CII CERTIFIED PROFESSIONAL IN
CARBON FOOTPRINT
DAY 3 - INTRODUCTION TO PRODUCT CARBON EMISSIONS ACCOUNTING
21 MARCH 2024
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SUMMARY OF LEARNINGS
Introduction to GHG emissions and inventorization
Scopes of emissions
Scope 1 – Direct GHG emissions
Scope 2 – Indirect GHG emissions
• Activity data, emission factors, GWP
Scope 3 – Other indirect GHG emissions
• 15 categories
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HOW THE STANDARDS WORK TOGETHER?
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PRODUCT CARBON FOOTPRINTING
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ORGANIZATIONAL TARGETS
Colgate’s 2025 Sustainability & Social Impact Strategy
Keep toothbrush Palmolive Ultra dish Softsoap Foaming Hand Recyclable toothpaste
liquid Soap Tablets tube
Aluminum handle &
80% less plastic than 100% post-consumer Use 71% less plastic To help reduce global
similarly sized Colgate recycled plastic bottles than traditional hand emissions and boost the
toothbrushes soap refills circular economy
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CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS
Brakes India Foundry and Volvo India
Brakes India Foundry
Volvo’s supplier of bearing housing & cap
Volvo promotes fossil fuel-free supply chain
Encouraged Brakes India to supply a greener product
Brakes India Foundry
Product carbon footprint for their casting
• GreenPro rating for casting
Win-win situation
Brakes India Foundry – Emission reduction & preferred supplier status
Volvo - >8500 Tons of CO2 reduction in Volvo’s supply chain for 1 component
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REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
Example: EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
Put a fair price on the carbon emitted during the production of carbon intensive goods that are
entering the EU
After 1 January 2026, penalty will be imposed if importers do not declare the embedded GHG of
goods imported each year
Suppliers will have to account for their product’s carbon emissions
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PRODUCT CARBON FOOTPRINTING
© Confederation of Indian Industry Source: myclimate.org
FUNDAMENTALS OF PRODUCT CARBON EMISSIONS
ACCOUNTING
Quantifies and address the environmental
Life Cycle
aspects and potential environmental impacts
Assessment
Throughout a product’s life cycle
Raw material extraction through to end-
Product of-life waste treatment
carbon ISO 14040 – LCA standards
emissions
accounting
Life Cycle Product Carbon
Assessment Footprint
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LATEST REQUIREMENTS IN PCF
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#1. ENVIRONMENT PRODUCT DECLARATION
An Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is an independently verified and registered
document that communicates transparent and comparable information about the life-cycle
environmental impact of products
A voluntary declaration
Having an EPD does not imply that the declared product is environmentally superior to
alternatives
EPDs must be consistent with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards
such as ISO 14040, 14044
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OBJECTIVES OF EPDS
OVERALL: DRIVE THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTS
Transparency: Communicate product's lifecycle environmental impact to stakeholders effectively.
Comparability: Enable easy product performance comparison for informed decision-making.
Verification: Ensure reliable and accurate environmental data through third-party validation.
Sustainable Design: Encourage eco-friendly product development considering full lifecycle impact.
Market Access: Fulfill requirements for environmentally conscious markets and certifications.
Continuous Improvement: Drive ongoing efforts to reduce product's overall environmental
footprint.
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chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://api.environdec.com/api/v1/EPDLibrary/Files/2e5fdc61-b98c-42b9-90d0-08db0d9b78e5/Data
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For Tool Info : https://www.environdec.com/all-about-epds/lca-and-epd-tools
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Larger LCAs /
Product LCA EPDs Communication &
Reporting
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#2. ECOLABELLING
Ecolabelling is a voluntary method of environmental performance certification and labelling that
is practiced around the world.
An ecolabel identifies products or services proven to be environmentally preferable within a
specific category.
A tool which provides product sustainability information to consumer.
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TYPES OF ECOLABEL
Ecolabels in India
Type I: Environmental Labelling
Type II: Self-declaration Claims
Type III: Environmental Declarations
https://www.ecoideaz.com/showcase/are-eco-labels-essential-for-green-products-in-india
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HOW WOULD YOU CARRY OUT PRODUCT
CARBON FOOTPRINTING?
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WHAT DO YOU NEED TO DO TO START SAVING MORE
MONEY?
Measure
expenditure
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WHAT IS LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT?
Quantitative
Environmental Why do we need such
Life Cycle an integrated tool /
Assessment method?
Product System
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WHICH STAGE HAS THE MAXIMUM GHG EMISSIONS?
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WHICH STAGE HAS THE MAXIMUM GHG EMISSIONS?
Prevents problem shifting to –
Other life cycle stages
Other substances
Other environmental problems
Future
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WHERE TO CONCENTRATE?
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WHICH IS BETTER?
