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Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 THE WAR OF 1812
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Alec R. Gilpin

IN THE OLD NORTHWEST

Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

Michigan State University Press

East Lansing

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest copyright © 1958 Michigan State University Press
Introduction to the Bicentennial Edition copyright © 2012 by Brian Leigh Dunnigan

i The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO
Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).

H
Michigan State University Press
East Lansing, Michigan 48823-5245

Printed and bound in the United States of America.

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS HAS CATALOGED THE FIRST EDITION AS FOLLOWS:

Gilpin, Alec R. (Alec Richard), 1920–
The War of 1812 in the old Northwest / Alec R. Gilpin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliography.
ISBN 978-0-87013-032-8 (hardcover) 1. Northwest, Old—History—War of 1812.
2. United States—History—War of 1812—Campaigns.
E355.1. G5 1958
973.5231
57-010957

ISBN 978-1-61186-038-2 (paperback)

Cover design by Charlie Sharp, Sharp Des!gns, Lansing, Mich.

Cover image taken from “A View of Col. Johnson’s Engagement with the Savages
(Commanded by Tecumseh) near the Moravian Town, October 5, 1812,” Henry Trumbull,
History of the Indian Wars (Boston, 1846). Reproduced with permission of the Clements
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

Library, University of Michigan.

G
Michigan State University Press is a member of the Green Press Initiative
and is committed to developing and encouraging ecologically responsible
publishing practices. For more information about the Green Press Initiative and the use
of recycled paper in book publishing, please visit www.greenpressinitiative.org.

Visit Michigan State University Press at www.msupress.org

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 C O N T E N T S

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest: An Introduction

to the Bicentennial Edition by Brian Leigh Dunnigan vii

I. Tippecanoe: Prelude to War 3

II. The Old Northwest Acquires an Army 23
III. War 44
IV. Invasion of Upper Canada 63
V. A Problem in Logistics 86
VI. The Surrender of Detroit 109
VII. The Second North Western Army 126
VIII. Frontier Actions and the Battle of River Raisin 147
IX. Siege of Fort Meigs 173
X. Frontier Expeditions; Battle of Lake Erie 194
XI. Battle of the Thames 214
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

XII. Mackinac Island; Minor Actions 235

XIII. Peace 259

Bibliography 263
Index 271

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 Brian Leigh Dunnigan

THE WAR OF 1812 IN THE OLD NORTHWEST: AN

INTRODUCTION TO THE BICENTENNIAL EDITION

THE OCCASION OF THE BICENTENNIAL of the War of 1812 brings

briefly into the public consciousness the clash of arms characterized
by historian Donald R. Hickey as “a forgotten conflict.” Indeed the
War of 1812 is, at best, vaguely remembered by most Americans and
then usually as the inspiration for our national anthem or as a time of
dramatic naval victories by frigates such as the USS Constitution, also
known as “Old Ironsides.” Americans’ perceptions of the significance
and consequences of the events of 1812–1814 are so poor, in part, because
they were overshadowed just fifty years later by the trauma of a civil
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

war that touched vast numbers of citizens and brought about many
significant changes to the nation. This dominance of the Civil War
over American memory reasserts itself during major anniversaries
of the two conflicts, which overlap by three years. Canadians have
a better recollection of the War of 1812 because of its impact on the
development and identity of their nation as separate from the United
States and as their most significant war of the nineteenth century.
Native Americans recall the event as a disastrous blow to their hopes
of controlling their fate through armed resistance. And it has been
said the British barely remember it at all.
The War of 1812 as it was fought in North America took the

vii

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 form of a number of widely separated theaters of action. Other
than worldwide naval engagements, most large-scale fighting was
concentrated in the Niagara River region, eastern Lake Ontario,
the Lake Champlain–St. Lawrence River frontier, coastal Maine,
Chesapeake Bay, and the Gulf Coast. The final theater was the “Old
Northwest,” the area established in 1787 as the Northwest Territory
of the United States. Encompassing some 260,000 square miles of
land north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania, bordered by
the Mississippi River on the west and the Great Lakes on the north,
the territory eventually would be carved into six states. By 1812 it
already had been divided into the state of Ohio and the territories of
Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois. Adjoining the northern boundary
of the Northwest Territory lay the western part of the British North
American province of Upper Canada, which was also to be an integral
part of the northwestern theater of the war.
The land on both sides of the international boundary were only just
beginning to experience development when war came in 1812. Most
of the region was still in the hands of its original Native American
inhabitants, whose villages were scattered across the landscape and
whose vast, largely forested hunting grounds supported an economy
based on agriculture, hunting, and the fur trade. American-style
development, in the form of cleared farmland and nascent towns, was
still largely confined to Ohio and the southern parts of Indiana and
Illinois territories. To the north were a few forts, towns, and farms in
Michigan Territory at places like Detroit, River Raisin, and the Straits
of Mackinac. Corresponding areas of settlement were situated across
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

from them in Upper Canada.

