MATHEMATICS

What is Math?
Math is the science that is concerned with numbers and their properties,relations and operations and with shapes
in space and their structure and measurement.
Branches of mathematics:
1) Arithmetic 2) Algebra 3) Geometry 4) Calculus
Real Numbers:
All the numbers N,W,Z,all rational and irrational numbers are real
numbers. The set of real numbers is represented by ℝ.
1. Natural Numbers:
Natural numbers start from digit 1 and the set of natural numbers is
represented by N. N={1.2.3.4…}
2. Whole Numbers:
If we include zero(0) in natural numbers then these natural numbers
become whole numbers and the set of whole numbers is represented
by W. W=｛0,1,2,3,4,….}
3. Integers:
If we include negative numbers in whole numbers then these
these numbers become integers and the set of integers is represented
by Z. Z={0,+1,-1,+2,-2,+3,-3,+4,-4,…}
4. Rational Numbers:
The numbers which can be written in form of p/q where p,q belongs to
Z and q 0. are called rational numbers. For example, 7/9,-5/3,0/1128,15,6/23,0 etc. The set of rational
numbers is represented by Q.
Rational numbers can also be represented in decimal form which has two types.
a) Terminating Decimal numbers:
Terminating decimal numbers are the decimals which have finite number of digits. For example, 0.4,3.14.0.375
etc. All terminating decimal numbers can also be written in fraction.
b) Non terminating and Recurring decimal Numbers:
The decimal numbers in which one digit or group of digits repeat again and again infinite times in its decimal part
are called recurring decimal numbers. It can also be written in fraction. For example, 0.2222… , 0.363636… ,
3.1428514284… etc. П is non terminating decimal number.
5. Irrational Numbers:
The numbers which are not rational are irrational numbers. The set of irrational numbers is represented by Q'.
For example √2=1.414421356… , Π=3.141592654… 22/7 is rational number but Π is irrational number.П is
non terminating decimal number.
6. Prime Numbers:
Prime number is a natural number greater than 1 that is divisible by 1 and itself. Set of prime numbers is
represented by P. P={2,3,5,7,11,…}
387 is an odd number. Sum of digits 3+8+7=18 is divisible by 3 so 387 is not prime number.
47 is an odd number. Sum of digits 4+7=11 is not divisible by 3 and 47 is not divisible by any prime
numbers less than 47. Prime numbers that differ by
7. Composite Numbers: 2 such as 5 and 7 are called
A composite number is a natural number that has more than two twin primes.
different factors. Set of composite numbers is represented by C. 0 and 1 is neither prime nor
C={4,6,8,9,10,12…}. composite number.
8. Even Numbers:
Even numbers are integers that are divisible by 2. For example, 0,+2,-2,+4,-4,+6,-6,+8,-8 etc.
9. Odd Numbers:
Odd numbers are integers that are not divisible by 2. For example, +1,-1,+3,-3,+5,-5 etc.
Determine whether the following decimals are terminating, non terminating,reccuring or non recurring.
1. 0.101010… 2. 0.333… 3. 0.5 4. 0.222 5. 0.125125125…
Separate rational and irrational numbers
1. √2 2. √81 3.-9 4. 1/3 5. 0.333… 6. 0.35217534 7. 3.4 8. √40

TYPES OF FRACTIONS:
1. Proper fraction:
In proper fraction the numerator is smaller than denominator. For Example 2/3,1/4 etc
2. Improper fraction:
In improper fraction the numerator is greater than or equal to the denominator. For Example 4/3,5/2 etc
3. Mixed fraction:
A combination of a whole number and a proper fraction. For example 1 2/3, 2 2/3 etc.
4. Like fractions:
Fractions with the same denominator. For Example 1/5,2/5,3/5 etc
5. Unlike fractions:
Fractions with different denominators. For example 1/2,1/3,1/4 etc.
6. Equivalent fractions;
Fractions that represent the same value. For example 1/2 and 2/4 are equivalent.
7. Unit fractions:
A fraction with a numerator of 1. For example 1/2,1/3,1/4 etc.
Mathematical Operators:
The four mathematical operators are addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (×) and division (÷).
Positive × negative= negative Negative × negative= positive Positive ÷ negative= negative
Negative ÷ negative= positive

Simplification of Integers:
1. 6+(-2) 2. -11+(-5) 3. -8-(-2) 4. 6+(-5)-(-8) 5. 1-8-(-8) 6. -25+11 7.-5+(-3)+(-
2)
=6-2 =-11-5 =-8+2 =6-5+8 =1-8+8 = -14 =-5-3-2
=4 =-16 =-6 =1+8 =-7+8 = -8-2
=9 =1 =-10
8.2×(-6) 9. -9(-2) 10. -6×0 11. -(-10) 12. -7× (-5) 13. -21÷7 14. -8 ÷ -2
= -12 = 18 =0 =10 =35 =-3 =4
15.15/-5 16. -18/-3
=-3 =6

