Tra&atum hunc cui titulus

The Anatomy of the Brain $

Dignurn Judicamus qui Imprimatur/

Thomas Burvoell, Praefes.

Samuel Collins,
Fre&Slarc, CCenfores.
Dat. ex JEdibus William Dawes, i

Collegii in Co- TancreJ Rebinfon

mitiis Cenfor.
Sept. 7. 1694
 .

$z*
THE
ANATOMY
:

O F T HE

BRAIN. Containing its

Mecbanifm and Tbyjiology ;

Together with fome

New Difcoveries and Oorre&ions

O F
Ancient and Modern Authors
^
Upon that SUBJECT.
To which is annex'd a particular Account of

ANIMAL FUNCTIONS
AND
Mufcular Motion. A JW
^ 3 u

The VPhole illuftrmed with Elegant Sculptures

after the life.

By H. RIDLET,Co\L Med. Lond. Soc.

L ND M:
Printed for Sam. Smith and Benj. Walfo.d^
Printers to the Royal Society, at the Princes
Arms in St. Pauls Church-yard, 169^.
 r
-?, U&>-

r.

6*r.
 SpeBatifflmo DoStiJpmoque iro

D D JOH ANNI L A WSON

CollegikBegalis Medicorum London.
" <
Pnjtdi *Dignijfimo

S O C 1 1 s, Et inter eosfpeciatim

CENSORIBUS Vel to nomine Chriffimit

Samueli Collins,
RfCHARDO TORLESS,
Edvardo Tyson,
Martino Lister.
ne c N N
T>- T>. Elettoribus Meritiffimis
Omnibus &• Singulis.

Tarn pra Vniverfali Exquifita fua eruditione,

quam Artts ApoMineae Praxi fxlicl^nm
longe Celeberrimis

CETERIS Ttenique, \

Egregiis Viris

InclytiJpMtf hujus Societatis afcriptis

Vaginas has eorum jujfu in lucem prodeuntes,

Honoris & Obfequii Ergo
quarn HnmiUiwe Offert,

HR,
 THE
PREFACE
TO T HE

Header.
THAT upon
Rcafon
firft
which,
thoughts, fee-
medofmoft force to diflwade
me from engaging my felf upon
the Subjeft I have made choice
of in thefe few following
Sheets, (which was, its having
been already undertaken by
two fo eminent Perfons, as the
late Willis^ and the prefent
VieuffeniHSj upon fecond be-
came the greatefl motives to it.

Seeing that even after the

beft Proofs they have either of
them been able to give of Styll
A4 or
 The PREFACE
or Induftry upon this Sub;e&,
there hath yet efcap'd undifco-
ver'd both a great deal of the
Materials which Nature is wont
to furnifti for the framing of
Parts,and Contrivance too in
ranging of them, in order to
bring about that great defign
of making them all contribute
their fhare to the confervation
of the whole.
The cruth of this becom-
ing more evident whilft 1
ftifl

became more converfant in Dif-

feStion, after fome time, put
me upon an endeavour, by a
deeper Scrutiny, to difcover
fomething more than what as
yet had come to light : and
this I undertook fo much the
more vigoroufly, as by how
much I reckoned more pre-
it

ferrable to contribute my Mite

towards the perfe&ing of a
Work already fo happily be-
gun
 To the READER.
gun andfuccefsfully carried on,
than to break the Ice only
(the common Fate of the fir ft

attempt ) of another. With

what fuccefs I have done it
the Reader maft be Judge-
Through the whole defcri-
ption of Parts I have offer'd
nothing but Matter of Fa&,
and have taken all poffible
care to avoid being impos'd A
upon my felf, by making Ex-
periments in proportion to my
Doubts. Some of them have
been upon Subjeds in their
natural, fome in their morbid
eftate, fome upon thofe of Un-
timely Death ; and on thofe laft
fometimes whilft the natural
Fluids remained in their proper
Veflels, though after a preter-
natural manner occafion'd by
Strangulation 5 fometimes when
in the room thereof, other
Bodies have been introduce
by
 the READER.
by Inje&ion, as Tinged Wax and
Mercury, the.firft of which by
its confidence chiefly, the other
by its permanent nature and
colour, contribute mightily to*
wards bringing to view the
moft minute ramifications of
Veffels, and fecreteft recefles
of Nature.'
By this various difpofition of
the Subje& it is that fo great
Difficulties are overcome in
fearch after Truth, many things
appearing oftentimes very plain
in one which either lay
ftate,

concealed, or feemed otherwife

modified in any of the o-
ther.
The Figures were delineated
by the hand of that Compleat
Anatomift Mr. Co&per the Sur-
geon, whofc great Skill in Di£
fe&ion renders that Talent fo
fortunate both to himfelf and
liU Friends : and how exa#!y
that
 7he PREFACE
that Work performed, I fub-
is

mit to the Severeft Cenfure of

any who will be at the pains
to compare any of the Cuts to
the life.

What I have upon the

faid

fbyfiologia^ in relation to Nutrh

tion and Mufcnlar MoUmy de-
pends on Microfcopical Obfer-
vations \ and as to the Poftnla-
tunt on which they both de- \

pend, though at firft fight it

may appear furprifcing, yet I
am confident it will become
far lefs fp to thofe who have
been acquainted with what
hath been faid of the Vafcular
Compages of . Plants «by MaU
figbins and Grexv^ and of feve-
ral other Subje&s by Leweii-
boeck.
And to conclude, I mud
confefs I have been the better
fatisfied with it my felf, fincel
piet with fome Paflages in the
Works
 J ft* PREFACE
Works of thofe learned Micro-
graphifts Dr. Power, and of
Mr.H^e, relating to this Sub*
je&, in which laft, the medium
'
made ufeoffor folution of that
hmousPbanomenon of ^hatflants
contra&ion at the firft appulfe
of Touch from external Ob-
je&s, as well as the manner of
its a&ing, is the fame with that

made ufe of here as a Poftnla-

tuwy upon which the whole of
what is faid about Mnfcnlar Mo-
tion is built Altho'atthe fame
:

time I am not fo ap-

fenfible *tis

ply'd in that place by the afore*

faid Author, whofe opinion in ,

yeference to Mnfcnlar Motion

( being the fame with that of
Dr. Mayow already taken notice
of in thefollowing Sheets)isex*
prefly otherwife in the account
he gives of thofe natural Hygro-
meters the Beards of Wild Oaf s^
oPall the foils of Crams Bills
and
 to the KEADEK.
and Cats Gnts^ conformable to
the manner of Nature's a&ing
on which, in order to make
them proper Indexes of the va-
riousChanges of Weather (vi%>
by wreathing and unrvreathing)
he fuppofes that to be of
Mnfcular Motion.