The northern part of this land of forests, swamps, rivers, and
lakes, with only the most rudimentary infrastructure, was one of
the main theaters of the War of 1812. Part of the fighting there was a
conventional, European-style duel between the forces of the United
States and Great Britain involving formally trained troops, artillery,
and warships. But a parallel war was also fought in the Northwest, a
bitter struggle between Americans and Native Americans that was,
in many ways, a continuation of the frontier conflicts of the 1780s and
1790s. These two wars blended, as many Native Americans allied
themselves with the British, to the point where virtually no land battle

viii

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 The War o f 1812 i n th e Ol d No rth west

of the northwestern war was fought without the active participation

of Indian forces.
The existence of these parallel but intertwined conflicts ensured
that the fighting in the Old Northwest would differ from that in other
parts of the continent. It involved fewer European-style, set piece,
linear battles and sieges, and those that were fought all involved Native
Americans as British allies and auxiliaries to the main action. During
a number of battles Native American warriors were the sole military
force in opposition to American troops. Tactics were thus more fluid
than in many of the clashes fought in the other theaters, and the
war in the Old Northwest took on many of the characteristics of the
brutal frontier fighting that had occurred in the 1780s and 1790s in
the southern and eastern parts of the same region. The conflict fueled
atrocities on both sides. The well-known battle cry “Remember the
Raisin,” in reference to the fate of American soldiers imprisoned
and wounded at Frenchtown in January 1813, conjured up old fears
among westerners of the sometimes tragic aftermaths of actions
fought with Native Americans. The implied threat of Indian outrages
on military forces or civilians proved an effective stratagem for the
British in encouraging surrender on a number of occasions, notably
at Michilimackinac and Detroit in 1812. The behavior of some of the
American victors at the Battle of the Thames in October 1813 and in
other actions against Native Americans demonstrated that the brutality
of frontier warfare infected both sides.
It was this complex regional conflict that Alec R. Gilpin set out to
address in The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, published by Michi-
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

gan State University Press in 1958. His subject was timely, for the
sesquicentennial of the war was then only four years away. The
bicentennial of the War of 1812 is now upon us, and because Gilpin’s
book remains the most detailed and comprehensive narrative of the
northwestern war, Michigan State University Press is reissuing it in
this paperback edition.

Gilpin was born in Detroit in 1920 and completed his undergraduate

degree in history at the University of Michigan in 1941. He fulfilled the
requirements for his master of arts degree and a teaching certificate

ix

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 before entering the U.S. Army in the summer of 1942. Following three
years of service as an enlisted man in the Pacific theater, he returned
to teach school in Detroit. He married in 1946 and returned that fall
to the University of Michigan to pursue a doctorate in history, which
he received in 1950.
Gilpin began his career at Michigan State University in 1949 as
an instructor in the Department of History and Civilization. Three
years later he was appointed assistant professor in the renamed
Department of Humanities, where he became associate professor in
1958. In the early 1960s he served on the Michigan Committee for the
Sesquicentennial of the War of 1812. Gilpin’s next major project was
a history of the Territory of Michigan from its formation in 1805 to
statehood in 1837, published by Michigan State University Press in
1970. Although he later produced some articles and book reviews, The
Territory of Michigan proved to be Gilpin’s only other book. He retired
from Michigan State University in 1984 and died in 2000.
The author had developed a particular interest in Michigan history
during his university studies under Professor Lewis G. Vander Velde
of the University of Michigan and F. Clever Bald, PhD, then director
of the Michigan Historical Collections. For his dissertation, Gilpin
combined this interest with military history by carefully examining
General William Hull’s disastrous Detroit campaign in the summer
of 1812. That was the defining event of the first year of the war in the
Old Northwest, and Gilpin’s research undoubtedly encouraged him
to craft an account of the full three years of fighting in the region.
Such a study was needed, as no recent scholarship had been devoted
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

to the subject. The war in the Old Northwest had appeared in general
histories of 1812–1814, but the only comprehensive account had been
published soon after the conclusion of the fighting. Robert B. McAfee’s
History of the Late War in the Western Country: Comprising a Full Ac-
count of All the Transactions in That Quarter, from the Commencement of
Hostilities at Tippecanoe, to the Termination of the Contest at New Orleans
on the Return of Peace (Lexington, Kentucky: Worsley and Smith, 1816)
was written by a veteran of William Henry Harrison’s 1813 campaign.
McAfee witnessed some of the events he described and had access to
other participants, official documents, and wartime printed sources.
Although a solid narrative of the fighting, it was written soon after