BODMAS Rule:
B→ Brackets O→ Orders(powers and roots) D→ Division M→ Multiplication A→ Addition S→Substraction
Brackets: There are four kinds of brackets that are When we have addition and
__________
1) Bar or viniculum substraction in expression start
2) Parentheses or curved or round brackets ( ) from solving left to right.
3) Braces or curly brackets { } When we have multiplication
4) Square brackets or box brackets [ ] and division in expression start
We have to simplify brackets according to above order in questions. from solving left to right.
Questions:
1. [(12-18)÷3-5] × (-4) 2. 6-7+2×(4-32) 3. (-2)3 - 12 ÷ [2 -(√25 + 3)] 4. 4 × 2 -[28 ÷{3 +(8 + 6 -3)}]
=[(-6) ÷ 3-5] × -4 =6-7+2×(4-9) =-8 - 12 ÷ [2 -(5 + 3)] =4 × 2 -[28 ÷{3 +(8+6-3)}]
=[-2-5] × -4 =6-7+2×-5 =-8 - 12 ÷ [2 - 8] =4 × 2 -[28 ÷{3 +(14-3)}]
=-7 × -4 =6-7-10 =-8 - 12 ÷ -6 =4 × 2 -[28 ÷{3 +11}]
=28 =-1-10 =-8 -(-2) =4 × 2 -[28 ÷14]
=-11 =-8 + 2 =4 × 2 -2
=-6 =8 - 2 = 6
Properties of real numbers:

Closure property wrt Addition EXAMPLES

If we take two real numbers then their sum is also a real number. It is -5 and 11 ∈ R
called closure property wrt addition. -5 +11=6 ∈ R
∀ a,b ∈ R a+b∈R
Closure property wrt Multiplication -5 and 11 ∈ R
If we take two real numbers then their product is also a real number. It -5 ×11=-55 ∈ R
is called closure property wrt multiplication.
∀ a,b ∈ R a.b∈R
Commutative property wrt Addition 13+7=7+13
If a and b are two real numbers then a+b=b+a 20=20
Commutative property holds in addition and multiplication while it
does not hold in substraction and division.
Commutative propert wrt Multiplication 13×7=7×13
If a and b are two real numbers then a.b=b.a 91=91
Associative property wrt Addition (7+4)+5=7+(4+5)
If a,b and c are any three real numbers then (a+b)+c=a+(b+c) 11+5=7+9
16=16
Associative property wrt Multiplication (7×4)×5=7×(4×5)
If a,b and c are any three real numbers then (a.b).c=a.(b.c) 28×5=7×20
140=140
Additive Identity -7+0=-7
Zero(0) is additive identity. 5+0=5
Multiplicative Identity 2×1=2
1 is multiplicative identity. -5×1= -5
Additive inverse propperty Additive inverse of 8 is -8
For any real number a there exist a unique real number -a called Since 8+(-8)=0
additive inverse of a such that a+(-a)=0 Additive inverse of -5 is 5
Multiplicative inverse property 7 and 1/7 are multiplicative inverse of
If a≠ 0 is a real number there exist a unique real number 1/a called each other because 7×1/7=1
multiplicative inverse of a such that a.1/a=1 Multiplicative inverse of -1/3 is -3
0 has no multiplicative inverse. -1/3×-3=1
Multiplicative inverse of 14/7 is 1/2
14/7×1/2=1
Distributive property of Multiplication over addition If a=2, b=3, c=4 then
If a, b are real numbers then a(b+c)=a.b+a.c or (a+b)c=a.c+b.c 2(3+4)=2×3 + 2×4
2(7)=6 + 8
14=14
Trichotomy property
∀ a,b ∈ R Exactly one of the following holds
a<b or a>b or a=b
Transistive property 8 > 5 and 5 > 4 8>4
∀ a,b, c ∈ R Or
If a > b and b > c then a > c or If a < b and b < c then a < c 2 < 5 and 5 < 6 2<6
Addition property 5 < 7 and c=2 5+2 < 7+2 then 7 < 9
∀ a,b, c ∈ R
If a > b then a+c > b+c or If a < b then a+c < b+c
Substraction property 10 > 8 and c=2 13-2 > 9-2 then 11 > 7
∀ a,b, c ∈ R
If a > b then a-c > b-c or If a < b then a-c < b-c
Multiplication proerty 5 < 8 and c=2 5×2 < 8×2 i.e 10<16
If a < b and c > 0 then a.c < b.c 5 < 8 and c=-2 5×-2 < 8×-2 i.e -10>-16
If a < b and c < 0 then a.c > b.c
Division property 6 < 9 and c=3 6/3 < 9/3 i.e 2<3
If a < b and c > 0 then a/c < b/c or If a < b and c <0 then a/c > b/c 6 < 9 and c=-3 6/-3 > 9/-3 i.e -2 > -3
If a and b are positive or both are negative then a < b then 1/a > 1/b 2 < 4 then 1/2 > 1/4
a > b then 1/a < 1/b -3 < -2 then -1/3 > -1/2

FACTORS and MULTIPLES:

Factor:
A factor is a number which divides the dividend completely leaving no remainder.
Examples: 1) Factors of 12 are 1,2,3,4,6,12 because 12 is completely divisible by all these number.
2) Factors of 36 are 1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36. 3) Factors of 40 are 1,2,4,5,8,10,20,40
Important points:
Every number greater than 1 has at least two factors the number 1 and itself.
All even numbers will have number 2 as the factor.
All numbers end with 5 will have 5 as their factor.
All numbers end with 0 will have 2,5 and 10 as their factors.
Zero is not factor of any number.
Multiples:
A multiple is the number which we get when we multiply one number by another number.
Examples: 1) 2,4,6,8,10 are multiples of 2 because we multiply 2 by another numbers to get 2,4,6,8,10.
16 is a multiple of 1,2,4,8 and 16 3) 5,10,15,20,25 are first five multiples of 5.