I have quoted Authors, not

out of oftentation, but both
for their Truth and Errors, to c
the end that at the fame time
we may fee it reafonable and
convenient to read all they fay,
we may be render'd cautious
how we believe j and to put
us in mind, that as we find
fomething done to our hands
by thofe who have gone be-
fore, there is reafon we fliould
do fomething for thofe who
are to come after,

THE
 TH £

INTRODUCTION.
HOwfoiver /£* Cemjroverfie may
(land amongfi Learned Men,
about the Method and Order which
Nature makes ufe of in the framing
the different Tarts of Animals, espe-
cially as to precedency of Time, fome

of them fappofing a rudimentary deli'

neaiion, or pre-exiflence of the whole,
which, as the Ingenious Bruner hath
rightly obferved, mufl neceffarily im-
ply an actual exiflence of the whole
Race of Mankind at once, either in the
Tefticle or Ovarium of Eve, accord-
ing to the Learned Harvey, Malpi-
Swammardam, &c or in that
ghius,
(/Adam, according to Lewenhoeck,
Dr. Garden, and feveral others, and
confequently mufl needs alfo infer an
extinction of the fame Progeny, as foon
as the number ofthofe humane Germens
or Animalcles fhall be exhaufled %
others a gradual formation of parts,
one
 The Introduction.

one after another, by an intefline mo-

tion begun and carried on from the
time of coition, by the fubtle matter
in the Cicatricula of the Egg : I fee
no reafon to make my felf a Party on
either fide at this time, feeing the

fnenefi of ftruclure and dignity of

funci ions are fufficient to give prefe-
rence to one above another, and to render
it more worthy of a particular confede-
ration. And this part I take to be
the Brain, the delicacy of whofe Stru-
cture is fuch, that with no little refem-
blance to its divine Author, whilft it
gives us the greateji and clear eft dif-
coveries of other things, lies moft con-
cealed it felf
• And feeing all that My
ftick Know-
ledge, which in ancient times, in the
eyes especially of the Vulgar, appeared
rneer .Necromancy or Witchcraft, as
well as all the Curious Difcoveries of
more modern Ages upon the whole fub-
jeclof Mature, now going under the
more familiar and proper term of Re-
fined Sence, or Philofbphy, bath been
meerly owing to a more acurate know-
ledge of the parts and modification of
Matter, I fee not any more likely
way of conquering the difficulties yet
be-
 'he Introduftion.

behind upon any particular fubjett,

than the endeavouring after a fur-
ther and more nice fcrutiny into it
by fuch means and experiments as
ferve to bring its moft minute parts
and texture under the teH of Sencef
which fo ajftfted, doth the fame office
to the difcerning faculty as good art A
ficial Glajfes do to it, bringing the
Objeft and Judgment to fuch a near*
vefi,that even the firH Link of the
Chain becomes difcernable , and the
mechanical proceedings of Mature fo
highly iuttru&ive to the Underftand-
ing, in its finding out and ajfjgning
proper Caufes to Effefls much more
obvious and intelligible,.

I Jhall therefore treat this Nobfe

Part after the aforefaid manner, with
all the Justice I leaving thofe
can,
invifible , and almofl divine things
called Animal Spirits , to be trea-
ted of more at large, by thofe more
illuminated Philosophers, who fee beft
when their Eyes are fhut, and content
myfelf with making an inquiry into,
and giving a defer iption of, whatfo*
ever upon this Subjett, by Diffettion,
Jhall offerit felf as an Objeil of our

Sevfes.
THE
 < JL>

THE
MY
OF THE

BRAIN.
CHAP. I.

Of the Anatomy of the Brain.

TH E topmoft part ot
0//a of the Cra/fiaw be-
ing removed, the
part of the Brain that
comes in view is
firfl

the
Dura which, with the fubjacent
/W<tf<?r,

Tia Mater\ is accounted only an im-

proper part of the Brain, ftri#Jy {p
called, however of great ufe in many
refpefts to it.

'Tis by Spigelius and other Anato-

mifts reckond, and I think not unde-
fervedly, the thickeft and
hardeft
Membrane of the whole Body, enclo-
ling the whole Brain, properly Co
called, fomewhat lofely, flicking al-
B moft
^
 The Anatomy of the Brain.

mod infeparably to the Bafis of the

Cranium, and to the top and fides, un-
der the Coronal, Sagittal, and Lam-
doeid Sutures,very fail by the Sinus's
whofe defcription will come in ano-
ther place.
In fome places of the upper part
of the Cranium, which on each fide
of the Sagittal Suture or Vertex are
called Offa Bregmatis, it adheres not to
the Bone,notwithftanding the pofitive
Opinion of Van Roonhuyfe, in his Let- Roonb.
ter to Du Foy, to the contrary, who P § l ^ 9'

for that very reafon would fain take

away in a great meafure the ufe of the
Trepan and Trefoyne^ and altogether
the ufe of the Inttrument called De-
cutforium, which skilful Surgeons
do often make ufe of to make room
for the difcharge of fubfided matter
below the fradtur'd place in many
Accidents of the Brain.
'Tis very difcernably double, as
Co/im&us and feveral others formerly, col. p. 348
and Vieujfenius lately, have obferved,
having very ftrong and large Fibres
"' p * m *

on the infide, but very fmall, and

hardly vifibie, on that fide next the
Skull 5 as appeared to me, after ha-
ving firft let it lye a little time in boi-
ling or at lead very fcalding Water.
But *
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 3

But as to the diftribution of rhe

double fort of Fibres on each fide this
Membrane, I could not by any means
find them agreeing with the defcripti*
on Vieuffenius hath given of them, as
running in an oblique femicircular
manner, externally from before back-
wards,and in the fame figure internally
from behiod forwards but far other-
,•

wife, on the infide, where they are

very ftrong, they feem manifefily to
have three originals from the top part
of tht Pracejfus Falcatus, before, be-
hind, and in middle; thofe before
its

running in # curved manner back-

wards, half the length, and a great
width oi the' Dura Mater, and thofe
behind running after the (ame man-
ner forwardly with this difference,
that a great number of them bend
fbon after their rife from that pfocefs
•
in a kind of a femilunary way to it
again a little on this fide the rile
of the middle Series of Fibres, others
of them making a bigger arch after
having ftretched themfelves wider
upon the Dura Mater, bend back
again to, and terminate in the Falx a
little beyond the rife of the aforefaid

middle Series of Fibres.