Metal Plastic Paper
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LCA STUDY RESULTS
Impact / Straw Polypropylene Paper Steel
Climate Change (kg CO2 eq) 0.2000 0.1200 0.2100
Water Depletion (m3) 0.0005 0.0023 0.0017
Fossil Depletion (kg oil eq) 0.0710 0.0210 0.0500
Source: “In pursuit of environmentally friendly straws: a comparative life cycle assessment of five straw material options in South Africa”, Takunda Y. Chitaka et al., June 2020
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RANGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Human toxicity Ecotoxicity
Soil degradation
Air pollution
Ressource depletion
Biodiversity loss Climate change Water contamination
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PHASES OF LCA
1. Goal and Scope
2. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
LCA Phases
3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment
(LCIA)
4. Interpretation
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I. GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION
Goal &
Scope
Definition
Life Cycle
Inventory Interpretation
Impact
Assessment
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PHASE I. GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION
Phase where the MOST IMPORTANT
choices are described
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PHASE I. GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION
Application and intended audience
Defining the Goal
Reasons for carrying out the study
Functional unit and reference flow
Initial system boundaries
Defining the Scope Inclusion of inputs and outputs
Allocation
Data quality requirements
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Define the Goal: PCF for lighting sources
Example: To compare the GHG emissions impact of LED technology with CFL for the
replacement of lamps in indoor workplaces in India
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Define the Goal: Textile Ministry trying to recommend low
impact textile for people
Example: To determine and compare the GHG emissions impact of different types of
textiles, namely, cotton, polyester, denim, silk, and rayon.
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Define the Goal: PCF for a new construction building
Example: Determine the embodied emissions of construction material that will be
used in the building to build a low footprint building
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DEFINING THE SCOPE: FUNCTIONAL UNIT
A quantified description of the performance requirements
Compare packaging systems
1 milk carton = 1 bottle
To deliver 1000 litres of milk
100 bottles, 900
1000 milk cartons washings, 9 return
trips for each bottle
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FUNCTIONAL UNITS IN PRODUCT CARBON FOOTPRINT -
EXAMPLES
Solar panel Car
1 kWh of electricity 1 vehicle-kilometre
generation travelled
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DEFINING THE SCOPE: SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
Unit process - “Smallest element considered
in the life cycle inventory analysis for which
input, and output data are quantified”
Corn
Natural gas
Ethanol Seed
Electricity Whole corn
Produce Water Corn
Stillage Corn flour
Water Electricity Milling Grow
Ethanol Fertilizer
Corn Fertilize
Enzymes Carbon dioxide Tilling r
Yeast Runoff
* http://cem.uaf.edu/ Dr. Liv Haselbach & Dr. Quinn Langfitt General Unit Process Diagram: Scott et al. 2013 *ISO
14040
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DEFINING THE SCOPE: SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
Unit process – smallest portion for which data is collected
Flows of intermediate products connect unit processes together
Example: What will be input and output of “shoe production”?
Inputs - Resources such as
Rubber Wastewater
rubber, leather and energy
Leather Air Emissions
Outputs - Emissions such as
Glue/Die Solid Waste atmospheric pollutants,
wastewater, waste etc.
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DEFINING THE SCOPE: SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
Unit Process Unit Process Unit Process
1 2 3
Product System
A product system is a
collection of unit
processes connected by
flows of intermediate
products which perform
one or more defined
functions
Remo Augusto et al., “IDENTIFYING THE MAIN VARIABLES FOR AN EFFECTIVE LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS IN GRINDING PROCESS”, 2013
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WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH THIS
TYPE OF ACCOUNTING?
NO CONTROL LIMIT!
Identification of relationships can go on forever
SOLUTION - Need for System Boundary
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SYSTEM BOUNDARIES!
CRADLE Cradle to Gate Cradle to Grave GRAVE
Inputs Inputs Inputs Inputs Inputs
GATE
Raw Material Materials Product
Use Stage End of Life
Extraction Manufacturing Manufacturing
Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Reuse Outputs
Recycle
Ecological Loop (Cradle to Cradle)
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WASHING MACHINE
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DENIM TROUSER
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LEVI’S
501
JEANS
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CEMENT
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BUILDING
*Originally published on January 29, 2021 by BNP Media through the Building Enclosure Blog.
