8 3 76 8 3 99.36" 99 76 100.15
1795 100.55 103.52 106 46 100 55 132.49 132.49 132.49 132. 49 132.49 132 49 106.46 106.46"
1796 106.46 106 46 115 33 133 0 8 133 08 124 21 133.08 139.73 139.73 139 7 3 139 7 3 139.73
1797 139.73 139 7 3 139 7 3 139 7 3 139 7 3 139 7 3 139 7 3 139 7 3 150.82 150 8 2 150 8 2 150.82
1798 141.95' 141 9 5 141 95 141 95 141 95 150 8 2 150 8 2 150 8 2 150.82 150 8 2 150 8 2 150.82
1799 150.82 150.82 150 82 150.82 150 8 2 150 82 150 8 2 150 8 2 150.82 159.69 159. 69 159.69
1800 159. 69 159.69 159.69 159.69 159.69 159.69 159 69 159 6 9 159.69 159.69 150 8 2 150.82
1801 150.82 150 8 2 150 8 2 150.82 150 8 2 150 82 150 8 2 150 8 2 128.64 128 6 4 128 6 4 137.51
1802 138.22 137 51 137 51 137 51 128 6 4 119 77 119 7 7 119 7 7 119.77 106.46 106 4 6 106.46
1803 106.46 106 46 106 46 106 46 106 46 106 46 106 46 106 46 106.46 106 46 106 46 106.46
180« 106.46 104 24 104 24 104 24 104 24 104 24 104 24 104 24 104.24 104.24 104 24 104.24
1805 104.24 104 24 104 24 110 90 110 9 0 110 90 110 90 110 9 0 110.90 110 90 1 10 90 110.90
1806 110.90 106 46 106 46 106.46 106 46 102.03 102 0 3 102 0 3 102.03 110 9 0 1 10 9 0 110.90
1807 110.90 n o 90 110 90 1 10 9 0 119 7 7 1 19 77 119 7 7 116 2 2 124.21 133.08 124 21 124.21
1808 124.21 133 08 133 08 133 0 8 137 51 137 51 110 9 0 110 9 0 119.77 119 7 7 119 7 7 141.95
a
1809 141.95 141 95 141 9 5 141 95 141 9 5 137 5 1 124 21 115 3 3 137.51 141 95 141 95 141.95
1810 141.95 141 95 141 95 141 95 141 95 141 95 141 9 5 139 7 3 139.73 139.73 139 7 3 139.73
1811 139.73 139 7 3 139 7 3 139 7 3 139 7 3 150 8 2 150 8 2 159 6 9 159.69 159.69 150 8 2 150.82
1812 150.82 150 8 2 150 8 2 150 8 2 173 0 0 177 44 248 41 248 41 212.92 212 92 212 92 212.92
1813 212.92 248.41 248 41 248 41 248 41 257 28 257 28 2 5 7 28 257.28 257 28 257 28 257.28
1814 301.64 248 41 199 6 2 173 00 168 5 7 189 86 173 0 0 173 00 173.00 181 8 7 239 5 4 226.23
1815 201.92 226 2 3 115 3 3 115 3 3 108 68 114.89 124 21 124 21 137.51 137.51 137 51 128.64
1816 124.21" 124 21 141 95 150 8 2 150 8 2 159 6 9 159 69 159 6 9 133.08 133.08 133 08 133.08
1817 133.08 133 08 121 9 9 106.46 105 13 108 68 108 68 108 68 108.68 108 68 108 6 8 108.68
1818 128.64 128 6 4 128 6 4 128 6 4 126 42 128.64 128 6 4 128 6 4 146.39 146 39 144 17 128.64
1819 128.64 128 64 128 6 4 128 6 4 130 4 2 123.32 126 4 2 128 6 4 128.64 128 6 4 121 9 9 121.99
1820 121.99 121 9 9 121.99 121 99 121 99 121 99 121 99 121 99 121.99 121 9 9 121 9 9 121.99
1821 115.33 115 33 115 3 3 115 3 3 1 15 3 3 110 90 110 9 0 110 9 0 110.90 110 9 0 110 9 0 110.90
1822 110.90 110 90 110 9 0 110 90 110 9 0 110 90 110 9 0 110 9 0 110.90 110 9 0 110 90 110.90
1823 110.90 no 9 0 97 5 9 97 59 97 59 97 5 9 97 59 88 7 2 88.72 88 7 2 88 72 88.72
1824 88.72 88 7 2 88 7 2 88 72 88 72 88 7 2 88 7 2 88 7 2 91.91 91 91 91 91 91.91
1825 89.43 89 43 89 43 89 4 3 8 9 43 89 43 89 4 3 89 4 3 89.43 91 91 9 4 40 94.40
1826 89.43 94.40 89 4 3 89 43 9 4 40 9 9 36 9 6 88 94 4 0 94.40 94 40 94 40 94.40