B % Thofe
 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Thofe from the middle part of the

Falx run backwardly, but lefs curved
than the reft, terminating as the Fi-
bres which arife backwardly do, at
fome diftance from the Procefs in
the inward Superficies of the Dura
Mater. <

As to thofe belonging to the exer-

naj fide or fecond Lamina of the Dura
Mater they are extream fmall and
,

obfcure, running from behind for-

wards.
Be/ides thefe, there are no lefs re-
markable ones belonging to the Falx
it (elf, of two forts ot Orders, the one

running (height about half the length

of it, on its upper part, from betore
backwards, the other tranfverfe, from
the inferiour or fifth Sinus tcf the fu-
periour or third, on the hinder part
of the Procefs, and are mod con(pi-
cuous there, as the other are towards
its foremoftpart.
As to the Ufe of thefe Fibres, it
may be remembred that this Mem-
brane confifts of two Lamina's, be-
tween which the Veins which reduce
the Blood from the Arteries, which
furnifh the whole Brain with it, run
for fome fpace after the manner of
the Ureters in the Bladder, in large
Trunks,
 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Trunks, before they enter t he Sinus ;

to that the Fibrous Conflitution of
this Membrane here,where the Blood-
veflejs are largeft (together with the
curved entrance of them into the Si-
nus, efpecially in an eredt pofition of
the Body) do the office of Valves,
fupport the weight, and promote the
afcent of the Blood. But that which
is moll confiderable, is this, That if
the inward Lamina of this part, which
makes the inferiour and lateral part
of the Sinus , was not in fome mea-
furefurnilh'd with additional Strength
on this fide fuitable to that which
it hath on the other, by reafon of its

pohefion to the Skull, the Blood

which is continually running through
it with no fmall rapidity, efpecially

in great plenitude of the Veffels or

preternatural Ebulitions, would fre-
quently burft out, or at lead caufe
fuch distentions as could not but be
very injurious to a part (b very
exquifitely fenfible ; yet notwith-
(landing, tho* Nature feems plainly to
have made a double provision againft
fuch Accidents, by the tranfverie Li-
gaments within the Sinusj and thete
ftrong and numerous Fibres without,
} have rarely open'd any ^ftrangled
B i Body,
6 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Body, where fome fuch Rupture, or

at lead Detention, hath not hapned.
This Membrane hath plenty of
Nerves from the foremoft Branch of
the fifth Pair, and is "thereby made
very fenfible, fo that from any mo-
leftation given it by the ill Crafts or
undue mption of the Blood, it be-
comes accordingly affe&ed. And as
the various diftnbution of Fibres be-
fore defcribed ferve in a natural eftate
to give a kind of fpringinefs to the
VelTels, whofe Coats are extended by
the Blood as they run between the
Lamina of this Membrane, to the end
the fame may be the more readily
circulated through them ; fo in a
preternatural eftate, no doubt, they
are fubjed to Spafms, which may re-
tard the courfe of the Blood in fuch
fort, that in fome kind of violent
Headachs, whefe the Membrane is
affe&ed through overfulnefs of Blood,
and particularly in thole which are
wont to proceed from Vapours ( fo
called ) or Convulfive Motions of
'

Nervous parts, we often obferve a fix-

ed ruddinels in the Face, attended
with a kind of ftiffnefs and forenefs
in the Eyes,proceedingdoubtlefs from
a {tagfl&tioQ in fome meafure of the
Hu-
 The Anatomy of the Brain.

humours in thofe parts, through the

too flow paflage of them into the re-
dudory Ve/Tels or Sinus's. And to
this preternatural affection of the Si-
nus's may certainly many other ill

Symptoms of the Brain be imputed,

and not to any irregular Syjiole and
Dzajtole of the Membrane it (elf, oc-
cafion'd through any convulfive or
paralytical ftate thereof, as that cu-
rious Speculatift Dr. Mayow hath affir- myv» t

med, feeing not any living Difle&ion Tr 4 P4$

«

hath ever been found to give Autho-

rity to any fuch Hypothefis.
It hath two ProcefTes, the firft of
which arifesfrom that part of theOi
Ethmoeides, called Crifta Galli, and is
extended from thence backwards, as
far as the concourfe of the four grea-
ter Sinus V, commonly called Torcular
Herophili, in the figure of a Side,
whence hath that denomination of
it

FalXy and by reafon of the ftridt con-

nexion it hath by certain Membra-
nous F$>res with the Cranium in thofe
places which are immediately under
the Sutures, and with the Brain it feif,

by the intervention of the Pia Mater,

(to which it is joyned both by the in-
tervention of large Blood-vefTels, pro-
pagated thence to the longitudinal
B 4 and
8 The Anatomy of the Braird

and lateral Sinus's, and certain car-

nous Adnafcencies,as it defcends down
betwixt the two Hemifpheres of the
Brain, and afterwards at approach its

to the back of the Corpus CalloJum % .

(over which that Membrane is loofe-

ly expanded ) both by continuity of
itsMembranous Subftance and Rami-
fications of Bloott-veJJels, terminating
in the fifth Sinusal the bottom of the
Procefs, Brain
fo that in a Difeafed
Ionce (aw it drawn up tne length of
an Inch from the faid Corpus Callofum,
in the exaft form of a membranous
thin Production, continued to the
fifth Sinus running at the bottom of
this Procefs,) keeps the Brain
it

fufpended in fuch a natural confor-

mation, that it needs not, to that in-
ternal part by the Ancients call'd For-
nix, nor that by Vieuffknius of latp
fubflituted in the room of it, call'd
Corpus Callofum i for its (upport.
Another Ufe it hath is, partly to
defend the Cerehellum from GftmpreP
fion, to which, by connexion with
its

the Galli Crifta, doth not a little

it

contribute, but chiefly the two He-

mifpheres of the Brain from the like
Injury from each other, upon its vari-
ous pofition in Sleep or otherwife ;

and
 The Anatomy of the Brain.

