CHAPTER ONE

MANAGEMENT OF SPORTING EVENTS

1.1. F u n c t i o n s of Sports Events Management (Planning, Organising, Staffing,
Directing and Controlling)
1.2. V a r i o u s Committees and its Responsibilities (Pre; During and Post)
1.3. F i x t u r e and its Procedures—Knock-out (Bye and Seeding) and League (Staircase
Cyclic and Tabular Method)
1.4. Intramural and Extramural-Meaning, Objectives and its Significance
1.5. Community Sports Program(Sports Day, Health Run, Run for Fun, Run for Specific
Cause and Run for Unity)
IMPORTANT DEFINATIONS
PLANNING: Planning is a preparation for any action. It is the first requirement of good
administration and efficient working of program.

TOURNAMENT: A tournament is a competition held among various teams in a particular activity

according to a fixed schedule where a winner is decided.

KNOCK-OUT TOURNAMENT: In this type of tournament, the team once defeated gets
eliminated from the tournament. Only the winning teams contest in the next rounds.
Opportunities are given to the winning players/teams.

LEAGUE TOURNAMENT: In single league tournament all participating teams compete once,
with each other, whereas in double league, each team plays with every as in double league,
each team plays with every other team twice, without any consideration of victory or
defeat.

COMBINATION TOURNAMENT: Combination tournaments are organized in group or zonal

matches. Whenever there are many teams, combination tournaments facilitate the Physical
Education Teachers, job. It gives them elbow room to try out new experiments.

CHALLENGE TOURNAMENT: This type of tournament comes handy when there are one to one
contest or there are two players on each side. One player challenges the other and the
other player accepts the challenge. Games in which such tournaments are held are – Boxing,
Tennis, Table Tennis, Badminton etc.

CONSOLATION TOURNAMENT: Those tournaments in which an additional chance is given to

the defeated team.

BYE: Bye is a privilege given to a team generally by drawing lots, exempting it from playing in
the first round.

SEEDING: The sorting of the teams and fitting them in the fixtures so that the stronger teams
do not meet each other in earlier rounds is known as Seeding.
SPECIAL SEEDING: Any player or team which gets direct entry into quarter- finals or semi-
finals is known as special seeding.

LEAGUE TOURNAMENT: It is also known as round robin tournament. In this type of tournament,
all teams play against each other team irrespective of winning or losing.

CYCLIC METHOD: In cyclic method, one team is fixed, and other teams are moved clockwise.
The formula for calculating no. of matches=n(n-1/2).

STAIRCASE METHOD: In stair-case method, the fixtures are made just like a ladder or a stair-
case. In this method, no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of even or odd
number of teams.

Formula for Knock-out Tournament: Total no. of matches=n-1

Formula for League Tournament: Total no. of matches =

n(n-1)
2
1.1. F u n c t i o n s of Sports Events Management (Planning, Organising, Staffing,
Directing and Controlling)

Meaning of Management
Management is the administrative structure of an organization. It may be in government
sector, any non-government sector, business, educational institutions, or any other field. It
is the art and science of managing resources.
Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and
coordinating the efforts of its employees (or of volunteers) to accomplish its objectives
through the available resources, such as financial, natural, technological, and human
resources.

Level - 1 Senior Managers such as Board of Directors/CEO/President of an organisation.

Level - 2 Middle managers such as Branch Manager/Reginal
Managers/Department/section managers of an Organisation
Level - 3 Line managers/supervisor/Front line team leaders, further Regular Employees/
non-regular employees/volunteers

Functions of Sports Event Management

Planning: It is a preparation for any action. It is the first requirement of good administration
and efficient working of program. This process involves the technical, non-technical aspects,
administrative and social skills, personal attitude, leadership qualities to carry out their
duties and responsibilities of an individual, group/team or persons involved in it.
Definition of planning: Planning is a systematic process or a blueprint to develop a path
for the successful achievement of the aim of the task or specific project assigned for any
sports event.
Functions of Planning:

 Gathering information about an activity.

 Make an overall plan keeping in mind all minute details.
 Sports planning should include the intensity of training week by week and number of
training sessions per week.
 Identify appropriate training units for each block as appropriate to the phase of
development.