1827 94.40 96 88 96 88 96 88 96 8 8 » 96 88 9 4 40 89 43 89.43 89 4 3 89 43 89.43
1828 89.43 8 4 46 7 9 49 7 9 49 79 4 9 7 9 49 79 4 9 79 49 79.49 6 9 55 69 55 69.55
1829 69.55 6 9 55 69 55 6 9 55 6 9 55 6 9 55 6 9 55 6 9 55 64.59 69 55 6 9 55 69.55
1830 69.55 6 9 55 6 9 55 6 9 55 6 9 55 69 55 69 55 69 55 69.55 69 55 7 4 52 74.52
1831 74.52 6 9 55 74 52 7 4 52 89 4 3 79 49 79 49 77 01 69.55 74 52 74 52 74.52
1832 74.52 74 52 74 52 7 4 52 7 4 52 74 52 72 04 72 04 73.29 7 3 29 7 3 29 73.29
1833 73.29 69.55 6 9 55 6 9 55 6 9 55 6 9 55 69 5 5 69 55 79.49 79 49 79 49 79.49
1834 79.49 79 4 9 74 52 74 52 7 4 52 7 4 52 74 5 2 74 5 2 74.52 77.01 7 7 01 77.01
1835 BI.9B 81 9 8 81 98 86 94 86 94 89 4 3 86 9 4 94 40 99.36 99 36 119 24 111.78
1836 111.78" I I I 78 111 7 8 114 27 1 14 27 104 33 109 30 109 30 109.30 109 30 109 30 104.33
1837 109.30 109 30 109 30 109 30 109 30 109 30 109 30 109 30 109.30 109 30 109 30 109.30
1838 109.30 109 30 109 30 109 30 109 30 109 30 109 3 0 104 3 3 106.82 106 8 2 106 8 2 106.82
1839 106.82 106 8 2 104 33 104 3 3 104 3 3 104 3 3 104 33 I I I 78 104.33 104 3 3 104 3 3 104.33
1840 104.33 104 33 104 3 3 104 33 96 88 96 88 96 88 9 6 88 79.49 79 49 77.01 77.01
1841 77.01 74 52 74 52 7 4 52 74 52 74 52 74 52 74 5 2 74.52 74 5 2 74 52 74.52
1842 74.52 74 52 7 4 52 6 9 55 6 9 55 6 2 10 6 2 10 62.10 62.10 64 59 64 59 64.59
1843 64.59 6 4 59 6 4 59 6 4 59 6 4 59 6 4 59 6 4 59 6 4 59 64.59 6 4 59 6 4 59 64.59
1844 64.59 6 4 59 6 5 84 7 7 01 72 04 72 04 72.04 7 7 01 81.98 81 98 7 7 01 74.52
1845 69.55 6 2 10 6 2 10 67 07 72 04 67.07 67 0 7 67 07 67.07 67 07 6 2 10 59.62
1846 59.62 54 65 57 13 57 13 57 13 5 2 17 5 2 17 52 17 48.45 48 4 5 50 9 3 50.93
1847 50.93 50 9 3 5 3 42 54 6 5 54 6 5 54 6 5 54 65 54 6 5 50.93 50 9 3 50 9 3 50.93
1848 50.93 49 68 49 68 49 68 49 68 49 68 49 68 49 6 8 49.68 49 68 49 68 49.68
1849 49.68 49 68 47 20 49 6 8 ' 39 7 5 4 9 68 4 9 68 49 68 52.17 5 3 42 57 13 53.42
1850 57.13 57 13 58 39 58 3 9 " 6 0 87 57 13 57 13 57 13 55.90 55 9 0 55 9 0 53.42
1851 52.17 5 2 17 5 2 17 5 2 17 5 2 17 47 20 48 45 48 45 48.45 47 20 47 20 47.20
1852 47.20 42 23 4 4 71 4 4 71 44 71 4 4 71 4 4 71 47 20 47.20 45 9 7 45 9 7 48.45
1853 49.68 47 20 42 2 3 42 23 42.23 44 71 44 71 44 71 44.71 43 48 43 48 43.48
1854 43.48 4 3 48 4 3 48 4 3 48 4 3 48 4 3 48 4 3 48 4 3 48 43.48 4 3 48 43.48 43.46
1855 43.48 4 3 48 4 3 48 4 3 48 4 3 48 4 3 48 4 3 48 4 3 48 48.45 50 9 3 52 17 48.45
1856 43.48 4 3 48 4 8 45 48 45 4 3 48 4 3 48 48 45 48 45 48.45 48 45 4 3 48 43.48
1857 45.97 5 8 39 58 39 58 39 58 39 58 39 58 39 58 39 58.39 58 39 58 39 58.39
1858 58.39 53 42 53 42 5 3 42 5 3 42 5 3 42 5 3 42 5 3 42 52.17 52 17 5 2 17 52.17
1859 62.17 5 2 17 5 2 17 52 17 5 2 17 5 2 17 5 2 17 5 2 17 52.17 49 6 8 45 97 45.97
I860 45.97 47 20 47 20 45 97 45 97 4 5 97 45 97 45 97 45.97 45 97 45 97 45.97
1861 45.97 47 20 47 20 47 20 47 20 47 20 47 20 4 7 20 47.20 4 7 20 41 0 0 41.00

For f o o t n o t e s s e e p a g e 8 .