LCM(Least common multiple):

Find LCM of 6 and 10.
Multiples of 6: 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 …
Multiples of 10: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110…
Least common multiple(LCM) of 6 and 10 is 30.
QUESTIONS:
Find LCM of following
1. 24 and 30. 2. 15,25 and 65 3. 220,240,260,280 4. 42 and 462 5.12,18,81
2 │24,30 5 15,25,65 2 220,240,260,280
3 │12,15 5 3,5,13 2 110,120,130,140 6. 63,80,102 7. 12,18,56
4 │4,5 3 3,1,13 2 55,60,65,70
5 │1,5 13 1,1,13 5 55,30,65,35
1,1 1,1,1 6 11,6,13,7
LCM =2×3×4×5 LCM=5×5×3×13 7 11,1,13,7
=120 =975 11 11,1,13,1
13 1,1,13,1
1,1,1,1
8. Find the smallest number which is exactly divisible by 21 and 35.
We will find LCM of 21 and 35
3 21,35 LCM=3×5×7
5 7,35 =105
7 7,7 So, smallest number which is exactly divisible by 21 and 35 is 105.
1,1
9. The chairs in a hall can be arranged in rows of 48 and 60. Find the least number of chairs in a hall.
2 48,60 LCM=2×2×2×2×3×5
2 24,30 =240
2 12,15 Least number of chairs in a hall=240
2 6,15
3 3,15
5 1,5
1,1
10. Bus A arrives every 15 min,bus B arrives every 20 min,bus C arrives every 30 min. When will buses
arrive together at station again?
2 15,20,30 LCM=2×2×3×5
2 15,10,15 =60
3 15,5,15 Buses arrive together station again at 60 min.
5 5,5,5
1,1,1
11. The traffic lights at three different road crossing change after every 48 seconds,72 seconds and 108
seconds respectively. If they change simultaneously at 7am after what time they change again
simultaneously?
2 48,72,108 LCM=2×2×2×2×3×3×3
2 24,36,54 =432 seconds
2 12,18,27 Now, 7 min=420 seconds
2 6,9,27 Traffic lights change simultaneously again at 7:12am
3 3,9,27
3 1,3,9
3 1,1,3
1,1,1

HCF(Highest Common Factor):

Find HCF of 18 and 30.
Factors of 18:1 2 3 6 9 18
Factors of 30:1 2 3 5 6 10 15 30
The common factors of 18 and 30 are 1,2,3 and 6.
The highest common factor(HCF) of 18 and 30 is 6.
QUESTIONS:
Find HCF of following
1. 12 and 30 2. 15,60 and 75 3. 84 and 156 4. 77,91 and 143
2 12 2 30 3 15 3 75 2 60 5. 28 and 70 6.40,60 and 100
2 6 3 15 55 5 25 2 30
3 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 15
1 1 1 5 5
1
12=2×2×3 15=3×5
30=2×5×3 75=3×5×5
HCF=2×3=6 60=3×5×2×2
HCF=3×5=15
7. Find the greatest number which divides 304 to leave a remainder of 4 and which also divides 298 to leave
a remainder of 4.
Let the number = x
x divides 304-4=300 and x divides 298-4= 294
2 300 2 294
2 150 3 147 300=2×2×3×5×5
3 75 7 49 294=2 × 3×7×7
5 25 7 7 HCF = 2×3=6
5 5 1 So greatest number x = 6
1

8. Find the greatest number which divides 232 and 305 leaving 7 and 5 respectively as remainder.

Let the number = x

x divides 232-7=225 and x divides 305-5=300
HCF of 225 and 300 is 75.
So greatest number x = 75.
9. Mira has two pieces of ribbon of lengths 18cm and 24cm respectively. She wants to cut both pieces into
smaller pieces of equal length that are as long as possible. What would be length of each smaller piece?
2 18 2 24 18 = 2×3×3
3 9 2 12 24 = 2×2×2×3
3 3 2 6 HCF=2×3=6
1 3 3 So length of each smaller piece will be 6cm.
1
10. The tankers contain 60 liters and 570 liters of petrol respectively. Find the maximum capacity of the
container which can measure the petrol of either tanker in exact number of litres.
We need to find the maximum capacity of a container that can measure both exactly i.e.the greatest number that
divides both 60 and 570 exactly.
HCF of 60 and 570 is 30.
So the largest container that can measure petrol from either tanker exactly is 30 litres.
11. The length,breadth and height of a room are 8m,6m and 4m respectively. Determine the longest tape
which can measure the three dimensions of the room exactly.
As HCF of 8,6 and 4 is 2.
Longest tape that can measure three dimensions exactly is of 2m.