and therefore is wanting in many

other Creatures, as Calves, Sheep, &c.
which not only Sleep left, but for
the mod part in a left injurious
pofture.
The second The fecond is that which ar ifmg (b
^'/ forwardly as from the hindermofl:
later"" Process of the Wedglike Bone, which
compofes the back and uppermoft
part only of the Sella Equina ; it
pafles up betwixt the Cerebrum and
Cerebellum, all the way adhering to
the internal Eminencies of the Offa
Tetrofa tc£ tne lateral Sinus's, by
which means not only the Cerebel-
lum immediately, as is commonly
obferved, but confequently all the
Parts from the beginning of the fourth
Sinus, or the Glandula Pinealis ,to the
laftForamen of the Skull, (viz.) the
Caudex Medullaris, with its Appendi-
ces the Nates and Teftes, (which be-
ing placed upon the upper part of the
Medulla Oblongata, make a fort of an
Ifthmus betwixt the Cerebrum and Ce-
rebellum) together m\h the Nerves
proceeding out of it, are defended
from the injurious preflure of the hin-
der Limbs of the Brain.

CHAP.
I o The Anatomy of the Brain.

CHAP. II.

Of the Pia Mater.

TH E Second Integument
Brain, commonly called Pia or
of the

Tenuis Mater, by Galen and many

others, Choroeides, from its likenefs
in fubftance and ramification of Blood-
vellels to that Membrane of the Se-
condaries calfd Chorion, with much
more reafon than Vefalius, on behalf
of the Plexus Choroeides it felf ad-
vances againft it- was by all the An-
cients look'd upon as its only other
Integument, being a very thin and
pellucid Membrane, co-extended with
the Brain it (elf, not only in its out-
ward but inward ftru&ure too, as
likewife through all its Plicatures, In-
terfaces, and Cavities, even over the
Corpus Callofum it (elf, tho' loofely,
as hath been already obferv'd, not-
withftanding the great Ve[alius af-Vtfat.
firms the contrary Which Membrane I'J 7*'
:

alio a chance cut in pareing the top-

part of the Brain down to the lateral
Ventricles with a Razor, in a Body I •

lately had, gave me an opportunity

*
of
 The Anqtomy of the Brain. 1

of (bowing as fair in thofe Ventricles

as the largeit Membrane of the whole
Body, to (everal who ftood by, not-
withftanding Molzttetti, who laughs M*l p-7*
at all that pretend to have found any
fuch thing, affirms the contrary.
But this is to be enquir'd for either
in recent Bodies, or luch who have
before death been, thro' Come Difea-
(es, fill'd with cxtravafated Serum, as

Dropfies, Stoppage of Vrine, feme fort

of ApopUpcies, or the like : That way
which in want of the other opportu-
nities difcovers it beft, is the Separa-
ting the Septum Lucidum near to its

rife,which is juft from the Fornix,

where it arifesfrom its two Roots,
near to which place the Me Julia of
the Brain begins to advance into the
Corpora Striata ; for from thence for
above half way of its paflage back-
ward toward the hinder limbs of the
Brain, it continues hollow, and, I am
apt to think, but a Duplicature of
is

this part, tho' it may be fomewhit

medullary, and therefore, by reafon
of its tranfparency, hath the Name of
Septum Lucidum.
This Opinion of the Ancients, of
itsbeing the only other, and that a
fingle Integument of the Brain, was
equally
 2

1 The Anatomy of the Brain*

equally receivVl for Truth by chelate

two learned and curious Anatomifts
Willis and Vieujfenius, together with
all modern Writers, except
the other
Bidloo and Boh, both which affirm,
f.f™*
they have found another diftinA&^p.^?
membranous Integument of the Brain
coming betwixt the other outward
Dura, and inward Via Mater, the one
three hours, the other fifteen days
after death; and by them both recko-

ned the original of the .fecond pro-

per Integument of the Spinal Mar-
row which Tulpius firft difcovered, ***•»«. i
and Vieuffenius luppofes to be a Dupli- vieufeit.
cature of the fia Mater in that part P- '4*.
p4r 2 '
'

only.
Now, that there was a middle
Membrane in fbme parts of the Brain,
and particularly at the Bafis of the
Qerebellum, from whence it's conti-
nued down to the Spinal Marrow,
conftituting the fecond proper Inte-
gument of that part as afore-mentio-
ned, had long fince obferyed but
I ,•

whether it be another abfblute di-

ftindt Membrane from that other fub-
jacent one, by the aforefaid Authors
properly named the Via Mater, and
common to the Spinal Marrow with
the Brain it felf, like as is this other
fe-
 The Anatomy of the Brain. f
5
fecond middle one too, or only one
and the fame Membrane double, as
confiding of two Lamina's, may well
be doubted of.
Wherefore, for fatisfa&ion concer-
ning this difficulty, I have lately made
the ftri#eft enquiry poflible, and that
in a fubjed: moft likely to afford a
decifion in fuch a Controverfie, and
this was anJIuman Brain extreamly
hydropical, where there was no Ca-
vity or Interftice, without abundance
of Water extravafated, infomuch that
where ever, according to the natural
conftruftion of Parts, there was any
larger than ordinary duplicature of
this Membrane, as there are at the
end of the Calamus Scriptorzus, be-
twixt the fuperincumbent Cerebellum
and Medulla Spinalis, in the Ifthmus or
fpace betwixt the Cerebrum and Cere-
iellum,upon the Proceffes called Nates
and Tefles, in the deprefied part alfo
of the Brain, between the beginning
of the Annular Proceft, and the firft
appearance or coming out of the OI-
fa&ory Nerves, by Vejalius taken
notice of and called a Procefs of'tbe vf* lJ W*
Tia Mater, there was found a great
deal of Water diftending this Dupli-
cature much beyond its natural li-

mits;
 The Anatomy of the Brain,

Hiits ,* Co that by way of confequence,

if thefe Cavities were only Interfaces
of two different Membranes diftindt-
ly inverting the Brain, and not a Du-
plicative only of one and the fame,
the Water would then probably have
infinuated it ftlf betwixt them, and
made them to have appeand far diffe-
rent from what they did, agreeable to
what it hath often been found to do
in fome Dropfies of the Belly, where
the Water hath been found (b to have
divided or parted the double Mem-
brane of that Region call'd Verity
toeumj as to have render'd it capable
of containing the quantity of fifteen
Gallons of Water, and upon a dis-
charge of the fame after death, by
cutting the external Lamina of that
Membrane, the other inward one be-
ing yet (unknown, to the Difle&er)
leftwhole, to have impofed upon the
Spectators, and thofe very (agacious
ones, (b as that at firft fight, till after

having recolle&ed themfelves, and j y Meter.