 RELATIVE MONTHLY SERIES 3

rear Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Hay June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
1784 83.34· 83.34 83.34 83.34 83.34 97.24 111.12 125.03 138.91 152.79 166.69 166.69
1785 166.69 166.69 166.69 166 .69 166.69 166.69 166.69 155.58 144.47 133.35 122.24 111.12
1786 111.12 111.12 111.12 111 .12 111.12 111 .12 111 .12 111.12 111.12 111.12 111.12 111.12
1787 111.12 111.12 111.12 111 .12 104.19 104.19 104 .19 104.19 104.19 104.19 104.19 104.19
1788 111 .12 107.66 104.19 104.19 104.19 104 .19 104 .19 104.19 104.19 104.19 125.03 125.03
1789 125.03 125.03 104 .19 104 .19 104.19 104.19 113 .91 107.66 107.66 107.66 107.66 107.66
1790 107.66 107.66 107.66 107.66 107.66 97 .24 97.24 97.24 97.24 97.24 97.24 97.24
1791 97 ,2i 97.94 105.09° 107 .66 107.66 107 .66 107 .66 107.66 107.66 107.66 107.66 107.66
1792 106 .50 106 .50 106 .50 106 .50 106.50 106 .50 106 .50 106.50 106.50 106.50 106.50 106.50
Ρ 793 106 .50 106 .50 105 .35 105 .35 105.35 105 .35 105 .35 105.35 105.35 105.35 105.37 105.38
1794 105 .38 105 .38 105 .38 105 .35
1795 92 .28 92 .28 92 .28 92 .28 92.28 92 .28 92 .28 133.29 133.29 133.29 133.29 133.29
1796 153 .80 c 153 .80 153 .80 153 .80 153.69 115 .35° 115 .35 115.35 115.35 115.35 153.80 153.80
1797 1S3.S0 153.80° 153 .80 153 .80 155.72 144 .18 144 .18 134.57 120.15 124.96 114.39 129.77
1798 129 .77 132 .65 127 .84 120 .15 115.35 119 .19 107 .66 103.81 99.97 99.97 117.27 134.57
1799 134 .57 130 .73 130.73 123 .04 126.88 109 .58 107 .66 1 13.42 111.50 115.35 128.80 128.80
1800 132 .65 132 .65 127 .84 109 .58 124.96 130 .73= 130 .73 130.73 130.73 130.73 130.73 130.73
1801 130 73 130 .73 130 .73 130 73 130.73 130 .73 130.73 130.73 130.73 130.73 123.04" 111.50
1802 III 50 1 11 50 109 .58 99 .97 94.20 92 .28 90 .36 88.43 96.12 99.97 99.97 99.97
1803 107.66» 107 66 107 66 107 66 107.66 107 .66 107.66 107.66 107.66 107.66 107.66 105.74
1804 105 74 105 74 105 74 105 74 105.74 105 .74 105 .74 105.74 105.74 111.50 111.50 111.50
1805 1 1 150 111 50 11 1 50 111 50 111.50 111 .50 111 .50 111.50 111.50 111.50 111.50 111.50
1806 111 50 III 50 III 50 111 50 111.50 III 50 111 .50 111.50 111.50 111.50 111.50 153.80
1807 153 80 153 80 153.80 153 80 153.80 153 80 153 80 153.80 153.80 153.80 153.80 153.80
1808 153.BO 153.80 153.80 153 80 153.80 152.77 151 75 164.24 176.73 146.07 149.94 153.80
1809 153.SO 153.80 153.80 153.80 153.80 153.80 153 80 153.80 115.35 134.57 153.80 148.21
1810 142.62 169.IS 169.18 169.18 169.18 138 49 169 18 169.18 184.48 '84.43 184.48 184.48
1811 ISO 66 176.83 173 01 169.18 169.18 169 18 161 57 153.80 153.80 153.80 123.68 123.68
1812 119 55 115 41 107 66 111 53 115.41 119.20 122 99 122.99 122.99 107.66 107.66 107.66
1813 119 20 115.il 115 41 122 99 124.28 125 57 124 28 122.99 129.02 126.44 111.79 146.11
1814 146 II 176 87 176 87 176 87 176.87 176 87 176 87 176.87 176.87 176.87 176.87 176.87
1815 176 87 176 87 161 49 161 49 161.49 161 49 161 49 161.49 161.49 161.49 203.78 203.78
1816 203 78 203 78 203 78 203.78 203.78 203 78 203 78 203.78 203.78 203.78 203.78 203.78
1817 203 78 203 78 203 78 203 78 203.78 169 18 169 18 169.18 169.18 169.18 169.18 169.18
1818 169 18 169 18 169 18 169 18 159.56 155 72 155 72 155.72 155.72 155.72 155.72 155.72
1819 155 72 155 72 155 72 155 72 134.57 130.73 119 19 115.35 92.28 92.28 92.28 92.28
1820 96 12 96 12 96 12 96 12 96.12 96 12 96 12 96.12 96.12 96.12 96.12 96.12