RELATION BETWEEN HCF and LCM:

HCF × LCM = Product of the two numbers
1. The HCF of two numbers is 36 and their LCM is 1260. If one of the numbers is 72 find the other
number.
Let the other number is x
HCF × LCM = x × 72
36 × 1260 = x × 72
45360 = x × 72
45360/72 = x Other number = 630
2. The product of two numbers is 200. If their LCM is 40 and find their HCF.
40 × HCF = 200
HCF= 200/40 HCF = 5
3. The product of two numbers is 800. If their HCF is 20 then find their LCM.
20 × LCM = 800
LCM = 800/20 LCM=40

FRACTIONS and DECIMALS:

Solve the following.
5 4 −7 −3 3 −2 −7 1 3
1. and 2. and 3. + + 4. 6 +−2
9 9 11 22 4 5 20 5 10
5+4 −7 ×2 −3 ×1 3 ×5 −2 ×4 −7 ×1 31 −17
= 9/9 =1 + + + +
9 11× 2 22 ×1 4×5 5× 4 20 ×1 5 10
−14 −3 15 −8 −7 31× 2 17 ×1
+ + + -
22 22 20 20 20 5× 2 10× 1
 −14 − 3 15− 8 −7 7 −7 0 62 17
= -17/22 = = =0 - =
22 20 20 20 10 10
62− 17
= 45/10=9/2
10

12.34 × 5.6 6. 19.5 + 12.8 7. 433.29 + 89.5 8. 1875 - 5.94

12.3 4 19.5 433.29 1875
× 5.6 +12.8 + 89.5 - 5.94
740 4 32.3 522.79 1869.06
6170 ×
69.104
3 −4 −2 5
9) Subtract -7/6 from 5/18 10. Subtract -7/8 from -2 11. × 12. ×
7 5 9 12
5 −7 −2 −7 −12 −1 5
- - ×
18 6 1 8 35 9 6
5× 1 7 ×3 −2 ×8 7 ×1 −5
+ +
18× 1 6 ×3 1× 8 8 ×1 54
5+21 26 13 −16+7 −9
= = =
18 18 9 8 8
1 3 5 7 −3 −21 1 5
13) -4 ×-1 14. ÷ 15. ÷ 16. 4 ÷-1
2 4 6 12 10 40 16 8
−8+1 −4 +3 5 12 −3 −40 65 −3
× × × ÷
2 4 6 7 10 21 16 8
−7 −1 7 5 2 10 −1 −4 4 65 8 65 1
× = × = × = × = × =-
2 4 8 1 7 7 1 7 7 16 −3 2 −3
65
6

−1 5 −7 −4 8 −5 −3 1 −4 −5 7
17. + + 18. - 19. - 20. 1 - 21. ×-1 22. 2.20 ×
8 12 24 15 25 −8 7 12 9 11 22
4.0
23. 143.5 × 28.3
BODMAS QUESTIONS: ___
5 11 2 7 2
1. 19.5 + 12.8 - 13.5 2. 16.31 + {2.50 -(5.94 ÷ 2.20 × 4.0 - 1875)} 3. +{ - ( + - )}
12 24 3 8 3
STORY SUM:
1. Alina had 30.50m of cloth. She used 12.60m of cloth for her suit. She gives 12.80m of cloth to her friend.
How much cloth is left with Alina?
Total cloth= 30.50m , Used cloth= 12.60m , Gave to friend= 12.80m
Cloth left = 30.50 - 12.60 - 12.80
Cloth left= 17.9 - 12.80 = 5.1m
1 3 1
2. Sakeena required 24 metres long wire for a connection. She joined three lengths of wire 4 metres , 5
4 4 8
1
metres and 6 metres . How much more length of wire she needed?
2
1 97
Required length of wire= 24 m = m
4 4
3 1 1 19 41 13 38+41+52 131
Total length of wires she joined= 4 + 5 + 6 = + + = = m
4 8 2 4 8 2 8 8
97 131 194 −131 63 7
More length she needed= m - m= = =7 m
4 8 8 8 8
75 25
3. If kg rice is to be packed in kg packets, then find:
4 8
 24
a) How many packets of rice will be packed? b) How much rice will be there in 20 packets of mass kg
15
each?
75 25
a) Quantity of rice = kg , Weight of packets= kg , No of packets= ?
4 8
25 75 75 8 3 2
No of packets × = No of packets = × = × = 6 packets
8 4 4 25 1 1
24
b) 20 × = Quantity of rice Quantity of rice = 32kg
15
235 2
4. Zara bought litres cooking oil. She used litres oil for cooking. How much oil is left with her?
7 14
1
5. Nasreen bought 15 metres of cloth from the market. She used half of the cloth for her suit. part of it for
3
her little daughter. She used remaining cloth for her niece’s suit. Hoe much cloth did she use for her niece’s
suit?
6.
COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY OF RATIONAL NUMBER:
a c c a
+ = +
b d d b
Verify the following commutative properties.
7 −2 −2 7 15 15 15 15
1. + = + 2. × = ×
10 5 5 10 26 45 45 26
ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY OF RATIONAL NUMBER:
Addition Multiplication
p r t p r t p r t p r t
( + )+ = +( + ) ( × )× = ×( × )
q s u q s u q s u q s u
10 11 −3 10 11 −3 5 3 1 5 3 1
1. ( + )+ = +( + ) 2. ( × ) × = × ( × )
12 −2 4 12 −2 4 7 2 3 7 2 3
DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF RATIONAL NUMBERS:
p r t p r p t p r t p r p t
×( + )=( × )+( × ) ×( - )=( × )-( × )
q s u q s q u q s u q s q u
−2 3 8 −2 3 −2 8 −4 8 4 −4 8 −4 4
1. ×( + )=( × )+( × ) 2. ×( - )=( × )-( × )
5 9 6 5 9 5 6 6 10 5 6 10 6 5
SQUARE AND SQUARE ROOT:

SQUARE:
When a number is multiplied by itself the product is known as the square of the number.
Example: 3 ×3 = 32 = 9 Read as square of 3 is 9.
12 1 112 121
2
2 4 122 144
2 2
3 9 13 169
42 16 142 196
2 2
5 25 15 225
62 36 162 256
2 2
7 49 17 289
82 64 182 324
2 2
9 81 19 361
102 100 202 400
Properties about perfect squares:
1. The square of an even number is always even.
2. The square of an odd number is always odd.
3. A number ends with 1 or 9 its square will end with 1.
4. A number ends with 4 or 6 its square will end with 6.
5. The square of a proper fraction is always less than itself.
6. The square of a decimal less than 1 is smaller than itself.
Check whether the number are perfect squares or not:
1. 1225 2. 105 3. 1764 4. 710
 51225 3 105 5. 2100 6. 900
5245 5 35 7. 3025
7 49 7 7
7 7 1
1
The prime factors of 1225 = 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 The prime factors of 105= 3 × 5× 7
Each prime factor of 1225 forms a pair. Factors of 105 cannot be paired
So, 1225 is a perfect square. So, 105 is not a perfect square.

SQUARE ROOT:
The power 1/2 of a perfect square of any positive number is called square root of that positive number. Sqaure
root symbol is denoted by radical sign √ it is equivalent nt to power 1/2.
Finding Square root
By prime factorization method:
64
1. 2500 2. 3. 1849 4. 1444
225
2 2500 2 64 5 225 5. 7.29 6. 6.76
2 1250 2 32 5 45
5 625 2 16 3 9
5 125 2 8 3 3
5 25 2 4 1
5 5 2 2
1
Prime factors of 784= 2×2×5×5×5×5 = 2×2×2×2×2×2 =5×5×3×3
√2500 = 22 × 52 × 52 √64 = 22 × 22 × 22 √225 = 52 × 32
=( 22 × 52 × 52)1/2 = (22 × 22 × 22 )1/2 = (52 × 32)1/2
=2×5×5 = 2 × 2× 2 =5×3
= 50 =8 = 15
64 8
√ =
225 15

By Division Method:
1. 2304 2. 180.9025 3. 1866.25 4. 20.5209 5. 0.5184
676
13.45 6. 7. 103041 8. 418609
729
__48 __ __ __ __
4 23 04 1 1 80.9025
-1
-16 23 80
88 704 -69
-704 264 1190
0 -1056
√2304 = 48 2685 13425
-13425
0
√180.9025 = 13.45
10. Find the length of a rectangular field if area of a rectangular field is 19.36m 2 , where length of a
rectangular field is four times of its width.
Let width of rectangle = x
Then length of rectangle = 4x
Area of rectangular field = 19.36m2
Area of rectangle = length × width
19.36 = 4x × x 19.36 = 4x2
Taking square root on both sides √19.36 = √4x2
2x = 4.4
Width = X = 2.2m Length = 4(2.2) = 8.8m
11. In a lecture hall 8649 students are sitting in such a manner that there are as many students in a row as
there are rows in the lecture hall. How many students are there in each row of the lecture hall?
Total students = 8649 , Number of students in each row= ?
Let number of students in each row = x
Number of rows = Number of students in each row = x
Total number of students = x × x= x2
8649 = x2
Taking square root on both sides
√8649 = √x2 x = 93 students in each row
12. The area of a square plot is 900m2. Find the length of the side of the plant.
Area of plot = 900m2 , Length of side of plot = ? , Let length of side of plot = x
Area of square = length × length
900 = x2 taking square root on both sides √x2 = √ 900 x = 30
Length of side of plot = 30m
13. A gardener wants to arrange some plants so that the number of rows of plants equals the number of
plants in each row. If the number of rows is 35, then how many plants does he have?
14. The length of a square shaped lawn is 250 metres. What will be the area of lawn and also tell what will
be its cost of growing grass at the rate of Rs.75 square per metre?
15. A rectangular field has an area 28800 sq metre. Its length is twice as long as its width. What is the length
of its sides?
16. The cost of ploughing in a square field is Rs.2450 at the rate of Rs.2 per 100sq metre. Find the length of
the side of the square.
17. The area of a square shaped lawn is 62500 sq metres. A wooden fence is to laid around the lawn. What is
the length of wooden fence required. What will be its cost at the rate of Rs.50 per metre.?

PERCENTAGE:
Percentage is a short form of latin word percentum meaning out of hundred which means the ratio of some
numbers to hundred.
QUESTIONS:
1. Waqar obtained 180 marks in his first term exam. The total marks of his all subjects are 200. Find the
percentage of Waqar’s obtained marks?
Total marks= 200 , Obtained marks= 180
Obtained marks 180
Percentage of obtained marks= × 100 = × 100 = 90%
Total marks 200
2. In a school there are 13 male teachers and 20 female teachers. Calculate the percentage of male teachers
and percentage of female teachers.
Total teachers = 13 + 20 = 33 , Female teachers= 20 , Male teachers= 13
13
Percentage of male teachers= × 100 = 1300/33 = 39.39%
33
20
Percentage of female teachers = × 100 = 2000/33 = 60.6%
33
3. A class has 40 students. Given that 75% of them passed a mathematics test,calculate the number of
students who failed the test.
Total students = 40 ,
75
Number of students who passed the test=75% of 40 = × 40 = 30 students
100
Number of students who failed the test = 40 - 30 = 10
10
Percentage of students who failed the test= × 100 = 25%
40
4. A school has 1500 students. Given that 3% of them are late for school on a particular day find the number
of students who were punctual for school.
5. A shopkeeper increases the price of an article by 10% of its original price. If the original price of the article
is 5650, what will be the new price of article?
6. Anees spends 80% of the total earning at golf course last summer. If he spends Rs.35000 then find his total
earning at golf course?
7. 20% of the students of a school were absent on a certain day. If there were 1200 students present in a
school on that day. Find the total number of students.
8. Increase 17 by 85% what is the result?
9. Decrease 30 by 70%. What is the result?
10. After 12% of the bill has been deducted Rs.6536 remains to be paid. How much was the original bill?
11. The cost of bicycle is raised from Rs.8500 to 10,000. What is the percentage increase in price of bicycle?
12. A house costs 36% more today than when it was built. If the cost of the house today is Rs.333200, find its
cost when it was built.

