Engineering Mechanics - ME3351 - Written Notes
Engineering Mechanics - ME3351 - Written Notes
4th Semester
2nd Semester
3rd Semester
- MA3151
1st Semester
8th Semester
Metrology and
7th Semester
Measurements -
ME3592 Elective-4 Human Values and
Ethics - GE3791 Project Work /
Elective 1 Elective-5 Intership
Industrial Management -
Elective 2 Elective-6 GE3792
Open Elective 3
Open Elective 4
All MECH Eng Subjects - [ B.E., M.E., ] (Click on Subjects to
enter)
Materials Science Engineering Mechanics Strength of Materials
Engineering Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Engineering Materials and
Thermodynamics Metallurgy
Manufacturing Manufacturing Technology II Kinematics of Machinery
Technology I
Electrical Drives and Metrology and Measurements Computer Aided Design
Controls
Heat and Mass Transfer Design of Machine Elements Thermal Engineering
Dynamics of Machines Design of Transmission Systems Automobile Engineering
Finite Element Analysis Power Plant Engineering Mechatronics
Gas Dynamics and Jet Unconventional Machining Computer Integrated
Propulsion Processes Manufacturing Systems
Robotics Engineering Economics Engineering Graphics
Advanced Internal Basic Electrical and Electronics Transforms and Partial
Combustion Engines and Instrumentation Engineering Differential Equations
Technical English Engineering Physics Engineering Chemistry
Problem Solving and Environmental Science and Professional Ethics in
Python Programming Engineering Engineering
Principles of Management Total Quality Management
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UNIT – III
The attraction of earth n material bodies is called gravity. Due to this attraction, the
earth applies force on all bodies and this force is called gravitational force. This
gravitational force is also known as weight of the body. This gravitational force is
proportional to the mass of body and it always act vertically downwards.
Since the body is a collection of small particles, such force of gravty acts on each
particles are all directed towards the centre of earth. Since we are dealing with the
bodies which are very small as compared to the earth, these forces can be assumed to be
parallel.
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CENTROID BY GEOMETRICAL CONSIDERATIONS
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Find the centroid of the I -section shown in fig
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Find the center of a gravity of L-Section shown in fig
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Find the center of a gravity area shown in fig
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Theorem of papus
The volume of body of revolution obtained by revolving area is equal to the product of the
generating area and the distance travelled by the centroid of the generating area, while the body is
being generated.
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PROOF :
Let the lamina shown in fig of area A is revolved about x- axis through the angle of 2 radians.
Consider an elemental area dA which is located at a distance of y from x- axis
The element of volume obtained by revolving the area dA is dV = 2 y d A
The volume generated by the entire area is
V= dv 2 ydA 2 ydA
But ydA yA
V= 2 yA
Here, the term 2 yA is the distance travelled by the centroid of the area.
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MOMENT OF INERTIA
The concept of Inertia is provided by Newton’s. I law. Inertia is the property of the
matter by virtue of which it resists any change in its state of rest or of uniform motion.
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RADIUS OF GYRATION
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MI of common shapes
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Find the moment of Inertia of a channel section shown below
I I I
= [ self1 + a1 (y1- y )2]+ [ self2 + a2( y -y2)2] +[ self3 + a3( y -y3)2]
2 2 2
=[1706.66+320 (116-60) ] + [562432+60 (60-60) ] + [1706.66+320 (60-4) ]
= 1005226.66 + 562432 + 1005226.66
4
I x-x = 2572885.32 mm (Ans)
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M.I of section about x-x axis
Ix-x = M.I of Rectangle (1) + M.I of Rectangle (2) + M.I of Rectangle (3)
2 2 2
=[I +a (y - y ) ] +[ I
1 1
+a (y -y ) ] + [ I
2 2
+a (y -y ) ]
3 3
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M.I about y-y axis is
3
db db 3
I 1 1
y-y = -
12 12
3 3
20 (15) 10 (8)
= -
= 12
= 5625 - 426.67
I y-y = 5198.34 cm4 (Ans)
M.I of base AB is
3 3
bd bd
I 1 1
AB = 3 3 -
3
=
15 (20) - 8 (1
3 3
= 40000 - 2666.67
I 4
AB = 37333.34cm
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37333.34
=
(15 20 8 10
K
AB = 13.026 cm (A
Product of Inertia :
The sign of product of inertia depends upon the Co-ordinates of the various small areas
of the plane figure (with reference to the co-ordinate axes xx and yy about which the product
of inertia is to be found out)
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UNIT IV
FRICTION
FRICTION
A force which prevents the motion or movement of the body is called friction
or force of friction and its direction is opposite to the applied external force or
motion of the
body. Friction is a force of resistance acting on a body which prevents or
retards motion of the body. Or When a body slides upon another body, the
property due to which the motion of one relative to the other is retarded is
called friction. This force always acts tangent to the surface at points of
contact with other body and is directed opposite to the motion of the body.