Organising:
Definition of Organising: “Organising” is the administrative operation of specifying
grouping tasks, duties, authorising power and designating resources needed to carry out a
particular system.
Organising is the establishing of effective authority relationships among selected work,
persons, and workplaces in order for the group to work together efficiently.
Functions of Organising
 Organizing sports is the second function of sports management after sports
planning. Organizing group works smoothly with a plan to accomplish the duties of
individuals and organizational goals.
 An effective organization in which all the officers and employees are appointed, do
their work and smoothly so that there is no obstacle in doing any work.
 It identifies the activities required to achieve the objectives and implementation of
the plan.
 Once a definite plan has been set for the completion of an organisational intent,
the organising party reviews the actions and resources expected to execute the
program.

Staffing: It is an operation of recruiting the employees by evaluating their skills and

knowledge before offering them specific job roles accordingly.

Definition of Staffing: It consists of manpower planning, recruitment, selection, training,

compensation, promotion, and maintenance of managerial personnel. Staffing is obtaining
the best resources for the right job.

Functions of Staffing
 A significant perspective of management is to make certain that the appropriate
people with the apt skills are obtainable in the proper places and times to achieve
the goals of the company.
 It includes activities such as selection, placement, recruitment and coaching of
employees.
 Manager pre-estimates the number of employees that will be required in it,
advertises for the vacant positions, and selects them and assigns assignments.
  Recruitment appoints various sports officers, coaches, sports managers, sports
supervisors, etc. based on the plan of a sports organization.

Directing: It is telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of their ability.

Definition of Directing: “Directing” involves leading and encouraging the employees to

complete the tasks given and building an environment that inspires employees to do their
best. It is a technique by which instructions are issued.

Functions of Directing

 The director achieves the goals of the program or organization by ordering,

guiding, and leading the subordinate employees, supervising them, and motivating
them.
 Motivation and leadership are the two chief elements of direction.
 Directing includes communicating efficiently as well as managing at the
workplace.
 Motivating workers means simply building an atmosphere that urges them to work.
 Guidance tells all the appointed employees in any sports organization what to do
and how to do it successfully.
 A director sees that all are doing their job properly or not.

Controlling: The goal of sporting events is achieved by controlling all the activities. Control
plays a very important role in achievement of any organization in height direction.

Definition of Controlling: It is determining what is being accomplished, i.e., evaluating the

performance and if necessary, applies corrective measures so that performance takes place
according to the plans.

“Controlling” is the management operation for organisational achievement towards the

accomplishment of organisational intentions.

Functions of Controlling
 There is positive progress of the organization under the control rules.
 It is the main task of sports management to get those rules and policies done
smoothly and to control them.
 Full control is done on all the activities like their current progress, how to develop
the cells, etc.
 An efficient control is essential for comparative study and establishment of
accountability.
 The job of controlling comprises ascertaining criteria of performance, computing
the current performance, comparing this with organised rules and taking remedial
action where any divergence is observed.
  The management should ascertain what activities and outputs are important to
progress, how and where they can be regulated and who should have the power
to take remedial response.

1.2. V a r i o u s Committees and its Responsibilities (Pre; During and Post)

Various committees and responsibilities: Different committees work together for the
smooth conduct of the sports events. The various committees are:

(ì) Technical Committee: This committee is responsible for the technical conduct of the
event. This committee is responsible for making draws and conducting the events smoothly.
The officials, referees, judges, starters, umpires, timekeepers etc. are deputed in advance
for the better conduct of the tournament.

(ii) Transport Committee: This committee is responsible for providing the facilities regarding
transportation of various teams and officials before, during and after the sports events.

(ììì) Reception Committee: The members of this committee are responsible to welcome the
Chief Guest and spectators at opening and closing ceremonies.

(ìv) Boarding and Lodging Committee: This committee is responsible for making necessary
arrangements for providing accommodation and serving meals to the sportspersons Abel
other officials.

(v) Ground and Equipment Committee: This committee makes necessary arrangements of
equipment related to events.

(vi) Medical and First Aid Committee: This committee is formed to provide medical
assistance to the participants round the clock.

(vii) Protest Committee: The members of this committee decide the protest a judgment
made by any team.

(viii) Publicity Committee: All the press releases and press conferences are confronted by
this committee.

(ix) Finance Committee: This committee is assigned to make the budget for the event and
handle the expenses.