1821 96 12 96 12 96 12 96 12 96.12 96 12 96 12 96.12 96.12 96.12 103.81 103.81
1822 103 81 103 81 103 81 103 81 103.81 103 81 103.81 103.81 103.81 103.81 103.81 103.81
1823 103 81 103 81 103 81 103 81 103.81 103 81 103.81 103.81 103.81 103.81 103.81 103.81
1824 103 81 103 81 103 81 103 81 103.81 103.81 103 81 103.81 98.05 98.05 98.05 98.05
1825 98 05 98 05 98 05 98 05 84.59 92 28 91 32 91.32 92.28 91.32 91.32 90.36
1826 90 36 89 40 86 51 86 51 80.74 69 21 69 21 76.90 73.05 73.05 78.82 78.82
1827 76 90 76 90 76 90 76 90 76.90 74 90 73 98 78.82 82.67 86.51 87.48 87.48
1828 87 48 90 36 94 20 92 28 82.67 82.67 80.74 81.71 81.71 90.36 96.12 107.66
1829 111 50 115 35 115 35 113 42 103.81 99 97 94 20 94.20 103.81 115.35 123.04 119.19
1830 115 35 119 19 1 15 35 99 97 92.28 96 12 96 12 96.12 96.12 103.81 103.81 103.81
1831 103.81 103 81 103 81 92 28 99.05 99 05 99 05 90.44 99.05 103.36 103.36 103.36
1832 103 36 103 36 94 75 89 58 86.56 88 29 86 13 86.13 86.13 86.13 87.22 88.29
1833 87 17 87 17 86 13 88 72 86.13 86 13 86 56 86.56 90.44 90.44 94.75 94.75
1834 94 75 94. 75 94 75 94 75 94.75 94 75 94 75 99.05 99.05 99.05 99.05 101.21
1835 103 36 114 13 127.05 127 05 1 18.43 118 43 135 66 135.66 118.43 122.74 135.66 157.19
1836 176 57 176 57 160. 78 145.00 129.20 129 20 129 20 145.31 144.27 152.89 152.89 133.51
1837 133 51 133 51 129. 20" 109 82 86.13 103 36 100 14 92.59 101.21 101.21 99.05 89.37
1838 108 70" 108 70 104 39 104 39 104.39 104 39 104 39 96.90 96.90 129.20 129.20 129.20
1839 129. 20 129 20 129 20 129 20" 116.28 109 82 III 97 110.90 104.44 103.36 85.06 90.44
1840 92 59 94 75 99 05 99. 05 99.05 94.75 92.06 90.44 99.05 100.14 97.98 99.05
1841 97 98 103 36 103.36 101 21 94.75 86 13 90.44 99.05 99.05 103.36 99.05 94.75
1842 99 05 99 05 95. 83 94. 75 91.52 96 90 94 75 103.36 96.90 103.36 101.74 119.52
1843 120.59 1 11 97 114 13 1 14 13 95.28 94. 75 92. 06 91.52 88.29 90.44 90.44 86.67
1844 88 29 87 75 86 13 85 60 81.83 78 05 75. 90 75.90 76.45 73.75 73.47 71.06
1845 71 59 71 59 70. 53 79. 14 72.68 69. 99 72. 68 69.99 73.21 71.59 73.21 73.21
1846 71 06 73 21 75 37 72. 68 70.22 69. 99 69. 44 69.73 77.52 79.67 99.05 94.75
1847 94. 75 94 75 107.67 110.90 111.97 106 60 105. 51 137.81 118.43 137.81 150.73 120.59
1848 120. 59 143 20 137.81 120 59 96.90 103. 36 101 21 102.29 101.21 106.60 107.67 107.67
1849 120 59 133. 51 120 59 120. 59 94.75 96. 14 96. 90 104.44 111.97 108.20 110.04 108.75
1850 104 98 104 44 101 21 97 43 97.98 96. 90 103. 36 103.36 103.36 99.59 100.12 99.59
1851 96 90 96 90 98 52 99 05 95.83 94. 75 94. 75 94.75 95.31 92.59 92.59 95.83
1852 96 90 105 51 107 67 109 82 108.75 97 43 92. 59 95.83 95.83° 95.83 95.83 95.83
1853 95 83 92 59 99 05 100. 14 100.14 99. 05 99. 05 99.05 99.05 99.05 99.05 95.83
1854 96 90 113 06 1 15 21 1 15.21 110.85 101 21 94 75 96.90 105.51 105.51 105.51 1 18.43
1855 125 98 119 52 n o 90 106 55 106.55 104. 44 113 06 108.75 110.90 114.13 127.05 146.43
1856 139 97 133 51 133 51 129. 20 129.20 127. 05 133. 51 133.51 133.51 135.66 148.58 139.97
1857 139 97 132 44 130 23 127 05 133.51 127. 05 131. 35 128.08 123.77 104.65 107.67 107.67
1858 105 51 109 82 109 82 109 82 109.82 105 51 105 51 105.51 105.51 105.51 105.51 101.21
1859 103 36 103 36 103 36 105 51 101.21 101. 21 100 09 93.68 94.75 94.75 94.75 94.75
I860 94 75 94.75 94 75 94 75 94.75 94. 75 94 75 94.75 94.75 94.75 94.75 92.59
1861 88 29 88 29 92.59 94 75 94.75 94 75 96. 90 96·. 90 93.68 92.59 93.68 95.83

For footnotes see page 8.

