Information Assurance Security in The Information Environment 2nd Edition by Andrew Blyth, Gerald Kovacich ISBN 1846282667 978-1846282669 Download
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Computer Communications and Networks
The Computer Communications and Networks series is a range of textbooks, monographs
and handbooks. It sets out to provide students, researchers and non-specialists alike with a
sure grounding in current knowledge, together with comprehensible access to the latest
developments in computer communications and networking.
Emphasis is placed on clear and explanatory styles that support a tutorial approach, so that
even the most complex of topics is presented in a lucid and intelligible manner.
Information
Assurance
Security in the Information Environment
Second Edition
Andrew Blyth, BSc, MSc, PhD
School of Computing, University of Glamorgan, UK
Gerald L. Kovacich, MA, MSc, D.Crim
ShockwaveWriters.com, Whidbey Island, WA, USA
Series Editor
Professor A.J. Sammes, BSc, MPhil, PhD, FBCS, CEng
CISM Group, Cranfield University, RMCS, Shrivenham, Swindon SN6 8LA, UK
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as per-
mitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the pub-
lishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by
the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be
sent to the publishers.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of
a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore
free for general use.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the infor-
mation contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or
omissions that may be made.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
springer.com
Second Edition Dedications
This book is dedicated to my family without whose love and support this book
would not have been possible.
Dr Andrew J. C. Blyth, Ph.D.
University of Glamorgan
United Kingdom
This book is dedicated to all those who dedicate their lives to ridding the world
of high-technology crime miscreants and bringing cyberspace freedom to those
who want it.
Dr Gerald L. Kovacich
Whidbey Island, Washington
United States of America
Quotations
vi
Foreword
When you first hear the term information assurance you tend to conjure up an
image of a balanced set of reasonable measures that have been taken to protect
the information after an assessment has been made of risks that are posed to it.
In truth, this is the Holy Grail that all organisations that value their information
should strive to achieve, but which few even understand.
   Information assurance is a term that has recently come into common use.
When talking with old timers in IT (or at least those that are over 35-year old),
you will hear them talking about information security, a term that has survived
since the birth of the computer. In the recent past, the term information warfare
was coined to describe the measures that need to be taken to defend and attack
information. This term, however, has military connotations – after all, warfare
is normally their domain. Shortly after the term came into regular use, it was
applied to a variety of situations encapsulated by Winn Schwartau as the fol-
lowing three classes of information warfare:
Class 1: Personal information warfare
Class 2: Corporate information warfare
Class 3: Global information warfare
   Political sensitivities lead to “warfare” being replaced by the “operations”, a
much more “politically correct” word. Unfortunately, “operations” also has an
offensive connotation and is still the terminology of the military and govern-
ments. A term was needed that described the measures needed to safeguard the
most precious asset in this modern, connected world – information. The meas-
ures are much more than just security, encompassing the concepts of risk assess-
ment, management and the protection of your information from compromise,
theft, modification and lack of availability.
   Information assurance is ensuring that your information is where you want it,
when you want it, in the condition that you need it and available to those that you
want to have access to it – but only to them. In the past, information was recorded,
stored and transported on paper; the methods of achieving security were developed
over more than 3000 years and had the distinct advantage that any action taken on
the information could be easily observed. Now and increasingly in the future,
information exists digitally and digital technology has only been in common use for
less than 30 years. Add this shortage of time in which to gain experience in the best
methods of protecting digital information to the fact that it can be moved from one
place to another in a fraction of a second. Then add the facts that it can be stolen
and yet remain unaffected in its original location; vast quantities of it can be stored
on increasingly small storage mediums and you can no longer easily view, even with
                                                                                    vii
viii   Foreword
equipment to assist you, what is contained on the storage medium; and you begin
to comprehend the problems of information assurance.
   Modern day security specialists have an increasingly difficult problem to solve.
In addition to the aforementioned factors, the technologies (both in hardware
and software) are changing with increasing rapidity, making it even more difficult
for even the most dedicated of professionals to gain and maintain the knowledge
needed to allow them to effectively carry out their tasks.
   The problem is compounded by the way in which we as a society organise our-
selves. People involved in information assurance are mostly employed in the busi-
ness of security and use the skills and knowledge that they have obtained to stop
unauthorised users from gaining access to the information. As a result, they will
tend not to share the information and knowledge that they have collected in order
to protect the methods that have been used to acquire it. They will also tend not to
advertise that they have suffered an attack to avoid embarrassment to their organ-
isation and limit the damage that such an attack has caused. Those who attack
information systems gain their knowledge by sharing and communicating with
others of a similar persuasion in a culture of peer recognition and a shared goal.
   We are all striving for a globally connected society where everyone is encour-
aged to make use of the information systems that are available, and those who
cannot are considered to be disadvantaged. It is not surprising in this environ-
ment that we are seeing a growth in the level of a whole range of crimes that
were previously seen in the paper-based society migrating to this new medium.
We have made it possible for a person who would wish to harm our interests to
gain the three elements that they seek most – access to our valuables, the oppor-
tunity to remain anonymous and the potential to carry out the attack without
having to physically visit the site of the attack – indeed, it is not even necessary
to visit the country in which the attack is mounted.
   Given that the problem is, in historical terms, very new and also global, it is
not surprising that national legal systems are having difficulty in addressing the
problem and the international community, not renowned for its speed, is talking
about the problem but not acting in response to it.
   In the coming months and years, we will witness technological solutions to
information assurance needs and comparisons to be seen with the way in which
we handle the physical valuables of today. Strong-rooms that protect the physi-
cal environment will be matched by secured data warehouses and protected
servers, couriers by encryption and digital signatures, locks on the doors by fire-
walls and security alarms and burglar alarms by intruder detection systems in
the virtual world. What of keys, oh yes, biometric devices and smart cards –
whatever next?
                                                                                   ix
x    Second Edition Preface
before that can successfully be accomplished, one must understand the concept
of IAs and surviving in the information environment. It is hoped that this book
will assist in meeting those challenges.
  This book aims to perform two very important functions:
• To bridge the gap between IA as a technical concept and as a business concept.
  Thus, allowing information system managers to effectively manage informa-
  tion systems’ security in a manner so as to facilitate the business process and
  contribute to the competitive advantage of the organisation.
• To provide information systems managers and students with a core text on
  assuring accurate information is available when needed to only those that
  need it. As the Internet continues to expand and more companies start con-
  ducting business on the Internet, e-business, there is going to be a need for
  people who understand not only the IA concepts and best practices, but also
  the business, legal and technical aspects of conducting business online. It is
  hoped that this book provides some assistance in that endeavour.
  As stated earlier, this Second Edition is divided into four sections with a total
of 18 chapters as follows:
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