(x) Refreshment Committee: This committee is formed to profile refreshment to the

participants.

(xi) Ceremony committee: This committee is responsible to conduct opening and closing
ceremony. This committee is also responsible for prize distribution.
 Responsibilities of Committees before Competition

Name of the committee Work of the Committee

Inspection and Supervising Preparation of field, selecting venue, special room, rest rooms, changing
Committee room, toiletries, lighting, accommodation, sanitation.

Publicity Committee All the press releases and press conferences are confronted by
this committee.

Entries and Programme This committee finalize the blueprint of schedule, divide the whole
Committee programme into parts, execute, and conduct rehearsal, to make sure no
obstruction during event in advance the full schedule. Refreshment, Award
ceremony, Sound system check.

Welcome Committee To welcome guest and dignitaries.

To coordinate.
To rehearse the final presentation.
Discipline Committee To make sure that all rules and regulations are being
followed.

Responsibilities of Committees during Competition

Name of the committee Work of the Committee

Organising Committee This committee comprises people with good knowledge skills and
experience of events.

Welcome Committee To welcome all the guests.

To make arrangements of comfort of all the guests.

Announcement Committee To check sound system, to make announcement audible and

clear.

Boarding and Lodging To avail accommodation for athletes and officials.

Committee
To make arrangement of meals for athlete official.
To take care of the refreshments.
Decoration Committee To decorate stage, make rangoli flowers on stage, podium.

Transport Committee To provide free and safe route and transfer of all athletes and
officials for venue and vice-versa.

Grounds Equipment To provide safe and quality equipment.

Committee To make sure all fields and grounds safe.
Refreshment Committee Provide refreshment coupon during competition.

First A i d Committee Make sure first aid kit and doctor available on the field for an emergency
case.

Officials Committee Required p r o v i d e s a l l i n f o r m a t i o n to officials on venue.

Record Committee and To keep records intact.

Award Committee
To make positions.
To declare the winners and to provide the medals and certificates.
Responsibilities of Committees after Competition

Name of the committee Work of the Committee

Entries and Programme To close the ceremony.

Committee To take charge of records.
To take meeting of all the committees.
To announce the closing of games.
Discipline Committee To make sure any indiscipline act remains unaddressed.

Transport Committee To ensure a l l the officials and athlete reach t h e i r destination.

Equipment Committee To deposit and find out lost or damaged equipments.

Official Committee To pay all officials their dues.

To submit all the records to the organising committee.
To submit all the results to the organising committee.

1.3. F i x t u r e and its Procedures—Knock-out (Bye and Seeding) and League (Staircase and Cyclic)

Importance of tournaments
 Source of Recreation: Many people go to watch various games and sports for getting recreation.
Sports tournaments provide ample recreation to the spectators.
 Development of Social Qualities: Social qualities such as cooperation, tolerance, sympathy, group
cohesion, brotherhood and discipline are developed among participants through sports tournaments.
 To decide the best: The tournament always reaches to a conclusion and decides the ranking of the
performance. They decide the winner.
 To display the achievement: The tournaments give opportunity to players to show their abilities and
skills to others.
 Development of unity among diversity: Despite the fact our nation and even whole world has so
many diversities, but tournaments provide them equal platform to perform.
Types of tournaments
 Knock out: In this type of tournament, the team once defeated gets eliminated from the
tournament. Only the winning teams contest in the next rounds. Opportunities are given to the
winning players/teams.
 League: It is also known as round robin tournament. In this type of tournament, all teams play against
each other team irrespective of winning or losing. In a single league tournament, all participating
teams compete once with each other whereas in double league, each team play with every other
team twice.
 Combination Tournaments: Combination tournaments are conducted when the matches are to be
played on group basis or zonal basis. These tournaments depend on the suitability of the activity, the
number of participating teams and the areas and distance from which they come to participate.

There are mainly four types of combination tournaments:

 Knock out cum Knock out: In this type of tournament the matches are played in four zones (may be
more zones) on knock-out basis. After that winner of each zone play against each other on knock-out
basis.

