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 CONTENTS

Preface ix
About the Author xi
Chapter 1 Newborn Learning Development 1
Chapter 2 Learning Development 3 to 12 Months 29
Chapter 3 Learning Development 12 to 24 Months 55
Chapter 4 Learning Development 24 to 36 Months 91
Chapter 5 Pregnancy and Healthcare 137
Index 257
 PREFACE

Every eight seconds within the United States, a new baby is born; that is 10,380 babies
per day and nearly 4 million babies per year. At no other time in a child’s life will his or her
parents be more engaged and desirous to foster development than during the transition years
from newborn to toddler.
Additionally, during these critical early-childhood years, a child’s brain develops at its
fastest rate. Unfortunately, despite their motivation and best intentions, most parents do not
know how to best support and enhance their child’s learning development.
Governor of Maryland Robert Ehrlich best described the importance of early childhood
learning by saying: “Experts tell us that 90% of all brain development occurs by the age of
five. If we don’t begin thinking about education in the early years, our children are at risk of
falling behind by the time they start kindergarten.”
Accelerating Newborn through Toddler Learning Development is a resource designed to
help parents, grandparents, teachers, and caregivers actively participate in accelerating a
child’s learning development. The book consists of hundreds of age- and developmental-
aligned learning stages, activities, and milestones, as well as steps the reader can perform to
introduce or reinforce these components.
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Kris Jamsa is has a Ph.D. in Education, a Ph.D. in Computer Science, holds five
Masters’ degrees, and received his undergraduate degree from the United States Air Force
Academy. Jamsa is the author of over 110 books on all aspects of computing, programming,
business, and education. He was the founder and lead technical innovator at Head of the Class
an online learning portal for preschool through K8 learners. Jamsa has taught hundreds of
graduate- and undergraduate-level courses. His passion for early-childhood learning is driven
by his two grandsons: Ashton and Landon. Dr. Jamsa lives on a ranch in Prescott, Arizona
with his wife Debbie, dozens of horses, and their collection of rescue dogs.
Chapter 1

NEWBORN LEARNING DEVELOPMENT

2 Kris Jamsa

UNDERSTANDING THE
INFANT AND TODDLER
CLASSIFICATIONS

If you ask different people to distinguish between an infant and toddler, you may get a
wide range of answers. In general, an infant is a baby from birth to age one. The Latin
meaning for the word infant means “not speaking.”
A toddler, in contrast, is a child between the ages of 1 and 3. The term toddler describes a
person who toddles, or walks with very short unsteady steps. Many people will further
classify toddlers as a younger or older toddler.

HEARING AND
VISION TESTS

Many hospitals will perform hearing tests before your baby checks out. There are two
primary hearing-test types. Each is safe and effective. In an otoacoustic test, a small speaker
and microphone is inserted into the baby’s ear. The speaker generates a tone. If the baby’s ear
is functioning properly, a tone will echo within the ear which is detected by the microphone.
In an auditory brainstem response test, sounds are played into the baby’s ear and electrodes
on the baby’s head detect brain responses. If your child has not had a hearing test, speak with
your physician. Proper hearing is essential to the child’s first generation of sound and
eventual speaking.
 Newborn Learning Development 3

A newborn’s vision is quite poor, typically in the range 20/200 or 20/400, which means
the newborn might see the large E at the top of an eye chart. Parents, therefore, should place
the items they want the newborn to see, such as their faces, about a foot from the baby’s face.
By the time the newborn is 2 months old, he or she will be able to see about 1 to 2 feet in
front of his or her face. The American Optometric Association recommends that you have
your child’s eyes test at about 6 months of age. By identifying eye problems early, the
problems can often be more easily corrected.

HOW YOUR BABY’S

HEAD WILL DEVELOP

The skull is the bone that protects the brain. The skull actually consists of several bones
which have fused together. A baby’s skull is more flexible because the bones have not yet
fused. The baby’s skull’s ability to move and flex is key to the baby moving through the birth
canal.
A baby may be born with one or two flat spots on his or her head. Normally, such flat
spots, which may have occurred from the pressure of the baby resting its head on the uterus,
will resolve themselves as the baby grows. If you are concerned, speak with your physician.
Again, due to pressure from resting his or her head on the crib mattress, your baby may
develop a flat spot. To reduce the possibility of such flat spots, continue to have your baby
sleep on his or her back (which is also good for the prevention of Sudden Infant Death
Syndrome) and alternate the direction you face the child each time you lay him or her down—
meaning, one time you face the child’s head to the right and the next time, you place the
child’s head to the left.
4 Kris Jamsa

BASICS OF INFANT
VITAL SIGNS

The three most important vital signs for infants are the respiratory rate, heart rate, and
temperature.
In general, an infant (baby less than one year), will breathe 30 to 60 times per minute. To
measure the breathing rate, you can watch his or her chest cavity expand and count. Likewise,
a newborn baby’s heart will beat 100 to 160 times per minute. The heart rate will slow down
over time. A newborn baby’s blood pressure will seem very low compared to that of an adult,
such as 70/40. The baby’s blood pressure will increase over time.
Finally, a baby’s normal temperature is 98.6 degrees. There are various devices you can
use to measure a baby’s temperature from a rectal thermometer, to an ear thermometer, to a
temperature strip that you place on the baby’s forehead. When you tell your doctor your
baby’s temperature, also tell him or her how you took the temperature, as variations can
occur.