4 PRICES IN PHILADELPHIA, 1784-1861
TABLE ASHES, POT B a s e — $5.I67<* per 100 p o u n d s

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Oec.

1781» es.ii' 69.11 69.11 69. 1 1 69.11 80.63 92.15 103.67 115.19 126.71 138.23 138.23
1785 138.23 138.23 138.23 138.23 138.23 138.23 138.23 129.01 119.80 110.58 101.37 92.15
1786 92.15 92.15 92.15 9 2 . 15 92.15 92.15 92.15 92.IS 92.15 92.15 92.15 92.15
1787 92.15 92.15 9 2 . 15 $2.15 86.39 86.39 86.39 86.39 86.39 86.39 86.39 86.39
1788 92.15 S9.27 86.39 86.39 86.39 86.39 86.39 86.39 86.39 86.39 103.67 103.67
1789 103.67 103.67 86.39 86.39 86.39 86.39 94.46 89.27 89.27 89.27 89.27 89.27
1790 89.27 89.27 89.27 89.27 89.27 80.63 80.63 80.63 80.63 80.63 80.63 80.63
1791 80.63 81.21 89.27 94.46 94.46 94.46 89.27 89.27 89.27 89.27 89.27 89.27
1792 82.07 88.98 82.07 82.07 82.07 82.07 82.07 82.07 82.07 82.07 82.07 82.07
1793 82.07 82.07 105.83 105.83 105.83 105.83 105.83 105.83 103.67 103.67 103.67 103.67
1794 103.67 103.67 103.67 103.67
1795 103.67 103.67 103.67 103.67 103.67 103.67 103.67 149.75 149.75 149.75 149.75 149.75
1796 149.89 149.89 161.12 156.37 151.62 146.87 146.87 146.87 146.87 146.87 155.51 155.51
1797 166.31" 155.51 ISi.19 140.39 134.99 112.31 105.83 97.19 97.19 103.67 102.59 126.27
1798 125.27 127.43 127.43 115.55 123.11 133.91 116.63 110.15 112.31 116.63 133.91 155.51
1799 155.51 151.19 151.19 151.19 158.75 138.44 141.47 151.19 146.87 161.99 168.47 170.63
1800 174.95 172.79 166.31 144.71 149.OS 144.06 138.23 135.42 129.69 127.43 129.59 122.46
1801 123.11 138.23 133.91 129.59 125.27 107.99 103.67 102.59 107.99 105.83 107.99 95.03
1802 99.35 95.03 92.87 86.39 84.23 86.39 82.07 82.07 86.39 90.71 93.30 95.03
1803 97.19 107.99 133.91» 133.91 133.91 133.91 133.91 133.91 133.91 133.91 133.91 114.47
1804 114.47 1 14.47 114.47 114.47 114.47 1 14.47 114.47 114.47 114.47 120.95 120.95 120.95
1805 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95
1806 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95
1807 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95
1808 120. 95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 120.95 118.79
1809 118.79 118.79 118.79 118.79 118.79 118.79 118.79 118.79 118.79 125.27 125.27 125.27
1810 125.27 125.27 125.27 125.27 125.27 125.27 125.27 125.27 125.27 125.27 125.27 125.27
1811 164.52C 161.51 158.19 155.44 155.89 156.35 149.75 142.96 1*3..IS 143.79 115.97 116.29
1812 112.75 109.16 102.12 106.10 110.09 114.03 117.99 118.32 118.65 104.15 104.44 104. 73
1813 lie.29 112.89 113.20 120.98 122.58 124.19 123.25 122. 30 128.64 126.41 112.07 146.87"
1811 146.87 164.15 164.15 164.15 164.15 164.IS 1 6 4 . 15 164.15 164.15 164.15 164.15 164.15
1815 .64.15 164.15 149.03 149.03 149.03 149.03 149.03 149.03 149.05 149.03 190.06' 190.06
1816 190.OS iso.05 190.06 190.06 190.06 3 SO. 0 6 190.06 190.06 190.OS 190.06 190.06 190.06
1817 190. Of 190.OS 190.06 190.0$ 190.os 172. 79 172.79 172.79 172.79 172.79 172.79 172.79
1818 172.79" 172.79 172.79 172.79 172.79 170.63 170.63 170.63 170.63 170.63 170.63 170.63
1819 170.63 170.63 170.63 170.63 149.03 138.23 133.91 120.95 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03
1820 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03
1821 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03
1822 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03