divided the other fecond Lamina too, ^ 5**

they thought the Bowels of this pare

to have been wanting ; but contrary
to this Event, in this Subje& I found
this Membrane and
entire, free from
aey divulfion throughout its whole
cir-
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1

circumference, excepting the places

afore taken notice of. However,fup-
pofing the like conformation here in
this with the Membranes of the other
parts, I attempted to divide it, and
did fo fucceftfully in many parts of it,
but moft readily in the beginning of
the fuperficial Plicatures of the corti-
cal part of the Brain, where there are
naturally fraall Interfaces, betwixt
which many of the Blood- vefieis creep
into and immerge themfelves in the
cortical and medullary parts thereof
So that I think there cannot remain
any further fcruple of its being only
a double, and not two diflinft Mem-
branes of the Brain.
BiMoo very truly obferves this firft
or middle Membrane, by him (b cal-
led, by me only the firft, or one La-
mina of a double Membrane, to be
thinner than the Dura Mater above it,
and thicker than the other Membrane
or Lamina under it ; which lad moft
properly it is that infinuates it (elf
through all the clofe Plicatures of the
Brain, and that, as by frequent infpe-
<3ion I have often obferved, not in a
continuous, but rather retiform con-
texture, and fo, by fuch as love hard
words, or terms of Art, may be
cali'd
 16 The Anatomy of the Brain.

called after the fame name of that

Membrane inverting the cryftalline
Humour of the Eye, Arachnoeides.
The Advantages accrueing to the
whole through Tuch a difpofition of
this part, as hath already been ob(er-
ved, are very considerable, inafmuch
as that thereby firft of all it becomes

not only an Integument of inclofure,

on behalf of the Brain, arid the Blood-
veffels belonging to it in general, but
of expanfion for Strength too, where
the peculiar ftrudure of Parts, in fuch
places as were before mentioned, re-
quire it.

As to the firft, the Brain is riot dnly

kept more warm, clofe, and compadt,
and better defended on its depending
part from the afperity of the Bone it
lies upon, but the Veffels hereby
more ftrongly fupported, and it felf
fecured from being broken or torn,
whilft between its duplicature they
climb up into the Brain, whole deli-
cate tender Fibres muft otherwife of
neceffity have fuffer'd violence by the
largenefs and puliation of the Arteries,
together with the weight of them,
and the other redudtory Veflels,fefltt
idL/Lfi^ -^hidbthe Sinus's meet them.

Nextly,
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1

Nextly, as it is an Integument of
Expanfion in the places betore men-
tion'd, that tender (mail part the In-
fundibulum, where it quits the Brain,
in order to its paflage into the Glan-
dula Fituitaria^ by the circumtenfion
of this outward Lamina, is fortified
upon any violent Accident from dis-
ruption, and the Brain and Medulla
Oblongata, in thofe places where they
are only loofely contiguous, are bet-
ter preferved in their natural due
connexion ; all which Advantages,
inafmuch as they may more reasona-
bly be afcribed to one double Mem-
5
brane than two fingle ones, tho of
the like ftrength when joyned faft
together, may not unreafonably be
thought to argue for the duplicature
of this Membrane excluftvely, to the
introduction of a third or new one.
Laftly, as to what concerns the
Glandes and Plexuis which Dr. Wil- will. p. 26.
00 ' 1'
lis affirms to be fcatter'd all over this

Membrane; as to the former,

I could

never fee have feen the

them, but I

external Superficies of the cortical

part of the Brain, in ftrangled Bo-
dies, appear glandulous very plainly,
through this tranfparent 4f*egu-
menr, which upon bare infpeftion,
C with-
 1 8 The Anatomy of the Brain.

without further enquiry, might eafily

impofe upon the lefs cautious Spe-
ctator.
As to the latter, the Plexus's, and
diftribution of Blood-veflels from
them, after a reparation of theferous
grofs part of the Blood in the afore-
mentioned fuppofed Glandules, (ac-
cording to that learned perfon's con-
jecture) into the fubftance of the
Brain, in order to produce the finer
Animal Spirits I cannot but look
,•

upon it altogether conjectural, till

fuchtime as not only the Glandes, but
their excretory Duds alfo, together
with the Emun&ories where the fup-
pofed excrementitious Juice is eli-
minated, ( lymphatick or reduitory
Glandes (if they could be found) ne-
ver having been by Nature defigned
to any fuch ufe) be firft difcovered.
, , This Membrane hath Blood- veflels
fthofthi of two forts.
Pia Marcr. Of the firft are thefe properly be-
longing to the Brain it felf, which, as
it hath already been obferv'd, it doth

as it were condudt through itsDupli-

cature, in their paflage allowing them
thereby the opportunity cf growing
extreamly fine, after many terpentine
twinings towards their capillary Ex-
tremities,
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1

tremities, before they are protended Bid. Tab.

.i-M
into the Brain it felf, and thofe areS.f. 5
rhiefly fpread ail-along upon the un-
der or fecond Lamina of this Mem- j^ jq,
brane.
The feconAare thofe which be-
long own
to this part it (elf, for its
nouriihment, and thefe I found upon
diligent infpe&ion, whilft I feparated
its(econd Lamina fpread plentifully
upon the infide of the outer mod or
firft Lamina, and both thefe you
will find very well delineated in the
places quoted in Bidloo.
This Duplicature is.aKb very plain-
ly communicated to all the Nerves
both within and without the Cranium^
making by its oufWard Lamina a fe-
cond Integumenc under the firft from
the Dura Mater to the whole Fafcicu-
lus of Nerves, and a third by its in-
ward Lamina, which yields an involu-
crum or covering to each fingle T7/-
Irtlla,which collectively make up
the whole Nervous Body it felf, thro'
the admirable finenefsof which Mem-
brane inverting thofe medullary Fi-
brils, altogether infenfible of them-

felves, happens there is fuch a

it

nimble confent betwixt part and part*

and betwixt all and the Brain it (elf.
C z CHAP.
20 Jhe Anatomy of the Brain.