Example of Knock-out cum knock-out tournament

KNOCK-OUT
Zone-A Zone-B

1 1

2 2

3 Winner-A 3 Winner-B

4 4

Zone-C Zone-D

1 1

2 2

3 Winner-C 3 Winner-D

4 4

KNOCK-OUT
Winner-A

Winner-B
Winner
Winner-C

Winner-D
  League cum league: In this type of tournament the matches are played in four zones
(may be more zones) on league basis. After that winner of each zone play against
each other on league basis.

Example of League cum league tournament

LEAGUE

Zone A Zone-B

1-2 1-2

1-3 2-3 Winner-A 1-3 2-3 Winner-B

1-4 2-4 3-4 1-4 2-4 3-4

Zone-C Zone-D

1-2 1-2

1-3 2-3 Winner-C 1-3 2-3 Winner-D

1-4 2-4 3-4 1-4 2-4 3-4

LEAGUE
A-B
A-C B-C Winner
A-D B-C C-D

Example of Knock-out cum league tournament

KNOCK-OUT
Zone-A Zone-B

1 1

2 2

3 Winner-A 3 Winner-B

4 4

Zone-C Zone-D

1 1
 2 2

3 Winner-C 3 Winner-D

4 4

LEAGUE
A-B
A-C B-C Winner
A-D B-C C-D

League cum Knock out: In this type of tournament the matches are played in four zones
(may be more zones) on league basis. After that winner of each zone play against each other
on knock-out basis.

Example of League cum Knock-out tournament

Zone A Zone-B

1-2 1-2

1-3 2-3 Winner-A 1-3 2-3 Winner-B

1-4 2-4 3-4 1-4 2-4 3-4

Zone-C Zone-D

1-2 1-2

1-3 2-3 Winner-C 1-3 2-3 Winner-D

1-4 2-4 3-4 1-4 2-4 3-4

KNOCK-OUT

Winner-A

Winner-B
Winner
Winner-C

Winner-D

 Challenge Tournament: This type of tournament comes handy when there are one
to one contest or there are two players on each side. One player challenges the
other and the other player accepts the challenge. Games in which such tournaments
are held are – Boxing, Tennis, Table Tennis, Badminton etc.
  Consolation tournaments: Those tournaments in which an additional chance is given
to the defeated team.
Advantages of knock out tournament:

1. The knock-out tournaments are less expensive because the team, which gets
defeated, is eliminated from the competition.
2. The knock-out tournament is helpful in enhancing the standard of sports, because
each team tries to present the best performance to avoid the defeat.
3. Owing to less number of matches, it requires less time to complete the tournament.
4. Minimum number of officials are required in organising such type of tournaments.
5. Fewer days are needed to complete the tournament.

Disadvantages of knock out tournament:

 There are many chances of elimination of good teams in preliminary rounds.

 There are many chances of weak teams to enter in the final round.
 Spectators may not have enough interest in the final round.
BYE: Bye is a privilege given to a team, generally by drawing of lots, exempting it from
playing in the first round. In other words, the advantage given to a team usually by drawing
a lot and exempting it from paying a match in the first round is known as Bye.

Method of Preparing Fixtures for Knock-out Tournaments: -

1. Total number of teams participating in the tournament.

2. Total number of matches to be played in the tournament.

Formula for calculating number of matches=n-1, where n is the total number of teams
participating in the tournament.
Example: Total teams=8
Total matches=n-1=8-1=7

3. Total number of rounds played in the tournament depends upon two things: -
a. The number of teams playing in the tournament.

b. The higher nearest number from the total number of teams of power of two’s=
Example: No. of teams are 13
Power of two= 2x2x2x2=16
There would be 4 rounds.

4. Method of determining the number of teams in upper half and lower half: -

a. If the number of teams are even, then equal number of teams will be divided in both
halves i.e., n/2, where n is the total number of teams.
Example: No. of teams are 12
Number of teams in Upper half=n/2=12/2=6
Number of teams in Lower half=n/2=12/2=6

b. If the number of teams are odd, the following method is applied:

Number of teams in upper half=(n+1)/2, where n=number of teams.
Example: No. of teams are 13
Number of teams in upper half=n+1/2=13+1/2=7
Number of teams in upper half=n-1/2=13-1/2=6

5. The number of byes is a knock-out tournament are decided by subtracting total number
of teams from the next higher nearest number in power of twos.

a. If the number of teams is even, then equal number of byes will be divided in both halves
i.e., n/2, where n is the total number of teams.
Example: No. of teams are 12
Number of byes in Upper half=n/2=12/2=6
Number of byes in Lower half=n/2=12/2=6

b. If the number of teams is odd, the following method is applied:

Number of teams in upper half= (n+1)/2, where n=number of teams.
Example: No. of teams are 13
Number of teams in upper half=n-1/2=13-1/2=6
Number of teams in upper half=n+1/2=13+1/2=7
The procedure of giving byes is as follows:

 The first bye is given to last team of lower half.