1. Static Friction :
The static friction is the friction experienced by a body, when it is at rest. In
other words, it is the friction when the body tends to move.
ANGLE OF REPOSE
It is the maximum inclination of a plane with the horizontal at which a
body is just begins to slide down the plane. In other words, the maximum
inclination of the plane on which a body, free from external forces, can repose
(steep) is called angle of repose.
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LAWS OF FRICTION
1. The force of friction always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which the
body is moving
2. The magnitude of friction force is less than that of applied force.
3. The magnitude of force of dynamic friction bears a constant ratio to the
normal reaction (N) between the two surfaces. But this ratio is slightly less than
incase of limiting friction.
4. The frictional force remains constant for moderate speeds but it decreases
slightly with the increase of speed.
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Ladder Friction
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DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES
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Relation between Linear Motion and Angular Motion
Following are the relations between the linear motion and the angular motion.
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UNIT –V
DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES
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Acceleration is calculated from position using a particular coordinate system. For
our purposes here, a coordinate system is also a reference frame. The calculation of
acceleration of a particle depends on how the coordinate system itself is moving. So the
simple equation
has as many different interpretations as there are differently moving coordinate systems
(and there are an infinite number of those). In each different coordinate system, the
coordinates of a given particle are different from the coordinates in another system. And
the calculated accelerations are also different. Sir Isaac Newton was sitting on earth
contemplating position relative to the ground at his feet when he noticed that his second
law accurately described things like falling apples.
Mechanics is the same on a constant velocity train or plane as on a stationary plane
or train. Any reference frame in which Newton’s laws are accurate is called a Newtonian
reference frame. Sometimes people also call such a frame a Fixed frame, as in ‘fixed to
the earth’ or ‘fixed to the stars’. But a Newtonian frame could also be ‘fixed’ to a
constant velocity train or plane. For most engineering purposes a coordinate system
attached to the ground under your feet is a good approximation to a Newtonian frame.
Fortunately Or else apples would fall differently. Imagine Newton’s apple having fallen
on some crazy curved path leaving Newton confounded and the subject of mechanics still
a mystery. The fall of apples, both in Newton’s day and now, is well predicted using
Newton’s laws and treating the ground as a Newtonian frame. However, if you are
interested in trajectory control of satellites, you need to use something more like the
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‘fixed stars’ as your (even more accurate) Newtonian reference frame in order to make
accurate predictions using Newton’s laws.
MOTION AND ITS TYPES
A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its
surroundings. The nature of path of displacement of various particles of a body
determines the type of motion. The motions may be of the following types:
1. Rectilinear Motion 2. Curvilinear Motion
Rectilinear Motion :
When the particles of a body move in straight parallel path then it is called rectilinear
motion.
Curvilinear motion :
When the particles of a body move along a circular arcs (or) curved paths, then it is
Curvilinear motion
Instantaneous Velocity :
It is the velocity of particle at any instant of motion. It is the limit of average velocity
as the increment of time approaches zero.
Displacement Equations
v = u + at
1 2
S = ut + at
2
a
v2 – u2=2as s
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A motorist driving a car at 54km/hr, observes a traffic light 240m ahead turns red. The traffic light
is timed to remain red for 24 seconds. If the motorist wishes to pass the light without stopping
just as it turns green again, Find
(a) the required uniform deceleration of the car (b) Speed of car as it passes the traffic
light.
Given :
Initial velocity, u = 54km/kr
54 1000
= m /sec
3600
u = 15 m/s
Solution :
Consider the journey of train in 3 portions, viz, accelerating, uniform and declereating Refer Fig
Accelerating Journey :
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t = 8 × 60 = 480 seconds
We know
1
S = ut + at2
2
= 15 × 480 + 0 S = 7200 m
When a particle falls from a certain height ‘h’ from rest, its initial velocity becomes zero
i.e, u = 0
We know,
v2 - u2 = 2gh
v2 - 0 = 2gh
v2 = 2gh
v = 2gh
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The motion of a particle is given by the equations
x = 2(t+1)2
2
y= 2
(t 1)
where ‘x’ and ‘y’ are expressed in meters and t’ in seconds. Find the velocity and
acceleration when t = 0.