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 The War o f 1812 i n th e Ol d No rth west

the event and from a strictly American point of view, with little sense
of the British or Native American perspective.
The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest is somewhat reminiscent of
McAfee’s earlier work in that Gilpin set out to present a straightforward
narrative, beginning with the Battle of Tippecanoe in November 1811
and concluding with the peace of December 1814 and the mutual return
of occupied territory during the following summer. “Here, for the first
time, the story of 1812 concentrates on the minor and major battles in
the Old Northwest,” declared a statement on the book jacket. Reviewer
Richard B. Reed wrote in the William and Mary Quarterly that this
was “the first serious regional study of the war as it was conducted
in the area of Upper Canada and the Ohio Valley” and that it “fills a
gap in the historiography of the period.” Canadian reviewer Richard
A. Preston agreed that it “fills in a much neglected part of the story
of the War of 1812.”
Gilpin produced a clear, understandable narrative that makes his
book accessible to general readers as well as to scholars. The text begins
with a concise introduction of the situation in the Old Northwest, the
Shawnee leader Tecumseh, and Indiana Territory governor William
Henry Harrison. They were the chief protagonists in the looming
conflict between the troops of the United States and Native Americans
of the region. Fighting there would commence before the declaration
of war on Great Britain in June 1812. The narrative then plunges into
preparations for war in the Northwest and proceeds chronologically
through the three-year conflict, treating each campaign and battle in
detail. The book concludes with the briefest of summaries and a solid
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

bibliography. Reginald Horsman, later the author of an influential

history of the War of 1812, noted that Gilpin “succeeds in presenting
a somewhat complicated subject with great clarity.” Although criti-
cal of Gilpin’s lack of analysis, reviewer Ray W. Irwin of New York
University admitted, “The merits of the study . . . are substantial. The
volume does provide a well-documented and detailed account of the
actual campaigning.”
It was in the matter of his scholarly analysis that Gilpin received
the greatest criticism from his peers for The War of 1812 in the Old
Northwest, for he presented no new interpretations of critical issues,
such as the region’s role in the coming of war or the war’s impact

xi

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 on the future of the Native Americans. “Gilpin seems to have de-
liberately set his face against taking sides with any one who would
argue either side of the question whether the Northwest was, or was
not, the most important reason for the outbreak of the war,” wrote
Richard A. Preston. “The result is that we now have a much better
picture of the operations in the Old Northwest than we formerly had,
but we are no nearer a knowledge of their significance.” Reginald
Horsman’s main criticisms were in regard to “the narrowness with
which he has interpreted his subject.” Although some scholars
were disappointed, Gilpin’s purpose with this book was not to put
forth new interpretations. As Howard H. Peckham of the Clements
Library recognized, “the author’s aim is a military regional study.”
In this he succeeds admirably, and at the very least his book serves
as a most useful overview of events in the western theater and as a
guidebook to the progress of the fighting there.
The decades since the publication of Gilpin’s book have seen a
steady trickle of new works on the War of 1812. J. Mackay Hitsman’s
The Incredible War of 1812 (1965), Harry Coles’s The War of 1812 (1965),
Reginald Horsman’s The War of 1812 (1969), and Don Hickey’s The War
of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (1989) are only a few of the many general
histories that have presented their own interpretations. All include the
war in the Northwest as a part of the broader conflict. Narrower and
more detailed studies have addressed many aspects of the fighting in
the Northwest with biographies of key participants, studies of the role
of Native Americans, accounts of individual campaigns, battles, and
naval actions, and histories of the battlefields and forts where events
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

played out. No one has yet stepped forward to compile an account

of the war in the Old Northwest as comprehensive as Gilpin’s work.
Michigan State University Press issued a second printing of The
War of 1812 in the Old Northwest in 1968, but that has long been out of
print. This new edition presents Gilpin’s text as originally published
and makes his useful, comprehensive, and readable account once again
generally available. There is one important change, however. The poor
quality of the map of the Old Northwest in the original edition was
universally criticized by reviewers. It is hoped that the new version
prepared for this edition will better guide readers on their tour of a
most interesting event of the region’s history.

xii

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 The War o f 1812 i n th e Ol d No rth west

References
Burt, A. L. The American Historical Review 63:4(1958): 1026.
Horsman, Reginald. The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 45:2(1958): 319–20.
Irwin, Ray W. The Quarterly. October 1958.
Peckham, H. The Journal of Southern History 24:4(1958): 507–8.
Preston, Richard A. Queen’s Quarterly 65(1958):545.
Reed, Richard B. The William and Mary Quarterly 16:1(1958): 153–54.
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

xiii

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 The Old Northwest
in the War of 1812
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

