Lecture 8 – part 2
Sterilization&
Disinfection
Objectives
Physical methods for sterilization
Moist heat (Autoclave)
Dry heat
Ionizing radiation
Filtration
Physical methods for sterilization
I) Moist heat above 100°C (Autoclave)
Sterilization
Killing all microbes including
bacterial spore.
S S
Moist heat above 100°C (Autoclave)
Steam
Pressure
Temp.
Time.
Moist heat above 100°C (Autoclave)
Discharge tap Pressure gauge
Pressure: 2 3 Lid
Air Safety valve
Heat: 121 °C 134°C
Shelf
Water
Time: 20 min. 6 min.
Electrical power
Moist heat above 100°C (Autoclave)
Prevacuum autoclave
Gravity displacement autoclave
Moist heat above 100°C (Autoclave)
Denaturation
Coagulation
Moist heat above 100°C (Autoclave)
Surgical instruments
Bed linen
Surgical dressings
Gauze
Cotton
Moist heat above 100°C (Autoclave)
Advantages
High penetration
Latent heat
Non-toxic
Rapid
Moist heat above 100°C (Autoclave)
Disadvantages
Not suitable for heat-sensitive objects
Sterilized objects -
moist
Physical methods for sterilization
I) Moist heat above 100°C (Autoclave)
Monitoring of steam sterilizer
Monitoring of steam sterilizer
1
Mechanical indicators
Monitoring of steam sterilizer
2
Before After
Chemical
indicators
Monitoring of steam sterilizer
3
Biological
indicators
Geobacillus Stearothermophilus
G. Stearothermophilus
Physical methods for sterilization
Dry heat
Dry heat
1) Incineration
2) Direct flame
3) Hot air oven
1) Incineration
Burning of
Contamination
Materials
2) Direct Flame
Loop
Points of
forceps
3) Hot air oven
Heat 160°C -2 hr.
Heat 170°C – 1hr.
3) Hot air oven
Sterilization of
Glass-ware
Powders
Oils
Surgical instruments
3) Hot air oven
Advantages
Non-toxic
Inexpensive
Not corrosive
3) Hot air oven
Disadvantages
Slow heat penetration
Time consuming
Not suitable for heat-sensitive
objects
Physical methods for sterilization
Radiation
Radiation
Emitted from
Radioactive
Cobalt 60
(Gamma rays)
Radiation
Breaks DAN
Radiation
used in:-
Gloves Catheters Surgical sutures
Physical methods for sterilization
Filtration
Filtration
Remove microorganisms from
biological fluids
e.g. Serum, Plasma, Hormones &
Vitamins
Filtration
Membranes made from:-
Cellulose nitrate
Polyester
Filtration
HEPA filters
(High Efficiency Particle Arresters)
Operation room
Drug filling cubicles
Chemical methods for sterilization
Gaseous
Chemical methods for sterilization
1) Gaseous
Plasma gas sterilizers
Plasma gas sterilizers
(Gas & PHASES OF MATTER
particle) (Gas & particle)
Solid Liquid Gas plasma
Temperature of
Low Energy High
Plasma gas sterilizers
Plasma
+ +- +
Plasma = any gas that proton
contains electrons, ions
electron - + -
-
ionization
Plasma gas sterilizers
1) Hydrogen peroxide gas plasma
2) Ethelene oxide gas sterilization
3) Peracetic acid gas sterilization
1) Hydrogen peroxide gas plasma
Liquid hydrogen peroxide gas Kill all organism
Injected under pressure Free radical
Into the chamber Microwave Evaporating H2O2
1) Plasma gas sterilizers
Used for:-
o Heat sensitive devices e.g.
• Plastic
• Laparoscopes
• Arthroscopes
1) Plasma gas sterilizers
Advantages
• Non toxic
• Suitable for Heat sensitive
1) Plasma gas sterilizers
Disadvantages
• Total time of sterilization cycle
is about 50 minutes
Chemical methods for sterilization
I) Gaseous
2) Ethylene oxide (EO)
2) Ethylene oxide (EO)
EO gas is a highly lethal alkylating
agent
Kill all organism including spores
2) Ethylene oxide (EO)
• Items exposed to EO at 55°C
for 3-6 hr.
• Then aerated for 8-12 hr. to remove
any trace of the gas
Chemical methods for sterilization
I) Gaseous
3) Peracetic acid
3) Peracetic acid
Acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide
3) Peracetic acid
Denaturation
Oxidation (enzymes)
Disrupt cell wall
The best sterilant
Chemical solution
Glutaraldehyde 2%
Peracetic acid
Chemical solution
Glutaraldehyde 2%
High level disinfectant ( for 20 min.)
Sterilization ( 10hrs )