Solution :
y=
y = 2 (t+1)-2
Component of velocity in y - direction, dy
v =
y dt
vy = - 4 (t+1)-3
At t = 0,
vy = -4 (0+1)-3 vy = -4 m/s
RESULT
At t = 0,
1. Velocity, V = 5.66 m/s
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What is the smallest radius which should be used for a highway curve if the normal
component of the acceleration of a car travelling at 72 km/hr. is not to exceed 0.72 m/s 2?
Given :
Normal acceleration, a = 0.72m/s2
n
Velocity, v = 72km/hr.
v = 72 1000
3600
v = 20m/s
Solution :
We know, 2
v
an =
v2
=
an
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2
(20)
=
0.72
= 555.6m
Smallest radius, = 555.6 m (Ans)
Total acceleration of particle after 4 seconds
is, a = 144.86 m/s2
PROJECTILE
When a particle is projected upwards at an certain angle to the earth’s surface, the
particle travels along a curved path. This particle which is thrown into space is called
projectile.
For example,
1. A cricket ball thrown into atmosphere
2. A bullet fired from gun
3. A bomb released from moving plane.
Terms used with Projectiles:
Some important terms relating to projectiles are given below. Refer fig 7.30.
a. Projectile Motion:
The motion travelled by the projectile is called as projectile motion.
b. Trajectory:
The path followed by the projectile from the of projection to the point where it meets
the ground is called the trajectory of the projectile.
c. Velocity of Projection:
The velocity with which the projectile is thrown into space is called velocity of
projection. It is denoted by u.
d. Angle of Projection:
The angle, which the velocity of projection makes with the horizontal or at which a
projectile is projected, is called angle of projection. It is denoted by ‘T’.
TIME OF FLIGHT, (T)
Let‘t’ be the time taken by particle to reach its maximum height.
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Body A is thrown with a velocity of 10m/s at an angle of 600 to horizontal. If another
body B is thrown at an angle of 450 to the horizontal. Find its velocity if it has the same
a. Horizontal Range
b. Maximum Height
c. Time of Flight, as the body A.
Given :
RA= RB
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A body weighs 50kg on earth. Find its weight (a) on moon where gravitational
acceleration is 1.4 m/s2 (b) on the sun, where the gravitational acceleration is
270 m/s2.
Given :
Solution :
We know, weight, W = m × am
W = 50 × 1.4
W = 70 N (Ans)
Weight,
W = m × as
W = 50 × 270
W = 13,500 N (Ans)
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First law of Motion (or) Law of Inertia
This law states that, “Every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a
straight line, unless it is compelled by same external force to change that state”.
Explanation :
The above statement is divided into two parts:
i. If a body is at rest, then so as to set it in motion the external force has to be
applied on it.
Example : A book will remain on a table unless it is lifted up by some external
force.
ii. If a body is moving with a constant speed along a straight line; then inorder to
increase or decrease its speed; a force has to applied in the direction of motion
or opposite to the direction of motion.
Example : A ball will move continously with the same speed (provided there is
no force of friction. and air resistance) until and unless it is compelled to stop by
same external force.
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
The body will be in equilibrium under the action of external force ‘F’ and the inertia
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We know, v = u + at
v = 25 + (-10) (0.5)
v = 25 – 5
v = 20 m/s
Result
a) Velocity of train when force acts in direction of motion = 30m/s
b) Velocity of train when force acts in opposite direction of motion = 20 m/s
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Direct impact
Oblique impact
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II - HS3252 - MA3351 GE3451
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All MECH Eng Subjects - [ B.E., M.E., ] (Click on Subjects to
enter)
Materials Science Engineering Mechanics Strength of Materials
Engineering Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Engineering Materials and
Thermodynamics Metallurgy
Manufacturing Manufacturing Technology II Kinematics of Machinery
Technology I
Electrical Drives and Metrology and Measurements Computer Aided Design
Controls
Heat and Mass Transfer Design of Machine Elements Thermal Engineering
Dynamics of Machines Design of Transmission Systems Automobile Engineering
Finite Element Analysis Power Plant Engineering Mechatronics
Gas Dynamics and Jet Unconventional Machining Computer Integrated
Propulsion Processes Manufacturing Systems
Robotics Engineering Economics Engineering Graphics
Advanced Internal Basic Electrical and Electronics Transforms and Partial
Combustion Engines and Instrumentation Engineering Differential Equations
Technical English Engineering Physics Engineering Chemistry
Problem Solving and Environmental Science and Professional Ethics in
Python Programming Engineering Engineering
Principles of Management Total Quality Management