Schaum's Outline of Abstract Algebra (2nd Edition) Jaisingh

https://www.yakibooki.com/download/schaums-outline-of-abstract-algebra-2nd-edition/

Theory and Problems of

ABSTRACT
ALGEBRA

This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

 Schaum's Outline of Abstract Algebra (2nd Edition) Jaisingh

https://www.yakibooki.com/download/schaums-outline-of-abstract-algebra-2nd-edition/

This page intentionally left blank.

This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

 Schaum's Outline of Abstract Algebra (2nd Edition) Jaisingh

https://www.yakibooki.com/download/schaums-outline-of-abstract-algebra-2nd-edition/

Theory and Problems of

ABSTRACT
ALGEBRA
Second Edition

FRANK AYRES, Jr., Ph.D.

LLOYD R. JAISINGH
Professor of Mathematics
Morehead State University

Schaum’s Outline Series

McGRAW-HILL
New York Chicago San Fransisco Lisbon
London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi
San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

 Schaum's Outline of Abstract Algebra (2nd Edition) Jaisingh

Copyright © 2004 1965 by McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the
United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part
of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a
database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/schaums-outline-of-abstract-algebra-2nd-edition/
0-07-143098-9

The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-140327-2.

All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after
every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit
of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations
appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at
special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training
programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at
[email protected] or (212) 904-4069.

TERMS OF USE

This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors
reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted
under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not
decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon,
transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-
Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other
use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply
with these terms.

THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO
GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR
COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK,
INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA
HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its
licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your
requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its
licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause,
in the work or for any damages resulting there from. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content
of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its
licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that
result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the
possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever
whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise.

DOI: 10.1036/0071430989

This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

 Schaum's Outline of Abstract Algebra (2nd Edition) Jaisingh

https://www.yakibooki.com/download/schaums-outline-of-abstract-algebra-2nd-edition/

This book on algebraic systems is designed to be used either as a supplement to current texts or
as a stand-alone text for a course in modern abstract algebra at the junior and/or senior levels.
In addition, graduate students can use this book as a source for review. As such, this book is
intended to provide a solid foundation for future study of a variety of systems rather than to be
a study in depth of any one or more.
The basic ingredients of algebraic systems–sets of elements, relations, operations, and
mappings–are discussed in the first two chapters. The format established for this book is as
follows:
. a simple and concise presentation of each topic
. a wide variety of familiar examples
. proofs of most theorems included among the solved problems
. a carefully selected set of supplementary exercises
In this upgrade, the text has made an effort to use standard notations for the set of natural
numbers, the set of integers, the set of rational numbers, and the set of real numbers. In
addition, definitions are highlighted rather than being embedded in the prose of the text.
Also, a new chapter (Chapter 10) has been added to the text. It gives a very brief discussion
of Sylow Theorems and the Galois group.
The text starts with the Peano postulates for the natural numbers in Chapter 3, with the
various number systems of elementary algebra being constructed and their salient properties
discussed. This not only introduces the reader to a detailed and rigorous development of these
number systems but also provides the reader with much needed practice for the reasoning
behind the properties of the abstract systems which follow.
The first abstract algebraic system – the Group – is considered in Chapter 9. Cosets of a
subgroup, invariant subgroups, and their quotient groups are investigated as well. Chapter 9
ends with the Jordan–Hölder Theorem for finite groups.
Rings, Integral Domains Division Rings, Fields are discussed in Chapters 11–12 while
Polynomials over rings and fields are then considered in Chapter 13. Throughout these
chapters, considerable attention is given to finite rings.
Vector spaces are introduced in Chapter 14. The algebra of linear transformations on a
vector space of finite dimension leads naturally to the algebra of matrices (Chapter 15). Matrices
are then used to solve systems of linear equations and, thus provide simpler solutions to
a number of problems connected to vector spaces. Matrix polynomials are discussed in
v

Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com
 vi PREFACE

Schaum's Outline of Abstract Algebra (2nd Edition) Jaisingh

Chapter 16 as an example of a non-commutative polynomial ring. The characteristic
polynomial of a square matrix over a field is then defined. The characteristic roots
and associated invariant vectors of real symmetric matrices are used to reduce the equations
of conics and quadric surfaces to standard form. Linear algebras are formally defined in
Chapter 17 and other examples briefly considered.
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/schaums-outline-of-abstract-algebra-2nd-edition/
In the final chapter (Chapter 18), Boolean algebras are introduced and important
applications to simple electric circuits are discussed.
The co-author wishes to thank the staff of the Schaum’s Outlines group, especially Barbara
Gilson, Maureen Walker, and Andrew Litell, for all their support. In addition, the co-author
wishes to thank the estate of Dr. Frank Ayres, Jr. for allowing me to help upgrade the
original text.