UNDERSTANDING YOUR
NEWBORN’S SLEEP
PATTERNS

A newborn baby will typically sleep about 16 hours a day, typically spread out over 6 or
7 sleep periods. This means, your baby will normally sleep for 2 to 3 hours, wakeup, eat, be
changed, and then repeat the process. The good news is that by the time babies reach 3 to 4
 Newborn Learning Development 5

months of age, the night-time sleep pattern increases that the baby may sleep through the
night.
Babies, like adults, experience rapid eye movement (REM) during the period of sleep
when dreams occur. When your baby dreams, you may see other body movements and he or
she may also generate sounds. When your baby becomes a toddler, it is not uncommon for the
baby to experience nightmares which will awaken the child.

BE AWARE OF SUDDEN
INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
(SIDS)

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), describes infant deaths which are hard to explain
and which most often, occur with infants less than 6 months of age. SIDS most frequently
occurs when babies are sleeping. The cause of SIDS is still relatively unknown. The
following list describes several items that doctors do know about SIDS:

 SIDS is most frequent with babies 2 to 3 months of age.

 More boys die from SIDS than do girls.
 Parent smoking puts baby’s at greater risk (second-hand smoke is also a danger)
 Mothers who consumed alcohol during pregnancy put their babies at greater risk.
 Babies should sleep on their backs (not on their stomachs) to reduce the risk of SIDS.
 Babies who are sleep deprived experience greater risk of SIDS.
 Softer sleep areas (sofas, soft beds) put a baby at greater risk of SIDS.
 Babies who get overheated are at a greater risk of SIDS.
6 Kris Jamsa

FEEDING AND CALORIES

First, you do not need to calorie count for your infant. However, if you become
concerned about your baby’s weight, contact your physician. That said, so you can feel like
you are in the ballpark with respect to feeding, your newborn baby will need about 650
calories per day. At six months of age, your baby’s calorie intake will increase to about 800
calories. After a year, your baby will consume 1,000 calories.
Again, these numbers are “average values.” You may find that your baby needs a little
more or a little less.

WHEN SHOULD I BATH

MY BABY?

Before we discuss bathing, this is a good time to remind you to turn down your hot-water
heater or to add a no-scald faucet to your tub to reduce the risk of your baby being scalded.
Your newborn baby is going to start with sponge baths until his or her belly button heals
and he heals from his circumcision. After that, your doctor should tell you that baths are fine.
People will bathe their newborns in the kitchen sink, the bathtub, or a baby tub. In any case,
you may want to line the tub with a towel to help prevent your baby from slipping.
Babies normally do not need daily baths. In fact, too many baths may dry out a baby’s
skin. You may choose to tradeoff between a sponge bath on one day and a regular bath on the
next.
Note: Never leave your baby unattended in a tub or near water.
 Newborn Learning Development 7

UNDERSTANDING SICK
BABY AND WELL BABY
DOCTOR’S VISITS

Your child will experience two types of trips to the doctor: trips when he or she feels fine
and needs a checkup (well visits) and trips when they are sick. The doctor’s office is not the
best place for your baby to socialize. He or she may become sick or make others sick.

Figure 1. The Recommended Immunization Schedule.

Your pediatrician will likely schedule your baby’s first visit. In addition to that, you may
want to check out the Recommended Immunization Schedule published by the American
Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) at https://www.aap.org as shown in Figure 1.
8 Kris Jamsa

TRAVEL WITH A NEWBORN

The first secret to traveling with a newborn is planning. First, keep in mind that it is
going to take you much longer not only to prepare to leave, but also to arrive. If you are only
travelling across town, try to schedule your travel time during off-traffic hours—traffic delays
will lead to frustration and increased stress.
If you are travelling by plane, try, if possible to get a seat for your baby. That way, you
can secure your child safely within his or her child seat. Then, if possible feed your child as
the airplane climbs in altitude. As your baby drinks fluids, he or she may equalize the
pressure in his or her ears. Repeat this process as the plane starts to descend. If you are taking
a baby for a long flight, ask your doctor if he or she has any recommendations for helping
your baby to sleep.

WHEN TO DISCIPLINE
A NEWBORN

Never! You never discipline a newborn. Your newborn’s early life experiences should be
nurturing and trust building. If you feel the need to discipline a newborn, consider that as an
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