 The second bye is given to first team of upper half.
 The third bye is given to first team of lower half
 The fourth bye if given to last team of upper half.
 The next bye or byes will be given in the same order as described above.

Example Draw a knockout fixture of 9 teams with all specifications

No. of teams = 9,
Total No. of matches = N-1 = 9-1 = 8
No. of teams in upper half N+1/2 = 9+ 1/2 = 5
No. of teams in lower half N-1/2 = 9 – 1/2 = 4
Total no. of byes = 16- 9 =7 byes,
No. of byes in upper half = NB-1/2 = 7 – 1/2= 3
No. of byes in lower half = NB + 1/2 = 7 + 1/2= 4
Total rounds = 2x2x2x2=16, 4 Rounds

Round-1 Round-2 Round-3 Round-4

1 Bye2
1
2 Bye6

3 5

4 5
5 Bye4 9 Winner

6 Bye3
6
7 Bye7
9
8 Bye5
9
9 Bye-1

Example Draw a knockout fixture of 17 teams with all specifications

No. of teams = 17
Total No. of matches = N-1 = 17-1 = 16
No. of teams in upper half N+1/2 = 17+ 1 = 9
No. of teams in lower half N-1/2 = 17 – 1 = 8
Total no. of byes = 32- 17 =15 byes
No. of byes in upper half = NB-1/2 = 15 – 1 = 7
No. of byes in lower half = NB + 1/2 = 15 + 1 = 8
Total rounds = 2x2x2x2x2=16, 5 rounds

FIXTURE OF 17 TEAMS

Round-1 Round-2 Round-3 Round-4 Round-5

1 Bye-2 1
1
2 Bye-6 6
1
3 Bye-10 3
4
4 Bye-14 4

5 1
5
6 5

7 Bye-12 7 7

8 Bye-8 8 9

9 Bye-4 9 17 Winner

10 Bye-3 10
10
11 Bye-7 11 10
12 Bye-11 12
13
13 Bye-15 13

14 Bye-13 14 14 17

15 Bye-9 15

16 Bye-5 16 17
17
17 Bye-1 1
Seeding a Team: The sorting of the teams and fitting them in the fixtures so that the
stronger teams do not meet each other in earlier rounds is known as Seeding. This method
is good if we know the real strong teams. The organizers should find out the real strong
teams from the previous tournaments or old records while starting a new tournament.

Special Seeding: Any player or team which gets direct entry into quarter- finals or semi-
finals is known as special seeding.

Seeding

Normal Seeding Special Seeding

(Seeding will be given to the teams who are getting first 4 byes)

Seeded teams are 4

(Seeded teams will play directly in Quarterfinals)
Seeded teams are 2
(Seeded teams will play directly in Semi-Finals)

Example: Draw a knockout fixture of 17 teams with 4 Seeded teams with all specifications.
No. of teams = 17,
Total No. of matches = N-1 = 17-1 = 16
No. of teams in upper half N+1/2 = 17+ 1 = 9
No. of teams in lower half N-1/2 = 17 – 1 = 8
Total no. of byes = 32- 17 =15 byes,
No. of byes in upper half = NB-1/2 = 15 – 1 = 7
No. of byes in lower half = NB + 1/2 = 15 + 1 = 8
Total rounds = 2x2x2x2x2=16, 5 rounds
 FIXTURE OF 17 TEAMS

Round-1 Round-2 Round-3 Round-4 Round-5

1 Bye-2 Seeded 1
1
2 Bye-6 6
1
3 Bye-10 3
4
4 Bye-14 4

5 1
5
6 5

7 Bye-12 7 7

8 Bye-8 8 9

9 Bye-4 Seeded 9 17 Winner

10 Bye-3 Seeded 10
10
11 Bye-7 11 10

12 Bye-11 12
13
13 Bye-15 13

14 Bye-13 14 14 17

15 Bye-9 15

16 Bye-5 16 17 17

17 Bye-1 Seeded

Example Draw a knockout fixture of teams with 4 Seeded teams.

