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Bite-Sized
Operations Management
 Synthesis Lectures on
Operations Research and
Applications

Bite-Sized Operations Management

Mark S. Daskin
2021
Copyright © 2021 by Morgan & Claypool

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for brief quotations
in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Bite-Sized Operations Management

Mark S. Daskin
www.morganclaypool.com

ISBN: 9781636392318 paperback

ISBN: 9781636392325 ebook
ISBN: 9781636392332 hardcover

DOI 10.2200/S01124ED1V01Y202108ORA001

A Publication in the Morgan & Claypool Publishers series

SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON OPERATIONS RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS

Lecture #1
Series ISSN
ISSN pending.
Bite-Sized
Operations Management

Mark S. Daskin
University of Michigan

SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON OPERATIONS RESEARCH AND

APPLICATIONS #1

M
&C Morgan & cLaypool publishers
ABSTRACT
The text is an introduction to Operations Management. Three themes are woven throughout
the book: optimization or trying to do the best we can, managing tradeoffs between conflicting
objectives, and dealing with uncertainty. After a brief introduction, the text reviews the fun-
damentals of probability including commonly used discrete and continuous distributions and
functions of a random variable. The next major section, beginning in Chapter 7, examines op-
timization. The key fundamentals of optimization—inputs, decision variables, objective(s), and
constraints—are introduced. Optimization is applied to linear regression, basic inventory mod-
eling, and the newsvendor problem, which incorporates uncertain demand. Linear programming
is then introduced. We show that the newsvendor problem can be cast as a network flow linear
programming problem. Linear programming is then applied to the problem of redistributing
empty rental vehicles (e.g., bicycles) at the end of a day and the problem of assigning students to
seminars. Several chapters deal with location models as examples of both simple optimization
problems and integer programming problems. The next major section focuses on queueing the-
ory including single- and multi-server queues. This section also introduces a numerical method
for solving for key performance metrics for a common class of queueing problems as well as
simulation modeling. Finally, the text ends with a discussion of decision theory that again in-
tegrates notions of optimization, tradeoffs, and uncertainty analysis. The text is designed for
anyone with a modest mathematical background. As such, it should be readily accessible to
engineering students, economics, statistics, and mathematics majors, as well as many business
students.

KEYWORDS
optimization, uncertainty, tradeoff, linear programming, integer programming,
queueing theory, location modeling, simulation, decision theory
 vii

To
Babette,
Tamar, and Keren,
and all my students
 ix

Contents
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

1 Introduction to Operations Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 What is Operations Management? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 What Do These Applications Share in Common? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Optimization, Tradeoffs, and Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Outline of the Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Fundamentals of Uncertainty Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1 Probability and Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Events and Axioms of Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Joint, Marginal, and Conditional Probabilities and Bayes’ Theorem . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Independent Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3 Intuition About Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.1 Introductory Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 The Birthday Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 The Yardstick Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4 Discrete Probability Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.1 Discrete and Continuous Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Some Introductory Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Bernoulli Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.4 The Binomial Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.5 The Geometric Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.6 The Poisson Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
x
5 Continuous Probability Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.1 Basic Concepts and Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.2 Uniform Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3 The Exponential Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.4 The Erlang-k Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.5 The Normal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

6 Functions of a Random Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

6.1 Basic Concepts and Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2 The Mean of a Random Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.3 The Variance of a Random Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.4 The Standard Deviation of a Random Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.5 The Coefficient of Variation of a Random Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.6 Metrics for Common Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

7 Fundamentals of Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.1 Optimization Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7.2 Regression as Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

8 Basic Inventory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

8.1 Fundamentals of Inventory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8.2 The Economic Order Quantity Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.3 Sensitivity of the Economic Order Quantity Model to Changes in the
Order Quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
8.4 Extensions of the EOQ Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

9 Inventory Management with Uncertain Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

9.1 One Take on Modeling Demand Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.2 The Newsvendor Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
9.3 A Contracting Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

10 Introduction to Linear Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

10.1 What is Linear Programming? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
10.2 A Graphical View of Linear Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
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