

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

References:
[1] Mohamed A.El-Sharkawi, Pages [1-10] & [283-290]
[2] Muhammed H. Rashid, Pages [12-15] ,

A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour

* In many applications it is required to operate the mechanical load with variable operating conditions (for example
variable speed for variable pressure of the pump).

* The steady state operating point is determined by the intersection between the torque-speed curves of the driven
mechanical load and the driving electrical motor.

* So changing the torque-speed curves of the electrical motor, using power electronics, leads to variable intersection,
hence variable operating points.

Load1 Curve
Load2 Curve
H1 S1 V1
Speed

H2
S2 V2
H3 Motor Curves
S3 V3
V1>V2>V3

Torque
A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour
Electrical Supply Electrical Motor Electrical Electrical Motor Mechanical
Generator Load

M/G Set Field current control

Ward Leonard Motor/Generator Based VSD

Electrical Supply Power Electronics Electrical Motor Mechanical

Converter Load

Gate signals control

Recent Power Electronic Based VSD A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour
Electric drive system can be defined as the utilization of power electronics converter to get variable
operating conditions of the driven mechanical load applications by changing the characteristics of the
driving electrical motor fed from fixed electrical supply.

1- Electrical 3- Power Electronics 2- Electrical 4- Mechanical

Supply Converter Motor Load

Gate
Signals
Feedback

Feedback
Feedback

5- Controller

Main Elements of an Electrical Drive System

A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour
 Batteries
DC Generator Synchronous
Induction Generator
Generator

DC Supply
AC Supply

Rectified DC Wind Turbine

Alternator Unit
Small Wind
Turbine

Photovoltaic
Power Station

A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour

DC Motor Induction Motor Synchronous Motor

A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour

1. AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)
2. AC-AC Converter (AC Voltage Controller)
3. DC-DC Converter (Chopper)
4. DC-AC Converter (Inverter)
A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour
 V o ( a vera g e ) = δ V S
2V m
V o ( average ) = (1 + cos α )
π

(1) AC-DC Converter (Rectifier) (3) DC-DC Converter (Chopper)

4Vs
Vo1( rms − fundamental ) = = 0.90VS
π 2
1/ 2
Vm  1  sin 2α  
Vo ( rms ) = π  π − α + 2 
2  

(2) AC-AC Converter (AC Voltage Controller) (4) DC-AC Converter (Inverter)

A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour

K = -1 K=0 K=1 K=2
Drill Elevator Host DC Dynamo Fan

T~n

T is the load torque

C is the torque constant
is the rated torque
n is the operating speed
is the rated speed
K is the exponential confection

A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour

 TTL and (Op_Amps) - ICs
Relays, Timers and Contactors

Digital Signal Processors (DSP)

Microcontrollers (µC)
A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour
1- Line-Shaft Drive System: Rare Applications
Old Weaving and Steel industries

2- Single-Motor Single-Load Drive System: Most Common Applications

Hard disk, Washer, Electrical Golf Cart, etc.

3- Multi-Motor Single-Load Drive System: Complex Applications

Robots, CNC, Mars Rover, etc.

A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour

* The dynamic response is determined by the transient Load Curve
time (t ) given by :- Tl
ωnl
ωm

Speed
Tbr
Where:
J is moment of inertia Motor Curve
Tl is the load torque
Td
Td is the motor developed torque
Tst
Tst is the motor starting torque Torque
Tbr is the motor breakdown torque

ωnl is the motor no load speed

ωm is the motor-load operating speed

* So to reduce (t), faster response:

1- Reduce J ---- smaller diameter, lighter material (Servo Motor)
2- Reduce Tl ---- smaller mechanical load
3- Increase Tm ---- higher motor ratings
A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour
 Be sure of the followings: √√ x√ xx

1- Tst - motor > Tst - load

2- Motor and load curves should be intersected

Speed
3- Motor ratings P = T * ω ------ from name plate

4- To change the operating conditions within ratted values use:

a. Gears
b. Belts
Tl1 Torque Tl2 Tl3

Where:

∗ ω ∗ ω

Gears Belts

A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour

[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Gjs7IPOCXs

A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour

Q1- Discuss what “ Electric Drive System” means, then show how operating system speed is determined.
Q2- Illustrate how the motor generator set can provide variable speed operation. State the main disadvantages of such a
system.
Q3- Compare between multi-machine and recent variable speed systems
Q4- Draw a general block diagram to represent the main components of an electric drive system
Q5- Give different practical examples to discuss types of :
A. Electrical Power Supplies
B. Electrical Motors
C. Power Electronics Converter Circuits
D. Mechanical Loads
E. Controllers
Q6- Give typical examples to discuss how mechanical load torque-speed characteristics can be defined
Q7- Show how to match between:
A. Motor and power supply
B. Motor and mechanical load
Q8- Give practical application examples to illustrate the three classifications of VSD systems.
Q9. State what is meant by “traveling time” in VSD, then show how it can be improved
Q10- Discuss the functions and benefits of
A. Gearbox
B. Belt
A lecture by: Prof. Hamdy Ashour
 Prof.
Hamdy Ashour