No. of teams = 17
Total No. of matches = N-1 = 17-1 = 16
No. of teams in upper half N+1/2 = 17+ 1 = 9
No. of teams in lower half N-1/2 = 17 – 1 = 8
No. of teams=17-4 Seeded teams =13
No. of teams=17-4 Seeded teams =13, 16-3=3 Byes
No. of byes in upper half = NB-1/2 = 3 – 1/2 = 1
No. of byes in lower half = NB + 1/2 = 3+ 1/2= 2
Total rounds = 2x2x2x2x2=16, 5 rounds
 FIXTURE OF 17 TEAMS

Round-1 Round-2 Round-3 Round-4 Round-5

(Q.Final) (S.Final)

1Seed-2 1

2 Bye-2 2
1
3 3 4
4
4 4

5 5 1
5
6 6 5

7 7 8 9

8 8

9 Seed-4 9 17 Winner

10 Seed-3
10
11 Bye-3 11 10

12 12
13 13
13 13

14 14 14 17
14
15 15

16 Bye-1 16 17

17 Seed-1 17
Example Draw a knockout fixture of teams with 2 Seeded teams.
No. of teams = 17
Total No. of matches = N-1 = 17-1 = 16
No. of teams in upper half N+1/2 = 17+ 1 = 9
No. of teams in lower half N-1/2 = 17 – 1 = 8
No. of teams=17-4 Seeded teams =13
No. of teams=17-2 Seeded teams =15, 16-15=1 Bye
No. of byes in upper half = NB-1/2 = 1 – 1/2 = 0
No. of byes in lower half = NB + 1/2 = 1+ 1/2= 1
Total rounds = 5
 FIXTURE OF 17 TEAMS

Round-1 Round-2 Round-3 Round-4 Round-5

(Q.Final) (S.Final)

1Seed-2 2

2 2
2
3 3
2 1
4 4
5
5 5

6 6 9
6
7 7

8 8 9
9
9 9 17 Winner

10 10
10
11 11 10

12 12
13
13 13 10

14 14 14
17
15 15
16
16 Bye-1 16
17
17 Seed-1
League tournament:

 League Tournament It is also known as round robin tournament. In this type

of tournament, all teams play against each other team irrespective of winning or
losing.
 In single league tournament: All participating teams compete once with each other.
 In double league tournament: All participating teams compete twice with each
other.
Cyclic method:
In cyclic method, one team is fixed, and other teams are moved clockwise. The formula for
calculating no. of matches=n(n-1/2)
When the no. of teams is Even, no byes are given. No. of rounds=N-1
Example: When the no. of teams is Even
No of matches=n(n-1)/2 = 6(6-1)/2 =15
No. of rounds=N-1= 6-1=5
Round-1 Round-2 Round-3 Round-4 Round-5

6-1 5-1 4-1 3-1 2-1

5-2 4-6 3-5 2-4 6-3

4-3 3-2 2-6 6-5 5-4

When the no. of teams is Odd, one bye is given in each round. No. of rounds=N
Example: When the no. of teams is Odd
No of matches=n(n-1)/2 = 5(5-1)/2 =10
No. of rounds=N=5
Round-1 Round-2 Round-3 Round-4 Round-5

5-Bye 4-Bye 3-Bye 2-Bye 1-Bye

4-1 3-5 2-4 1-3 5-2

3-2 2-1 1-5 5-4 4-3

(b) Stair-case Method: In stair-case method, the fixtures are made just like a ladder or a
stair- case. In this method, no bye is given to any team and there is no problem of even or
odd number of teams.
Example: Draw a fixture of 9 teams on league basis according to stair-case method.
No of matches=n(n-1)/2 = 9(9-1)/2 =36

(c) Tabular Method: In this method, the fixtures are drawn in a tabular method.
 Method of Deciding the Winner in League Tournament

Point system
Winner of the match= 2 points
Loser of the match= 0 points
Draw = 1 point
• Team having the maximum point is declared winner
• If there is a tie between two teams, their match is held again