1823 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 95.03 112.31 112.31
1824 112.31 112.31 112.31 112.31 112.31 112.31 112.31 112.31 105.83 105.83 105.83 105.83
1825 105.83 105.83 105.83 105.83 95.03 99.35 99.35 98.28 103.67 102.60 99.35 101.51
1826 101.51 100.44 100.44 97.19 86.39 73.43 73.43 82.07 77.75 77.75 84.23 84.23
82.07 82.07 82.07 79.91 71.27 75.59 74.47 82.07 88.55 93.96 91.80 91.80
1827
1828 91.80 9 6 . 12 101.51 97.19 90.71 90.71 87.48 91.80 90.71 99.35 112.31 127.43
1829 129.59 138.23 138.23 133.91 1 16.63 112.31 105.83 118.79 112.31 129.59 138.23 133.91
1830 129.59 131.75 125.27 101.51 90.71 95.03 99.35 103.67 103.67 103.67 103.67 103.67
1831 103.67 103.67 103.67 86.39 91.92 91.92 91.92 101.60 106.44 111.27 106.44 106.44
1832 106.44 106.44 106.44 97.73 96.76 94.34 91.92 91.92 94.24 94.24 94.34 94.34
1833 94.24 94.24 91.92 92.41 91 . 9 2 91.92 92.89 92.89 92.89 87.08 87.08 87.08
1831 87.08 87.08 87.08 87.08 87.08 87.08 87.08 84.67 84.67 84.67 84.67 89.50
1835 91.92 96.76 104.02 104.02 94.34 96.76 94.34 94.34 82.25 99.18 133.05 133.05
1836 159.65 159.65 148.37 137.07 125.79 106.44 106.44 124.53 124.53 157.24 157.24 142.72
1837 142.72 142.72 127.01" 106.44 77.41 87.08 88.30 89.50 101.60 106.44 107.66 110.07
1838 107.60' 107.60 107.60 107.60 107.60 107.60 107.60 96.76 96.76 111.27 111.27 111.27
1839 111.27 111.27 11 1 . 2 7 96.76" 96.76 91.92 96.76 95.56 96.76 96.76 85.88 91.92
1840 95.56 95.56 94.34" 94.34 94.34 87.08" 91.92 91.92 96.76 99.18 105.24 111.27
116.II 117.33 108.86 96.76 96.76 101.60 112.49 113.69 125.79 117.33 116.11
1841 114.91
1842 125.79 132.08 128.21 116.11 106.44 101.60 100.40 107.66 104.02 108.86 104.02 104.02
1843 106.44 104.02 104.02 101.60 88.30 88.90 87.08 88.30 84.67 87.08 89.50 87.68
84.67 84.67 82.25 78.63 78.63 78.63 78.63 79.21 79.21 77.99
1844 89.50 87.08"
1845 77.41 77.41 77.41 77.41 74.99 72.57 73.79 72.57 72.57 7 3 . 15 73.79 73.17
68.31 68.31 68.31 89.50 78.63 71.37 68.95 67.73 67.73 73.79 76.21 87.08"
1846
96.76 94.34 93.14 96.76 97.34" 97.92 95.56 93.14 94.34 94.34 94.34 106.H»"
1847
108.82 114.91 113.69 109.59 1 1 1.27" 84.67 84.67 94.34 94.34 94.34 94.34 111.27
1848
1849 111.27 111.27 111.27 124.59 124.59 124.59 124.69 124.59 124.59 124.59 124.59 100.34
1850 100.63 100.63 99.18 99.18 9 9 . 18 99.18 105.84' 112.49 112.49 112.49 1 12.49* 112.49
1851 112.49 112.49 93.14 9 3 . 14 9 3 . 14 94.34 94.34 94.34 94.34 94.34" 94.34 94.92
96.76 96.76 97.98 97.36 97.36 92.52 92.52 92.52 91.32" 91.32 91.32 91.32
1852
91.32 91.92 87.08 89.50 95.56 91.92 91.92 93.14 97.98 108.86 108.86 108.86
1853
1854 108.86 1 13.69 1 13.69 113.69 114.91 113.69 1 13.69 118.53 137.88 137.88 137.88 133.05
less 123.37 128.21 124.59 114.18 114.18 113.69 125.79 119.75 123.37
135.46
123.37
137.88
123.37
147.56
146.14
I49.9B
1856 137.88 128.21 118.53 118.53 123.37 118.53 123.37 123.37
152.40 143.94 147.56 147.56 145.14 149.98 149.98 147.56 152.40 135.46 140.30 137.88
1857
113.69 116.11 116.11 116.11 116.11 116.11 116.11 118.53 118.53 116.11 108.86
1858 116.11
113.69 113.69 113.69 111.27 101.60 101.60 101.60 101.60 101.60
1859 108.86 108.86 111.27
101.60 101.60 101.60 101.60 101.60 101.60 101.60 99.18 99.18 99.18 99.18 99.18
I860
94.34 99.18 102.82 99.18 105.24 105.24 105.24 102.82 101.60 102.82 108.86
1861 94.34

For footnotes see page 8.