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IMPORTANCE OF SYSTEM BOUNDARY
Different system boundaries Example – LCA of Smartphone
600
can lead to varying results 500
500
Cradle-to-grave or cradle-to- 400 350
cradle boundaries are usually 300
preferred to capture the full
200
life cycle impacts
100 50
40 30 40
Narrower boundaries may be 0
Total Energy Consumption Total Greenhouse Gas Total Water Consumption
appropriate for specific (MJ) Emissions CO2eq (Kg) (Litres)
analyses Cradle to Grave Cradle to Gate
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RULES TO FOLLOW WHEN SETTING SYSTEM
BOUNDARIES
Include necessary
Define the purpose and Identify key stakeholders
components and
objectives clearly and consider their needs
functionalities
Consider future Exclude irrelevant
Avoid ambiguity in
scalability and potential elements to maintain
system boundaries
changes clarity
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PHASE II. LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY
Goal &
Scope
Definition
Life Cycle
Inventory Interpretation
Impact
Assessment
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PHASE II. LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY
Compilation and quantification of inputs and outputs
Input: Output:
Resources Process Emissions to air / water / soil
Energy Product
Build a System Model (Flow Model)
Data Collection (Flow Model)
Input and Output Data
Raw materials, energy carriers, products, solid waste, emissions to air and water
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IMPORTANCE OF DATA IN LCA
LCA is built around data
Poor/missing data
Increases uncertainty and decreases usability of the study
Goes unnoticed and might bias results
No single database that all LCA analysts use
Data must be sourced and/or collected
Can take time and money to collect, especially for complex systems
Sources must be documented, and quality should be considered and discussed
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TYPES OF DATA
Direct Measurements / Field Study
Surveys and Questionnaires
Foreground Manufacturer and Supplier Data
Data
On-site Assessments
Lab Analysis
Databases: Pre-existing databases , Ex.. Ecoinvent, GaBi, and ELCD.
Literature Reviews
Background Government Reports and Statistics
Data
Industry Associations
Online Reports, EPDs and Sustainability Reports
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LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY - DATABASES
Hold comprehensive environmental data for Examples of database-
products and processes
Ecoinvent
Data consistency
US LCI database
Readily available data resources
GaBi database
Regular updates to maintain data relevance
iLCD (International Reference Life Cycle Data
Transparent documentation
System)
LCI database of the Netherlands
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III. IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Goal &
Scope
Definition
Life Cycle
Inventory Interpretation
Impact
Assessment
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PHASE III. IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Environmental Impact Category
ISO 14040 - “Class representing environmental
issues of concern to which life cycle inventory
analysis results may be assigned”
Describes the environmental consequences of the environmental loads quantified
in the inventory analysis
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SOME ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORIES
Acidification Potential (AP)
Ecotoxicity Potential (ETP)
Eutrophication Potential (EP) (Nutrification)
Global Warming Potential (GWP) (Climate Change)
Human Toxicity Cancer Potential (HTCP) (Human Health Cancer)
Human Toxicity Non-Cancer Potential (HTNCP) (Human Health Non-Cancer)
Human Health Criteria Air Potential (HHCAP) (Human Health Particulates)
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Potential (OPD) (Ozone Layer Depletion)
Smog Creation Potential (SCP) (Photochemical Ozone Creation)
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PHASE III. IMPACT ASSESSMENT
SO2 Quantifiable representation
NOx Acidification of an impact category
HCl
Global warming potential
• 25 kg CO2-eq
NOx
Inventory NH3 Eutrophication Acidification potential
P
• 5.4 kg SO2-eq or 274 moles H+-
eq
CO2
CH4 Ozone layer depletion
Global warming
N 2O • 4.9 kg CFC-11 eq
Photochemical oxidation
• 1.2 kg C2H4-eq or 10.8 kg O3-eq
Classification Characterization
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ENVIRONMENT
IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
METHODS
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*OpenLca, LCIA methods Impact assessment methods in Life Cycle Assessment and their impact categories
PHASE III. IMPACT ASSESSMENT
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PHASE III. IMPACT ASSESSMENT
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PHASE III. IMPACT ASSESSMENT
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IV. INTERPRETATION
Goal &
Scope
Definition
Life Cycle
Inventory Interpretation
Impact
Assessment
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IV. INTERPRETATION
Understanding Comparing Identifying
the Results Alternatives Hotspots
Recommendation
Drawing Addressing
and
Conclusions Uncertainty
Communication
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PHASES OF LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Goal &
Scope
Definition
Life Cycle
Inventory Interpretation
Impact
Assessment
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DELL OPTIPLEX 7090 ULTRA
https://www.dell.com/en-us/dt/corporate/social-impact/advancing-sustainability/climate-action/product-carbon-footprints.htm#tab0=0&#pcfs&pdf-
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overlay=//www.delltechnologies.com/asset/en-us/products/desktops-and-all-in-ones/technical-support/optiplex-7090-ultra.pdf
VOLVO EX30
Fully electric car company by 2030
Volvo EX30 comes with two battery options
a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery with a
51kWh capacity
a nickel, cobalt, and manganese (NMC) option
with a 69kWh capacity
Boundary
Life cycle from extracting and refining raw
materials to end-of-life solutions
Scope
GHG emissions and GWP over a driving
distance of 200,000 kilometres
https://www.volvocars.com/images/v/-
© Confederation of Indian
/media/Project/ContentPlatform/data/media/sustainability/volvo_ex30_carbonfootprintreport1.pdf Industry
BUSINESS GOALS
SERVED BY A
PRODUCT GHG
INVENTORY
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SUMMARY
Product carbon footprint
Need of the hour
Will become a major requirement for all organizations soon
How will you proceed with PCF?
Why do you want to do a PCF? - Define the goals of your organization
Choose the product to carry out the PCF
Adopt the life cycle analysis method to evaluate the carbon impact of the product
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Thank You..!
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