MAP BY ELLEN WHITE

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 CHAPTER I

TIPPECANOE: PRELUDE TO WAR

THE PRELUDE TO THE WAR OF 1812 started in the backwoods of

the Old Northwest in the 1760's. The French had come and gone,
the British were there then, to be replaced or challenged after
1783 by the Americans. Each occupation of the area had its in-
evitable impact on the Indians, not only in regard to their tradi-
tional lands but also on their culture.
Irrespective of the interested power, certain of the Indians re-
garded the encroachment on their lands with equanimity; others,
however, were not so tolerant and, as a result, frequent skir-
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

mishes took place over the years. Among those who took objec-
tion to the changing times was the son of a Shawnee father and
a Creek mother-Tecumseh, the "Shooting Star" or "Crouching
Panther."
Born in 1768 in a hut near the Mad River in the future state
of Ohio, Tecumseh was destined to become a Shawnee war chief
and to win the respect of the British army. His brother, Laulewai-
kau or Elkswatawa, probably born in 1775, was to achieve a some-
what lesser fame.
As a young brave, Tecumseh fought in frontier skirmishes be-
tween the Indians and Americans, notably in the battle against

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 General Anthony Wayne's army at Fallen Timbers.l Unlike his
brother, Elkswatawa spent his youth as a vagabond, idling and
drinking. However, as often happens, in about 1805 he was sud-
denly transformed after a vision, in which he claimed the Great
Spirit had instructed him to lead a crusade among the Indians
against the white man's ways. Either because of expediency or
belief, Tecumseh became his follower.
The Prophet, as Elkswatawa became known, aided by Tecumseh,
preached that the Indians should return to their old customs and
virtues and refrain from mingling with the American usurpers
of their hegemony. His followers spread the tale of his vision,
greatly embellished, to the Indians of the Old Northwest. In 1808
the Prophet and Tecumseh received permission from certain
Potawatomi and Kickapoo representatives to establish a camp
site along the Tippecanoe River near its junction with the Wabash.
Soon there were forty Shawnee and one hundred other Indians
at this village, which became known as Prophet's Town. 2 While
the Prophet pursued his crusade, Tecumseh attempted to establish
a confederation of the tribes to prevent further cessions of land
to the Americans.
After General Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers, the 1795
Treaty of Greenville reaffirmed previous Indian grants of land
north of the Ohio River and provided for a generous extension of
the former boundaries. In addition, the Indians recognized various
enclaves around the newly built American forts in Indian country.
This pact, which Tecumseh refused to sign although many of the
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

other Indian leaders did, bore the signature of William Henry

Harrison, whose name was to loom large in future Indian negotia-
tions.

Born in Virginia in 1773, the future President attended several

colleges, ostensibly studying for a medical career, but usually
pursuing his primary interest, military history.s In 1791 he re-
ceived his commission as an ensign in the First United States
Infantry, and was assigned to duty at Fort Washington (Cin-
cinnati, Ohio), where he served under General James Wilkinson.
In 1792 General Wayne took command of the army, and the next

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
 The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest

year made Harrison, by this time a lieutenant, one of his aides.

Harrison served with distinction at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
and was a signatory to the Treaty of Greenville. In 1798 he re-
signed from the army to become Secretary of the Northwest Terri-
tory. A year later he was elected a Territorial delegate to Congress,
but resigned in 1800 to become Governor of the then new Indiana
Territory.
As Governor, Harrison made several treaties which extended
the boundaries of Indiana northward. In return for signing away
their land, the Indians were to be paid annual annuities in goods,
with the reluctant Indians usually being offered a larger initial
amount as an added inducement to sign. Before 1809 the Indians
had expressed little concerted opposition to this, and even in
September of that year the Treaty of Fort Wayne-signed with
the Delaware, Miami, Potawatomi, and certain lesser tribes-
added many square miles to the Indiana boundaries.

At this point Tecumseh took a strong stand. It was not that he

or his followers actually owned any of the lands ceded by the
Treaty of Fort Wayne. His opposition stemmed from the belief
that no Indian, regardless of tribe, had a right to alienate land
without the consent of all Indians.
In the spring of 1810, as a result of Tecumseh's influence, some
Indians refused to accept annuity payments. Striving to preserve
peace, Harrison invited Tecumseh to a council, at the territorial
capital in Vincennes, to discuss the matter.
Copyright © 2012. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.

On August 12, 1810, Tecumseh arrived with a group of four

hundred, instead of the thirty he had led the Americans to expect.
He stated that he had been authorized by the tribes involved to
kill the Indians who had signed the Treaty of Fort Wayne because
they had not been official delegates of their entire tribes. If the
United States would return the land, Tecumseh would forego this
punishment. The disputed lands, pointed out Governor Harrison,
had been owned by the Miami long before the Shawnee had settled
there; in other words, it was none of Tecumseh's business. A fight
threatened between Tecumseh's followers and Harrison's forces.
However, Tecumseh withdrew at Harrison's request, and the coun-

The War of 1812 in the Old Northwest, Michigan State University Press, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central,
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