 RELATIVE M O N T H L Y SERIES 5
TABLE 5 . — BARK, QUERCITRON B a s e — $ 3 6 , 4 2 5 p e r Ton

Year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Hay June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Oec.

1803 98.80» 98.80 94 57 94 57 91.57 93.15 91 7 1 91.74

1804 91 74 91.74 91.74 91 74 91.74 91.74 91 7 1 91 74 91.71 91.74 91 74 91.74
1805 91 74 91.74 91.74 91 74 91.74° 91.74= 91 74 91 74 91.74 91.71 91 74 91.74
1806 91 74 91.74 91.74 91 74 84.69 79.04 79.04 79 04 79.01 79.04 79 04 79.04
1807 79 04 79.04 79.04 112 91 112.91 112.91 112 91 112 91 II2'.9I 112.91 112 91 112.91
1808 1 1 2 91 112.91 112.91 112.91 112.91 112.91 112.91 112.91 112.91 112.91 112.91 112.91
1809 112.91 112.91 112.91 112 91 112.91 lie. u 119 97 1 19 97 119.97 119.97 119 97 119.97
1810 119.97 119.97 119.97 119 97 119.97 119.97 1 1 9 97 119 97 119.97 119.97 119 97 119.97
1811 1 1 9 97 119.97 119.97 119.97 119.97 119.97 169. 37 169 37 169.37 169.37 169 37 169.37
1812 169 37 169.37 169.37 169 37 169.37 169.37 169 37 127 03 127.03 127.03 127 03 127.03
1813 127 03 127.03 127.03 127 03 127.03 127.03 127 03 155 26 155.26 155.26 155 26 155.26
1814 141 14 141.14 162.31 183 49 183.49 183.49 183 49 183.49 183.19 183.49 183 49 232.89
1815 232.89 232.89 232.89 201 83 201.83 201.83 201 83 197 60 197.60 211.71 218 7 7 223.01
1816 223 0 1 « 183.49 190.54 190 5 4 190.54 190.54 190 54 190 54 190.54 190.54 190 54 190.54
1817 190 54 190.54 190.Si 190.54 190.54 190.54 190.54 190.54 190.54 190.54 190.54 190.54-
1818 190 54 190.54 190.54 190 54 200.42 155.26 155 26 155 26 155.26 155.26 155 26 155.26
1819 165 26 155.26 155.26 155 26 141.14 141.14 141 14 111 14 119.97 119.97 119 97 119.97
1820 119 97 119.97 119.97 119.97 119.97 119.97 119 97 119 97 119.97 119.97 119 97 119.97
1821 119 9 7 e 119.97 119.97 119 97 II9'. 97 119.97 119 97 119 97 119.97 119.97 119 97 119.97
1822 119 97 119.97 119.97 119 97 100.21 100.21 100 21 100 21 100.21 100.21 100 21 100.21
1823 100 21 77.63 77.63 77 63 98.80 98.80 98 80 98 80 98.80 98.80 98 80 98.80
182« 98 80 98.80 98.80 98 80 98.80 98.80 98 80 98 80 87.51 87.51 84 69 84.69
1826 84.69 84.69 84.69 88 9 2 d 88.92 88.92 86 10 86 10 80.45 80.45 80 45 86.10
1826 83 27 83.27 83.27 7 7 63 69.16 67.75 70 57 70 57 70.57 70.57 70 57 87.51
1827 84.69 84.69 84.69 87 51 90.33 83.27 83 27 83 27 86.10 95.98 93 15 93.15
1828 94 57 94.57 97.39 97 39 93.15 91.74 91 74 91 74 88.92 90.33 90 33 90.33
1829 90 33 91.04 91.74 90 33 94.57 95.98 87 51 88 92 95.98 96.68 96 68 95.27
1830 93 86 90.33 94.57 93 15 88.92 87.51 77 63 77 63 76.22 71.98 74 81 ' 67.75
1831 69 16 69.16 6 9 . 16 60.69 67.16 60.69 60 69 60 69 60.69 59.28 55 75 50.81