13. Express each of the following percentage as fractions.

2
a) 128% b) 88% c) 0.5% d) 9 % e)228%
3
128 64 32 88 22 0.5 5 1 1
= = = = = = = = =
100 50 25 100 25 100 100× 10 100× 2 200
14. Express each of the following as percentage.
a) 0.05 b) 1/2 c) 1.456 d) 0.76 e) 9/8 f) 0.76 g) 6/5 h) 0.095
1
= 0.05×100 = × 100 = 1.456 × 100 = 0.76 × 100 I) 1.35 j) 0.07
2
=5% = 50% = 145.6% = 76%
15. Solve the following.
1
a) 50% of 70 b) 0f 30% of 250 c) 25% of 500 d) 80% of 4.5m
2
50 1 30 25 80 4 45 18
= × 70 = × × 250 × 500 = × 4.5 = × =
100 2 100 100 100 5 10 5
= 35 = 37.5 = 125
e) 20% of number is 17. Find the number.
Let the number = x
20 100
20% of x = 17 × x= 17 x = 17 × x = 85
100 20
S0, the number is 85.
F) 175% of a number is 49. Find the number.
G) The result of a number when increased by 15% is 161. Find the number.
Let the number = x , After an increase of 15% the number becomes 115% of original number
115 100
115% of x = 161 × x = 161 x= 161 × x = 140
100 115

RATIO:
A ratio is used to compare two or more quantities of the same kind which are measured in the same unit. A
ratio is dimensionless( ratio has no unit) . Ratio is represented by symbol colon ( : ). The first term in ratio is
called antecedent and the second term is consequent.
a 5
a:b = 5 : 7 is equivalent to = .
b 7
When the ratio is multiplied or divided by the same number then ratio remains unchanged.
In increasing ratio numerator is greater than denominator.
In decreasing ratio numerator is less than denominator.
Simplest form: A ratio is said to be in its simplest form a : b when and b are integers with no common factors
other than 1.
EQUIVALENT RATIOS:
The ratios 1 : 2 , 2 : 4 and 6 : 12 are equivalent.
1. Write the following in the simplest form of ratios.
2 3 1 25 3 8
a) 15 : 75 b) : c) : d) 600g : 1.6kg e) 0.36 : 1.2 f) : g) 0.12 :
15 5 16 8 5 9
0.56
15 3 2 5 1 8
= = = × = × 1 kg= 1000g h) 240 minutes and 2 hours
75 15 15 3 16 25
1 2 1 1 1
= = × = × 1.6 kg = 1.6×1000 I) 5 years and 24 months
5 3 3 2 25
2 1
= = 1.6 kg= 1600g j) 8 weeks and 14 days
9 50
600 : 1600= 3 : 8
2. If new mass of Raza is 80kg and the old mass was 140kg. Then find ratio of decreased masses.
New mass = 80kg , Old mass = 140 kg
New mass : Old mass = 80 : 140
80 4
= = =4:7
140 7
3. The price of cotton box has increased in ratio of 7 : 6. If the old price of cotton box was Rs. 1836 then find
the new price of cotton box.
New price : old price = 7 : 6
New price 7 7
New price : 1836 = 7 : 6 = New price = × 1836 New price = 7 × 306
1836 6 6
New price = Rs . 2142
4. If wire of length 30cm cut into two pieces in ratio 2 : 3, then what is the length of longer piece.
Length of wire = 30cm
Now, 2 + 3 = 5
Now length of one part of wire = 30/5 = 6cm
So wire cut as 12cm : 18 cm
Length of longer piece = 18cm
5. Nimra has 1600. She shared this amount with her two friends Rabia and Fatima in the ratio 3 : 5. How
much amount each of them received from Nimra?
Total amount= 1600 , The money divided into = 3 + 5= 8 parts
Now 1 part = 1600/8 = 200
Rabia got = 3 × 200 = 600 , Fatima got = 5 × 200 = 1000
6. Aneel’s monthly salary is Rs.55,000. he spends his monthly salary in the ratio 2 : 3 as savings and
expenditures respectively. Find his monthly expenditure and saving.
7. The ratio of the number of female participants to the number of male participants at a party is 4 : 9. If
there are 30 more male participants than female participants, Calculate the number of people who attended
the party.
8. There are 14 boys and 25 girls in a school badminton team. Find the ratio of
a) The number of boys to the number of girls
b) The number of girls to the total number of payers in the team
9. If 4x : 9 = 7 : 3 calculate the value of x.
10. If 3a : 7 = 8 : 5 find the value of a.