CHAP. IIL

Of the Vejfels belonging to the

Brain in general.

THE Veflels belonging to this

part in common with the
reft of the Body, though in reality
but one continued Canal varioufly
modified, yet, through the diverfity
of Fluids they contain, go common-
ly under the denomination of Ar-
teries, Feins, Sinus's, and Lympbte-
dutts., and not without good reafon,

perhaps, the Nerve* may be in (bme

fence of the fame kind too.
The two firft of thefe may, with
relation to their different diftributi-
on, be defervedly confider'd in a
two-fold refped, either as they be-
long to the firft Integument of the
Brain, or the Brain, properly fo called,
it felf.

The Arteries therefore belonging

to this part called Dura Mater, or
firft Integument, are three fair Bran-
ches on each fide.

The
 The Anatomy of the Brain. ai
The and foremoft of which
firft

are (ent out from the Carotid Arte-

ry, whilft it remains in the fourth
1G.2.M1. hole of the Cranium, and are pro-
pagated chiefly through the fore-
moft part of the bottom of the Dura
Mater, as in the Figure delineated,
but greatly miftaken by Dr. Willis, p. 2. wm
perhaps taking it upon truft from co1 * -

105
Wepfer, equally with himfelf there- gjf?.
in miftaken who defcribes it for a
,•

fmall branch of the Carotid Arte-

ry, that runs betwixt the two firft

Lobes of the Brain, which inftead

of coming out of the Bone of the
Forehead, as he would have it, goes
into it without lending any branches
to this Membranfc at all, being truly
delineated and defcribed by the
aforemention'd accurate Vieujfenius. Vieuff.r^h.
bb '
And that this Artery was not on- ^'^
\y miftaken by, but unknown to the par. 4.

aforefaid Wepfer, is plain, feeing he ^tfP- 101

fays, that from the very ftyliform
Procefs, where the Carotid Artery
does indeed enter the long Canal, to
the place where it perforates the
Dura Mater to enter the Brain,
there is not one Branch Tent out

from it which Error, by inje&ing

,•

with Wax, which keeps longer in,

C 3 an
 )

22 The Anatomy of the Brain.

and fhews the VefTels much better

than fmall tinged Liquors, had very
eafily been avoided.
Fig. 2. ii. The fecond Branch of Arteries
afcend into the Dura Mater by the
fixth hole of the Cranium, together
with aBranch of the internal Jugu-
lar Vein, and are difperfed laterally
all over the fore-part of this Mem-

brane, as far as the very Sinus Lon-

gitudinalis, (which neverthelefs it
enters not, as there will be occa-
sion to take notice of hereafter
as in the Figure delineated.
The Branch of Arteries
third ,

climb into the Dura Mater by the

eighth hole of the Caharia, toge-
ther with a fmall redu&ory Branch
of the Vertebral Vein, where the
Pica. kk.
lateral Sinus's enter the internal
Jugular (which occafion'd the Inge-
nious Highmore erroneoufly to be-
Hi Yt*
lieve enter'd the very lateral 57-
it
f™
2
tius it (elf) and the eighth pair of pi r °i/

Nerves pafs out of the Cranium,

which paftage of this Artery is not
hitherto described by any that I
know of; neither have I ever ften
it figured, but in Fieuffemus's firft gtf"**
Cut, and there but very faintly.

It
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 23

It arifes from the external Bran- vuujf. tab*

ches of the Vertebral Artery, accor-

\l^'
ding to Vieuffemus y
but Bartholine p.431.
uic -
makes it to be a flip of the Carotid P ar -

Artery, calling it the lefier Branch

thereof; wherein he is miftaken.

The Veins
As t0 c ' ie ^e * ns > R'tolane> and af- Riol.p.2$2

ofth'Dunter \i\mWillis
Maccr.
Membrane
y

hath none
feerns to fay
for tho' the
this ^
col. 2.
*
#

6,
latter hath thisobfeure expreffion of P ir -

them, Tarn crelris Vcnarum propagi-

nihus quam Arteriarum nufquam con-
Jita eft ;fpeaking of the C raffa Me-
ninx^ by which we might guefs he wm. p.22.
thought it had fbme, yet in another co! *• -

T 4 ' '

place he plainly fubliitutes the Sz-^

nuss for the redudtory Veflels, as
well on behalf of this Membrane as
the Brain it (elf; as appears plairi
enough in the Page noted.
Vieuffenius indeed allows Veins VieujJ.p.^t
par ' 3 *
to this part, and (ays, they ail-along
accompany the Arteries, and after-
ward terminate, according to fajlin- p'^o.'
gas, in the internal Jugularyet in Vieujf. P4. ;

another place he fays, fome of the par

2 '
'

Veml Branches difcharge the Blood

into xht Sinus Longtttidinalis. Which
laft is contradiction to the
a flat

place foregoing, inafmuch as in that

he fays,they accompany the Arteries
C 4 all?
a4 The Anatomy of the Brain.

all-aiong after the fame manner of

diftribution or ramification ; which,
if fo, who fees not that they muft
needs grow capillary towards the
Sinus, and confequently be uncapa-
ble of reducing the Blood into them,
all redudory Veffels being always

capillary in the place from which,

and not to which, they bring that
which they contain.
Now therefore, neither what the
one nor the other fays can poffibly
be true for, as to the former the
;

learned Dr. Willis, if his Aflertion

was good, it muft of neceflity fol-
low, that all the Arteries difperfed
thro' this Membrane muft terminate
in fbme of the Sinus's, otherwife
there will want a redu&ory Vefiel ;
the firft of which is contrary to ocu-
lar demonftration, the laft to com-
mon reafon.
As to Vicujfenius the latter, be-
fideswhat hath been already faid
againfthim, if what he fays in the
place aforecited be true, that the
Veins of the Dura Mater run con-
comitantly along with the Arteries,
then they muft of neceffity anfwer
the ends of other Veins throughout
the whole Body, in reducing the
Blood
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 15

Blood adduced by the Arteries, un-

lefs the Arteries they accompany dip

charge their Blood into the Sinuffes^

( which, as hereafter {hall be fhown,
they plainly do not) for othervvife,
feeing they both grow capillary in
their afcent from the Bafis of the
Cranium, they ,muft neceffarily be
both addu&ory Veflels, than which,
by the Laws of Circulation, there
can be no greater an Abfurdity.
Wepfer notknowing of thefe Veins,
was forced to think, and confequent-
ly to affirm, That the Arteries leave
the Dura Mater in their extremities,
and terminate in the Tia Mater, and
fo have their Blood reduced by the
Veins there; but this is evidently not
fo to the Eye of any who heedfully
feparates this Membrane from the
other.
Before therefore I proceed to the
defcription of the Blood-vefTels be-
longing to the Brain it felf, which by
the exa&neft of method I ought to
do, I hope it may be pardonable, if I

make a (hort enquiry after the unac-

cuftom'd diftribution of Blood- veflels
Nature hath furnilh'd the Brain in
general with, and the Reafbns of
its procedure therein.
The
26 The Anatomy of the Brain.