1832 50 81 49.40 43.75 47 999 47.99 47.99 49 40 19 10 49.10 56.46 6 1 93 63.51
1833 67 7 6 " 67.75 67.75s 67 7 5 62.10 64.93 71.81 84 69 80.45 74.81 79.04 79.04
1834 7 3 39 73.39 73.39 62 10 67.75 69.16 66 34 63.51 64.22 64.93 69 16 71.28
1835 69 16 71.98 73.39 7 3 39 71.98 74.10 73 39 71 98 77.63 77.63 76 22 76.92
1836 74 8 1 ' 76.22 76.22 7 3 39 70.57 79.04 97 39 97.39 107.27 121.38 127 03 127.03
1837 101 6 2 93.15 98.80 95 8 0 ' 95.80 80.15 80 45 84 69 93.15 93.15 94 57 91.74
1838 90 33 90.33 94.57 98 80 115.74 121.38 110.09 129 85 129.85 132.67 146 7 9 149.61
1839 146 7 9 149.61 149.61 149 6 1 149.61 149.61 129 85 121 38 107.27 107.27 127 03 98.80
1810 93 15 95.98 9 3 . 15 7 9 04 79.04 79.04 79 04 76 22 79.04 93.15 93 15 91.74
1811 91 74 86.80 86.80 : 84 69 84.69 95.98 8 1 69 84 69 79.04 80.45 80 45 78.33
1842 71 98 71.98 74.81 63 51 57.87 57.87 66 34 69 16 66.34 67.75 69 16 62.10
1843 62 10 59.99 59.28 59 28 59.28 64.93 62 81 62 10 62.10 62.10 58 57 55.05
1844 55 05 60.69 60.69 60 69 60.69 64.93 62 10 63 51 62.10 62.39 59 28 59.28
1845 60 69 56.46 56.46 57 16 59.99 59.28 58 57 58 57 57.87 64.93 66 34 70.57
1846 74 81 64.93 63.51 64 93 64.93 62.10 59 28 64 93 64.93 70.57 76 22 81.86
1847 81 86 93.15 90.33 90 33 104.45 110.09 105 15 87 51 81.86 95.98 93 15 81.86
1848 81.86 70.57 87.51 79 04 67.75 70.57 6 7 04 64 93 70.57 73.39 73 39 73.39
1849 7 3 39 76.22 76.22 76 22 76.22 76.22 79 04 83 98 88.92 101.62 110 09 98.80
1850 101 6 2 j 103.03 114.33 1 1 2 91 112.91 112.91 112 91 1 12 91 112.91 112.91 104 45 98.80
1851 91 74 95.98 95.98 91 74 90.33 87.51 7 1 81 73 39 68.45 71.98 69 16 66.34
1852 63 51 66.34 73.39 74 10 72.35 69.16 69 16 69 16 73.39 70.57 69 16 70.57
1853 70 57 84.69 77.63 70 57 70.57 70.57 70 57 70 57 70.57 70.57 64 22 64.59
1851 64 22 64.22 70.57 64 . 9 3 64.93 67.75 67 7 5 67 75 67.75 73.39 76 . 2 2 76.22
1855 70 57 79.04 79.04 76 22 59.28 79.04 79 04 76 22 81.86 81.86 70 . 5 7 79.04
1856 77 63 74.81 79.04 81 86 101.62 98.80 90 33 98 80 107.27 108.68 115 . 7 4 104.45
1857 103 03 100.92 103.03 112 91 127.03 143.97 121 21 141 14 112.91 93.15 84 69 73.39
1858 7 3 39 80.45 84.69 98 80 98.80 95.98 8 1 69 93 . 1 5 84.69 87.51 84 . 6 9 79.04
1859 79 04 88.92 90.33 93 15 90.33 79.04 77 .63 84 . 6 9 79.04 79.04 79 .04 73.39
I860 74 81 83.27 81.86 84 . 6 9 81.86 81.86 76 . 2 2 76 . 2 2 71.81 77.63 79 .04 73.39
1861 7 0 57 71.28 72.69 7 3 39 74.81 79.04 81 86 79 . 0 4 79.04 76.92 7 9 .04 80.45

For f o o t n o t e s s e e p a g e 8 .
most

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CLIMBING English third

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