CONTINUED RATIO:
1. If x : y= 11 : 8 and y : z=6 : 7 , calculate a) x : y : z b) x : z
A) As y is common between two ratios so we have to make value of y equal in both ratios.
x : y = 11 : 8 Multiplying by 3 x : y = 33 : 24
y : z = 6 : 7 Multiplying by 4 y : z = 24 : 28
So, x : y : z = 33 : 24 : 28
B) x : z = 33 : 28
2. If x : y= 5 : 6 and y : z=4 : 9,find a) x : y : z b) x : z
3 1 1
3. If p : q= : 2 and p : r= : , find a) p : q : r b) q : r
4 3 2

RATE:
Rate is a ratio of two quantities which have different units.
1. Hassan earns Rs.35000 in month. What is his pay for 5 days?
Hassan’s earning in month(30 days) = 35000
Hassan’s earning in one day = 35000/30 = 1166.6 = Rs. 1167
Hassan’s earning in 5 days = 5 × 1167 = Rs. 5835
2. Zain bought one dozen oranges for Rs.240. What is the price of one orange?
Price of one dozen ( 12) oranges= Rs. 240
Price of one orange = 240/12 = Rs. 20
3. A car covers 220km in 11 litres. Find the rate of kilometre per litre. If car travels 400km then what will be
the fuel consumption in litres?
Distance = 220km , Fuel consumption = 11litres
Distance 220
Rate = = = 20km/litre
Fuel consumption 11
Fuel consumption in 20km = 1 litre
 1
Fuel consumption in 1km = = 0.05 lires
20
Fuel consumption in 400 km = 0.05 × 400 = 20 lires
4. A typist types 1800 words in 1 hour. Find the number of words that she can type per minute.
Number of words typed in 1 hour( 60 minute )= 1800
Number of words typed in 1 minute= 1800/60 = 30 words
5. If the mass of a metal bar which is 3.25m long is 15kg, find its mass per metre.
Mass of bar = 15kg , Length of bar= 3.25 m
Mass 15 15× 100
= = = 4.61kg/metre
Lengtℎ 3.25 325
6. A train is to cover 1180km. If it covers first 550km at the speed of 100 km/hr and the remaining distance at
the speed of 90km/hr. Find the average speed of the train.
7. Moeen cooked 10 dishes in 2hours. What will be the speed of cooking dishes per hour? How much dishes
will he cook in 8 hours?
8. The cost of 25 units of electricity is Rs.375. Find the cost of 75 units of electricity.
9. Hamza covers the distance of 225km in 3hours by car. At this rate how far can he drive in 8hours?
10. Rehan drove his car at an average rate of 80km per hour. How far did he drive in 5 hours?
11. Naeem has to pay Rs.875 for 350 minutes outgoing calls by using his mobile. Find
a) How much amount is charged for 7 m9nutes of outgoing calls?
b) The amount he ahs to pay if he makes 563 minutes of outgoing calls?
12. In the first cricket match, Hamza made 52 runs in 6 overs in the second cricket match Hamza made 68 runs
in 8 overs. What is the average run rate per hour?

PROPORTION:
Four quantities are said to be in proportion ,if the ratio of the first and the second quantities is equal to the ratio
of the third and the fourth quantities. The symbol : : or = is used to equate two ratios.
Kinds Of Proportion:
1) Direct proportion: The two quantities are said to be in direct proportion if increase or decrease in one
quantity causes increase or decrease in the other quantity in the same ratio.
Examples:
1. If we increase the number of books, then the cost of books will increase.
2. If force increases then pressure increases.
2) Indirect Proportion: Two quantities are said to be indirect proportion if the increase or decrease in one
quantity causes the decrease or increase in the other quantity in the same ratio.
Example:If the number of workers is increased then less time will be required to complete the task.
Questions:
1. Which of the following are in proportion?
a) 7:2::35:10 b) 2:6::5:20 c) 20:4::3:40
Product of mean= 35×2=70 Product of mean=6×5=30 d) 10:8::70:56
Product of extreme=7×10=70 Product of extreme=2×20=40 e) 16:12::4:3
As, Product of mean=Product of extreme As, Product of mean≠ Product of extreme
So, 7:2::35:10 is in proportion. So, 2:6::5:20 is not in proportion.
2. Find the value of variable in following proportions.
a) 7:6::x:50 b) w:2::24:18 c) y:8::45:20 d) z:9::15:35
Product of mean= Product of extreme Product of mean=Product of extreme e) 3/7 = x/4
6 × x = 7 × 50 2 × 24 = w × 18
6x = 350 48 = 18w
350 48 8
X= = 58.3 x = 58.3 w= =
6 18 3
3. A washer man irons 3 shirts in 15 minutes. How many shirts can be ironed in 45 minute?
Shirts : Time
x 45 45
3 : 15 = x= ×3 x=9 No of shirts = 9
3 15 15
x : 45
4. 5 workers take 12 days to weed a field. How many days would 6 workers take to weed it?
Workers : Days
x 5 5
5 : 12 = x= × 12 x = 10 days by 6 workers
12 6 6
 6 : x
5. If 2 men take 10 days to cut a tree, how many days will take 4 men to do the same job?
6. If 7kg of potatoes cost 140 rupees, how much we pay for 12 kg potatoes?
7. Shayan takes 200 steps for walking a distance of 160m. Find the distance covered by him in 350 steps.
8. In 25 minutes train travels 20km, how far will it travel in 5 minutes?
9. If the price of 12 eggs is Rs.180, how many eggs can we bought with Rs.270?
10. If a box of sweets is divided among 24 children, they will get 25 sweets each. How many each will get if the
number of children is reduced by 4?
11. If 1 person takes 7 days to clean a house from bugs, how many days will 7 people take to clean the house
from bugs?
12. If 15 labourers earn Rs.67500 in days how much money will 10 labourers earn in 12 days?
13. 15 masons can build a wall of 12 meters high in 12 days. How many masons will be needed to build a wall of
120 meters high in 7 days?
14. 15 machines can prepare 360 sweaters in 6 days. 3 machines out of oreder. How many sweaters can be
prepared in 10 days by the remaining machines?
15. Ten men can assemble 400 cycles in 8 days. How many cycles will 5 men assemble if they work for 16 days?