The Truth then concerning this

affair, is, That contrary to what hath
hitherto been obferved, the Blood-
vefTels belonging to this part in gene-
ral, as hath already been obferved, are
of two forts, the one belonging to
the Brain it (elf, the other toitsout;-
moft Integuments.
Now, as to the firfl, 'tis obferva-
ble, that Veins enter not the
the
Brain, nor run concomitantly, like as
in other parts of the Body, with the
Arteries, (the carotid entnng at the
fourth hole in the Bafis of the Skull,
and the internal Jugular at the
eighth the Vertebral Artery at the
,•

lait and largeflhole.of the Skull, and

the Vertebral Vein at the ninth
(which Vieujfenius miftakenly calls ™*f£
the tenth) thro' which it runs into pkr $. .

the internal Jugular, at that Veins

entrance into the round hole at the
bottom of the Skull, under the Styli-
form Procefs, where the Sinus Latera-
lis meets it) where after having ad-

vanc d into certain venous producti-

ons called Sinus V, they defcend from
thence in large Trunks, growing ca-
pillary ail-along in their paflage till

they meet the Extremities of the Ar-

teries, and are indeed no other than
meer
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 27
meer Branches of the Sinus's, and
con cq icntly I look upon the Si-
nus's tncmlelves no other than large
Veins.
The common reafon all modern
Authors give for this different diftri-
bution ot Blood- veflels belonging to
the Brain, from the other parts of
the Body, is, that it may receive an
equal warmth at the top as at the
bottom, as being thereby very much
a/Tilted in the production of Animal
Spirits in afi equal proportion all
over ,• and tiat it is Co may very
well bp granted : but, that Nature
had yet another provident Intention,
will be as evident, if we confider, that
if the Veins had afcended with the
Arteries thro' the holes in the bot-
tom ot theCranium, upon all great
Ebulitions of the Blood, the puliation
of the Arteries would in that Stricture
of the Veflels made by the Bone, of
neceffity hinder the freedom of its
return by the Veins, and confequent-
ly occa^on a ftagnation of Blood
through the whole Brain, to the ut-
ter fubverfion of all its faculties, no-
thing being more certain, than that
upon any confiderable abatement of
circulation there prefently happens
by
28 The Anatomy of the Brain*

by way of reftagnation, afeceflion of

the watery and thin from the more
grofs and red part of the Blood.
The other way of the Veins en
tring the Brain (viz. thofe appertain-
ing to its outward Integament, one
at the fixth hole of the Bafis of the
Cranium, the other at the eighth, as
aforefaid ) is, their afcent with the
Arteries after a quite different man-
ner from the former, even to their
capillary Extremities; a manifeft in-
dication that they ferve for the re-
duction of (b much Blood from the
Dura Mater as the aforefaid fort of
Veilels, the Arteries, have brought
thither and although by reafon of
;

their fmallnefs Nature teems not to

have been fo (bllicitous in avoiding
the Inconvenience fuppoftd to have
follow'd, upon the Artery's entring
the fame hole with the Veins, taken
notice of in the preceding Ca(e,where
they are very large, and confequent-
Jy the Fifed: might prove much
more injurious, yet Nature hath not
been wanting in providing a Reme-
dy againft it ; as will plainly appear
in the following Pages.

From
 I be Anatomy of the Brain. 29
From manner of their entring
this
the Brain the lame inlet of the
at
Skull with the Arteries, may, for
ought I know, be very rationally
accounted for that violent trouble-
fbme Noife which many, in Diftem-
pers arifing from the turgefcency
of the Blood, caufing a preternatural
beating of the Arteries, do fo much
complain of,- a Symptom happening
from the Stridure before mention'd
which the unyielding circumference
of the Bone occafions upon the dif-
ferent Blood-veflels entring at one
and the fame Foramen, to which
effed: alfo the nearnefsof the Os Pe-
trofum, through which the Hearing
Nerves do pafs to this hole, which is
in that part of the Wedglike Bene
thatjoyns to, or is conterminous with
it, does not a little contribute.

To the fame caufe, in fome meafure

doubtlefi, may be afcribed the fre-
quent Headachs happening in Fea-
vers, the Artery then fo fwelling
and comprefling the Vein againft the
edges of the Bone, that the-Blood can-
not be returned back through it «in
a due proportion, and conftquently
by its flagnation the Membrane be-
comes inflamed and painful.
So
 50 The Anatomy of the Brain.

So conformable to what
that
hath already been taken notice of
concerning the wife contrivance of
Nature, in ordering the different
diftribution of the Blood-veflels, Co
as to avoid the Inconveniencies
which might accrew to the Brain
by compreflion of the reduftory
Veffels , through their
occafion'd
entrance at one and the fame hole
with the Arteries ; it feems very
much worth our obferving, that be-
fides the Veins of the Dura Mater,
which enter the Cranium together
with the Arteries, as hath before
been mention'd, there are alfbfeve-
ral others belonging to this Mem-
brane, having their and their
rife at,

defcent after a very remarkable

manner, from a Vein hereafter to be
defcrib'd on each fide of the Longi-
tudinal Sinus, as you may fee in
Fig. the Figure, and conftquently muft
4.
dd,un,^.g
row ca piUar y i n their defcent down
from it, after a quite contrary man-
ner to the other and thefe do vifi-
;

bly inofcufate with fome of the Ex-

tremities of the aforefaid capillary
Arteries, after the fame manner as
thofe larger Veins belonging to the
Tia Mater do with the Arteries
be-
 I he Anatomy of the Brain,

belonging to the Brain and it, by

which means it (b falls out, that a
confiderable part of Blood
that
brought up by the Mentnx Arte-
rtes, is carried back by thele Veins,
to the end that, efpecially in all
preternatural fivelling of the Blood,
the inconvenience of Compreffion
and all its ill confequences happen-
ing, by reafon of an overfulnefs of
thefe Veflels , may be in a great
meafure avoided

CHAR
52 The Anatomy of the Brain.