LLOYD R. JAISINGH

This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

 For more information about this title, click here

Schaum's Outline of Abstract Algebra (2nd Edition) Jaisingh

https://www.yakibooki.com/download/schaums-outline-of-abstract-algebra-2nd-edition/

PART I SETS AND RELATIONS

Chapter 1 Sets 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Sets 1
1.2 Equal Sets 2
1.3 Subsets of a Set 2
1.4 Universal Sets 3
1.5 Intersection and Union of Sets 4
1.6 Venn Diagrams 4
1.7 Operations with Sets 5
1.8 The Product Set 6
1.9 Mappings 7
1.10 One-to-One Mappings 9
1.11 One-to-One Mapping of a Set onto Itself 10
Solved Problems 11
Supplementary Problems 15

Chapter 2 Relations and Operations 18

Introduction 18
2.1 Relations 18
2.2 Properties of Binary Relations 19
2.3 Equivalence Relations 19
2.4 Equivalence Sets 20
2.5 Ordering in Sets 21
2.6 Operations 22
2.7 Types of Binary Operations 23
2.8 Well-Defined Operations 25
2.9 Isomorphisms 25
vii

This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

 viii CONTENTS

Schaum's Outline of Abstract Algebra (2nd Edition) Jaisingh

2.10 Permutations 27
2.11 Transpositions 29
2.12 Algebraic Systems 30
Solved Problems 30
Supplementary Problems 34
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/schaums-outline-of-abstract-algebra-2nd-edition/

PART II NUMBER SYSTEMS

Chapter 3 The Natural Numbers 37
Introduction 37
3.1 The Peano Postulates 37
3.2 Addition on N 37
3.3 Multiplication on N 38
3.4 Mathematical Induction 38
3.5 The Order Relations 39
3.6 Multiples and Powers 40
3.7 Isomorphic Sets 41
Solved Problems 41
Supplementary Problems 44

Chapter 4 The Integers 46

Introduction 46
4.1 Binary Relation  46
4.2 Addition and Multiplication on J 47
4.3 The Positive Integers 47
4.4 Zero and Negative Integers 48
4.5 The Integers 48
4.6 Order Relations 49
4.7 Subtraction ‘‘ ’’ 50
4.8 Absolute Value jaj 50
4.9 Addition and Multiplication on Z 51
4.10 Other Properties of Integers 51
Solved Problems 52
Supplementary Problems 56

Chapter 5 Some Properties of Integers 58

Introduction 58
5.1 Divisors 58
5.2 Primes 58
5.3 Greatest Common Divisor 59
5.4 Relatively Prime Integers 61
5.5 Prime Factors 62

This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

 CONTENTS ix
Schaum's Outline of Abstract Algebra (2nd Edition) Jaisingh
5.6 Congruences 62
5.7 The Algebra of Residue Classes 63
5.8 Linear Congruences 64
5.9 Positional Notation for Integers 64
Solved Problems 65
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/schaums-outline-of-abstract-algebra-2nd-edition/
Supplementary Problems 68

Chapter 6 The Rational Numbers 71

Introduction 71
6.1 The Rational Numbers 71
6.2 Addition and Multiplication 71
6.3 Subtraction and Division 72
6.4 Replacement 72
6.5 Order Relations 72
6.6 Reduction to Lowest Terms 73
6.7 Decimal Representation 73
Solved Problems 75
Supplementary Problems 76

Chapter 7 The Real Numbers 78

Introduction 78
7.1 Dedekind Cuts 79
7.2 Positive Cuts 80
7.3 Multiplicative Inverses 81
7.4 Additive Inverses 81
7.5 Multiplication on K 82
7.6 Subtraction and Division 82
7.7 Order Relations 83
7.8 Properties of the Real Numbers 83
Solved Problems 85
Supplementary Problems 87

Chapter 8 The Complex Numbers 89

Introduction 89
8.1 Addition and Multiplication on C 89
8.2 Properties of Complex Numbers 89
8.3 Subtraction and Division on C 90
8.4 Trigonometric Representation 91
8.5 Roots 92
8.6 Primitive Roots of Unity 93
Solved Problems 94
Supplementary Problems 95

This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com

 x CONTENTS

Schaum's Outline of Abstract Algebra (2nd Edition) Jaisingh

PART III GROUPS, RINGS AND FIELDS

Chapter 9 Groups 98
https://www.yakibooki.com/download/schaums-outline-of-abstract-algebra-2nd-edition/
Introduction 98
9.1 Groups 98
9.2 Simple Properties of Groups 99
9.3 Subgroups 100
9.4 Cyclic Groups 100
9.5 Permutation Groups 101
9.6 Homomorphisms 101
9.7 Isomorphisms 102
9.8 Cosets 103
9.9 Invariant Subgroups 105
9.10 Quotient Groups 106
9.11 Product of Subgroups 107
9.12 Composition Series 107
Solved Problems 109
Supplementary Problems 116

Chapter 10 Further Topics on Group Theory 122

Introduction 122
10.1 Cauchy’s Theorem for Groups 122
10.2 Groups of Order 2p and p2 122
10.3 The Sylow Theorems 123
10.4 Galois Group 124
Solved Problems 125
Supplementary Problems 126

Chapter 11 Rings 128

Introduction 128
11.1 Rings 128
11.2 Properties of Rings 129
11.3 Subrings 130
11.4 Types of Rings 130
11.5 Characteristic 130
11.6 Divisors of Zero 131
11.7 Homomorphisms and Isomorphisms 131
11.8 Ideals 132
11.9 Principal Ideals 133
11.10 Prime and Maximal Ideals 134
11.11 Quotient Rings 134
11.12 Euclidean Rings 135
Solved Problems 136
Supplementary Problems 139

This Book is Available on YakiBooki.com