ZAKAT:
There are five pillars of Islam. Zakat is one of the pillars of Islam. Zakat means to purify. The purpose of zakat is
to help the poor and needy among the Muslims to create a welfare Muslim state. There are eight type of
recipients of zakat.
Nisab of zakat:Nisab is the minimum amount of annual savings on which zakat has to be paid. Nisab for zakat is
7.5 tola(87.48 grams) gold or 52.5 tola(612.36 gram) silver or equivalent amount.
Rate of Zakat: The rate of zakat is 2.5% of the total wealth.
The amount of zakat is calculated by the following formula:
Amount of zakat = Rate of Zakat × Total amount
Questions:
1. Find the amount of zakat on 15 tola gold if value of 1 tola gold is Rs.130000.
Price of 1 tola gold= 130000
Price of 15 tola gold= 15×130000=1950000
Amount of zakat= Rate of zakat × Total amount
25
= 2.5% × 1950000 = × 1950000 = 48750
1000
2. Find the amount of zakat on 80 tola silver if value of 1 tola silver is Rs.1500.
3. Raheel paid zakat worth Rs.47000on gold and his savings. Find the price of gold if his savings is Rs.1000000.
4. Find the amount of zakat on total of 9 tola gold and 50 tola silver if the values of 1 tola gold and 1 tola silver
are Rs.13000 and Rs.1500 respectively.
5. Zahid paid zakat Rs. 23500. Find his savings.

USHR:
Ushr is paid on agricultural yeild( vegetable,fruits,grains etc)
Rate of Ushr:
The rate of ushr is 10% when land is irrigated by natural resources like rain ,river and stream etc.
The rate of ushr is 5% when land is irrigated by artificial sources like wells,tube wells and artificial canals.
The amount of ushr can be calculated by:
Amount of ushr = Rate of ushr × Total worth of crop
Questions:
1. Ahsan has crop wheat of worth Rs.400000 irrigated by natural resources. Find the amount of ushr on it.
2. Hamid has rice crop of worth Rs.800000 irrigated by artificial resources. Find the amount of ushr on it.
3. Suleman paid ushr of Rs. 6500 on cotton. If the land is irrigated by rain,then find the worth of the cotton.
4. Find ushr on 2300kg onion irrigate by natural resource at the rate of Rs. 140 per kg and 1400kg ginger
irrigated by artifical sorce at the rate of Rs.220 per kg.
5. Find ushr on 850 kg wheat irrigated by natural source the rate is Rs.110 per kg and 1250kg potatoes irrigated
by artifical resources the rate is Rs.60 per kg.

PROFIT/LOSS/DISCOUNT:
Cost price: The price at which an item is bought is called its cost price.
Selling price: The price at which an item is sold is called its selling price.
Discount:The reduction or cut offered on marked price is called the discount.
Profit = Selling price - Cost price Loss = Cost price - Selling price Discount= Marked price - Selling price
Profit Loss Discount
Profit% = × 100 Loss% = × 100 Discount% = × 100
Cost price Cost price Marked price
Profit = Profit% of Cost price Loss = Loss% of Cost price Discount = Discount% of Marked price
QUESTIONS:
1. The price of one bicycle is Rs.7000. Adnan bought two bicycles and sold them for Rs.13000. Calculate the
amount of profit or loss.
Cost price = 14000 , Selling price= 13000
Loss = Cost price - Selling price = 14000 - 13000 = 1000 Loss = Rs.1000
2. A shopkeeper bought an aquarium for Rs.7000 and sold it for Rs.10000. Find his profit percentage.
Cost price= 7000 Selling price = 10000
3000
Pofit = 10000 - 7000= 3000 Profit% = × 100 = 42.8% Profit% = 42.8%
7000
3. Majid bought a book for Rs.2500 from a bookstore. The bookstore bought this book for Rs.2200. did the
bookstore make profit or loss? Calculate the amount of profit or loss.
4. Hamza bought a sack of rice for Rs.12000. find selling price if he got a profit of 4%.
5. Atif purchased a sofa set for Rs.48000. find selling price if he bear a loss of 10%.
6. Salman bought a sofa set for Rs.25000 and sold it for Rs.20000. Find his loss percentage.
7. If the marked price of an item is Rs.7690 and seeling price is Rs.7000. find the discount offered on this item.
8. Salma sells an item having marked price Rs.370. Find its selling price if the discount is 15%.
9. Find marked price of a LED at a discount of 13% having seeling price Rs.39000.
10. Manahil bought a dress for Rs.3200. If the loss is 8% then find the selling price of the dress.
11. The marked price of a computer table is Rs.6700. It is sold at adiscount bof 12%. Find the selling price of the
computer table.