British Method

Teams match percentage=Total points scored by a team x 100

Total possible points

Example: Total matches played by a team =10

Number of matches won =7
Number of matches drawn =3
Total possible scored by a team= 14+3=17 points
Total possible points = 20 points
Teams match percentage=Total points scored by a team x 100
Total possible points
= 17/20x100= 85%

American Method

Teams match percentage= Matches won by a team x100

Total matches played by a team possible

Example: Total matches played by a team =10

Number of matches won =7
Number of matches drawn =3
Teams match percentage= Matches won by a team x100
Total matches played by a team possible
7/10x100=70%

1.4. Intramural and Extramural-Meaning, Objectives and its Significance

Intramural is derived from the Latin word ‘Intra’ and ‘mural’. “Intra” means “within” and
“Mural” means “Wall”. So, we can say that the activities, which are performed within the
walls or within the campus of an institution are called ‘Intramural”.
Objectives of Intramural: -

 To provide chances for students to gain leadership skill, professional skills,

qualification an even employment opportunity.
 To develop social qualities such as tolerance, sympathy, cooperation, group cohesion
is developed among the participants during intramural tournament.
  To develop national and international integration, Intramural tournament are helpful
in developing both national and international integration through unity and
brotherhood.
 To display the skills through various activities. The participants are given equal
opportunity to display what they are good in and participate in it since based on
tournament good players are to be selected through observing their performance.
 To provide healthy activities for recreation and relaxation from strenuous
schoolwork for students, faculty and even staff members.
 To provide mass participation rather than selected competition and have exposure
to competition.
 To provide safe and attractive environment whereby it is alternative for the
utilization of free time with a view of promoting physical, psychological and social
wellbeing of the participants and this fosters positive attitudes towards active
lifestyle.

B. EXTRAMURAL: - Activities which are performed outside the walls of an institution or

school, are known as “extramural”.
Objectives of extramural:
 To improve sports standards: These activities promote sports standard as students
play with others than the students of their institution.
 To develop confidence: By playing with other institutions the level of confidence
increases. Even competition fever is also reduced.
 Feeling of brotherhood: The objective of extramural is to develop unity among
diversity. They also develop feeling of brotherhood and togetherness among the
players.
 Better exposure: The exposure of extramural competition helps the players to play
in different situations. This reduces competition stress that is caused due to
competition instinct.
 To know more techniques: These objective states that to help players to play
outside the institution will them to know more about advanced and different
techniques of the games.
Significance of intramurals and extramural:
 Helps in providing the ways and means for the development self-esteem, citizenship,
responsibility, sportsmanship, and skills in co-operative behaviour.
 Helps in providing take part in activities that encourages active participation,
enjoyment, and fun without external pressure or reward.
 Helps in providing to reinforce the concept that winning is less important than
preparing to win. Losing should not be the same as failure, nor success the same as
winning.
 Helps in providing to determine participation by interest rather than skill, not
limiting activities to the gifted or early maturing athlete.
 Helps in providing opportunities for students and expose them to a wide variety of
sports, skills and activities so that they may refine interest and make choices to suit
their personal abilities and needs.
 Helps in providing opportunities for students, faculty, and staff to actively engage in
activities involving sports, recreation, and play while providing structure for an
experimental education.
1.5. Community Sports- Purpose and benefits
Meaning of Community Sports: Communities that participate in sports and
recreation develop strong social bonds, are safer places and the people who live in them are
generally healthier and happier than places where physical activity is not a priority. Sport
and recreation build stronger, healthier, happier, and safer communities.
Definition of Community Sports: It is a form of provision and practice which is based on the
social connections that people have developed through the opportunities and participating in
sports.
Purpose of Community Sports: Community sport provides the opportunity for as many
people as possible to participate in sport. Community sports are primarily responsible for
enhancing sport participation, creating a safe and inclusive environment.

Benefits of Community Sports

Community Sports Enhances unity: Sports brings togetherness and oneness among the
community. Camaraderie is formed between strangers when they support one team. Sports
such as football bring people from different backgrounds and religions together when they
support one team. This kind of support to teams will have people unite in their community,
coming together when needed because they have already become familiar with each other
in sports.
Youth sports provide bonding in community: People build bonds with other people in their
community, forming meaningful relationships. Kids find mentors and mentorship benefits
everyone involved, as positive examples are modelled, and connections are formed. Parents
meet other parents at sporting events, increasing their networks and strengthening the
community.
Sports bring healthy living: Sports have various physical and physiological benefits which
improve your health. They can trigger the body to secrete chemical substances called
endorphins, which aids in relieving stress, pain and elevating positive moods.
Exercising helps in the development of strength, speed and endurance. This reduces the
chances of obesity, hypertension, heart attack, stroke, and other diseases.
Community Sports bring sense of belonging and self-esteem: Community sport provide
participants the opportunity to get to know one another and to connect, the participants
perceive a sense of belonging and thus improve self-esteem because they feel recognized
and acknowledge in their role.
Community brings diversity: The benefit of joining a strong community is the opportunity to
experience diversity. There is full of people from different backgrounds with varying life
experiences. When a person meets different group of people, it adds to the overall
experience.
It brings sense of support: By Becoming a part of a strong community, it creates an ongoing
sense of support. A person gets the experience the help of others, but at the same time, he
can provide support as well. For example, when you are experiencing stress, a community
can give you the sense that you are not alone. And by reciprocating and being there to help
others who are struggling makes the community stronger.
Community sports reduce the crime rates in youth: The community sports play a large role
in youth crime rates. A combination of risk factors, including boredom and a lack of
supervision, can lead to delinquent behaviour. Most sports programs are after school, it is a
great way to occupy their time, while also providing a positive, healthy outlet for kids and
their extraordinary energy levels.
SPORTS DAY
 It is organised in the institution to provide recreation to the students.
 It is organised in every school as Annual Sports Day.
 The students take part in different sports activities.
 Students are developed physically, mentally, socially, and emotionally.
 Competitions are held among the different houses of the school.
 It includes relay races, sack races, three-legged race, lemon race, 100m race, 200m
races etc.
 It relieves tension and stress.
 Procedure of organising sports day.
a) A fixed date is made well in advance.
b) Proper planning is made.
c) Different committees are formed e.g., Decoration committee, playground
committee, refreshment committee etc.
HEALTH RUNS
 Reduces cardiovascular diseases: Running strengthens the heart. It results in better
circulation in the body. This reduces blood clot formation and lowers cholesterol.
 Reduces heart rate and blood pressure: The basal rate is decreased due to regular
running that results due to increased endurance. The blood pressure is also reduced.
 Running prevents diabetes: Running burns glucose or calories which help in
preventing glucose levels from rising too high. This does not mean that diabetes
does not need insulin, but they may be able to use lower amounts.
 Running improves the immune system: It is found that most of the runners rarely
get sick and the reason is that runner boosts the immune system.

RUN FOR FUN

 Spreading the message of remaining healthy and among the masses.
 It motivates the people to exercise.
 There is no competition and having fun only.
 The purpose is to raise funds for charity.
 It involves road running or cross- country running.
 It includes novelty such as wearing costumes and defining age categories for
children, teenagers, and adults.

RUN FOR A SPECIFIC CAUSE

Usually these are organised by NGO and Social organisations which focus on raise funds for
social causes like girl education, sex education, environment, sanitation. According to age
groups, different races are conducted like 2008 Half Marathan Mumbai.
 To consolidate unity and peace among people.
 Its purpose may be National and International integration and brotherhood.
 It may be in the form of relay races of long duration. Every participant runs for some
distance.
 Cash prizes are also given for position holders.
  A lot of people from the corporate world participate in this race along with film stars
and Marathon runners from other countries.
RUN FOR UNITY

They encourage participants to transcend differences and work towards common goals,
echoing the spirit of unity exemplified by figures like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in the context
of India's history. This run promotes harmony, inclusion in society and maintaining peace. It
promotes national integration. Various individual with different back grounds and fields
come together. It includes all age, group, all economic groups. This inculcates a sense of
togetherness.

 "Run for Unity in Sports" could be interpreted as promoting unity through sports
activities.
 This concept emphasizes using sports as a platform to foster camaraderie,
teamwork, and mutual respect among participants.
 It could involve organizing sports events, tournaments, or activities that bring people
from diverse backgrounds together to celebrate the spirit of unity and collaboration.
 Such initiatives not only promote physical fitness and healthy competition but also
emphasize the values of inclusivity and solidarity.