G H A P. IV.

Of the Vjuh*a belonging to the

Brain it [elf

T ER
A F
1 this fhort digreflion,
order of Method, the Blood-
veffels belonging properly to the
by

Brain it felf, fall under confideration,

The curious Anatomift Malpighius, MaI P- **
6t
in his Letter to Fracaffatus y &ys y they £"*. p '

bear a third proportion to thofe ofD'Corr.

8l
Body and for what
the whole ;

(on, feeing the part it felf bears not

rea-
£^ p
the fame proportion to the whole, it
is fo, it will be worth our while to
enquire hereafter.
Thefe are either Arteries or Veinsf?*"
The former go junder the name of
Carotid and VertelraL
The firft of which, after a curved
paflage (which is very well expreffed
in a Fig. of Dr fViJUis) (torn the place wiuu^.29.
Flg * '"
where begins to enter the Bafis of
it

the Cranium (which is from the Styli-

form Procefs of the Os Petrofum) to
the place where, on the infide, they
pafs through the Dura Mater, and
afcend into the Brain, (which is at the

.
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 35

foremoft internal Procefs of the Os

Cuneiforme) there is very near an inch
and an half diftance. I lay, after this
crooked paflage into the Brain, they
are propagated quite through its fub-
ftance, having firft diveited them-
felves of that thick Coat borrowed of
the Dura Mater during their ftay in
the paflage aforementioned ; but not
without the mediation or interven-
tion of the Via Mater, which Mem-
brane all the Branches of the aforefaid,
as well as the Vertebral Artery, more
or lefs firft prop themfelves upon,be-
fore they enter on and difperfe them-
felves through die fubftance of the
Brain itfelf, and is very findy expre£
fed in a Cut of Placentimts 9 atthcend sP*i&n9
ofSpigelius; infomuch that HMmetti^^J^
(with whom alfo agrees Marchetfi)?- ipr.
par 5 "

looks upon it as only a production "

of thofe numerous Veflels ; whereas

all thofe little ramifications both of

the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries,

viz, thofe from the carotid Artery,
which as (bon as it gets through the
Dura Mater, and parts with its bor-„. -
rowed Coat, are fent to the */»/«»- p.sl%*t.
dibulum, b and c Optickvm****
Olfaftory,
Nerves, together with thofe other cc."* *
of the Vertebral Artery which accom- c A. g *
D pany
34 The Anatomy of the Brain.

pany the d third, e fourth, f fifth, 8 fixth, d vutftn.

h feventh, * eighth, k ninth, and tenth *'$$"'*'
J

pairs of Nerves, inafmueh as they en-fTab.17.

p
ter not the Brain it felf,are altogether p-35-par.i.
7
exempt from that Membrane; any ofxr'Tab ^
which now-mention'd Blood-veflels^h. p. 5$.
you either find delineated '^ ^ieuffe-l^^^
nius's 17th Table, or mention'd in 'Tab. 17.

fome other place of his Book, by^** hh#

thole Diredtions here placed in the k
/*' fig..*,

which, tho' exiftent in Tab

l

margin ; all
'
4 *

h h
Nature, are neverthelefs there painted
too ftiff and formal ( I am afraid by
guefs) inafmueh as that without an
injection of Mercury (except thofe
two which belong to the Olfaftory
and Of tick Nerves] they do rarely
come to fight in any form at all,
Wax being over grofs a body to en-
ter fuch minute Veflels as thofe are ;
whereas by an injection with Mercu-
ry I find (carce any Nerves bui what
hath fome fuch lmall ramifications of
Blood- veflels in them.
To go about to defcribe diftin&ly
the whole ramification of Arteries
through this part, which as was be-
fore noted, is here more remarkable

for number and fizethan in any other

part of the Body, would not only be
to do what in a great meafjre hath
been
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 3$

been already done by Vieujfenius, in

his fixth Chapter, but feem to have
alfo in it much more of oftentation
than ufe.
I (hall therefore only take notice

of fuch propagations of them, as are

either remarkable for magnitude,
fome curiofity of Structure, or ufeful
defign of Nature.
And of this fort may well be eftee-
med the Vertebral Artery, next after
the Carotid, which hath already been
defcribed , as entering the Brain at
the lad and largeftForamen of the
Skull, contrary to what Dr. Willis,
wnfe* 79 ,

and before him Wepfer affirms, col. /.

,

coming thither on each fide out of P ar 2 * *

the hole in the tranfverfe Procefs of par.i.ibid ;

the firft Vertebra of the Neck, after wty/p 112.
a very remarkable curved manner, as ^ owTai> 4 -

Fig. 1. ee you fee in the Figure, (and by n?

means and de-
like to the delineation
fcription given by Dr. Lower and
Dr. Willis, ) afcending laterally
upon the 'Medulla Oblongata as far
as the beginning of the Frccejfus
Annularis, where they meet; together
in one fingle Trunk continuing ib the
length thereof, by Vieuffenius call'd vitujjm.
ArteriaCervicalis, after which they Tab. 4.

either (end forth two Branches, or re- '

ceivc two from the carotid Artery,by

D z means
 36 Ike Anatomy of the Brain.

means whereof there is a communica-

tion betwixt thefe two large Blood-
veflels, and that of great ufe and bene-
fit to the Brain, for by this means it

happens, that if even three of the four

great Arteries which furnifh this part
with Blood, were totally obftrucfted,
there would yet 4>e a way left for a
competent fupply from the other un-
obftru&ed. fourth. Thefe I call the
Communicant branches ytxy ill painted
in Bidloos ninth Table, but very well
in FieuJJenius's fourth ; as may plain- Vmfitn.
Fig. i. dd ly appear here in the Figure taken tab'* bb *

exactly from Nature it felf.

The ftrudture and (rnallnefs of thefe
Arteries fcem tofuggeft two, yet fur-
ther, provident Intentions of Nature.
The firft is the fame it hath ex-
i prefled in fe vera! other places, as in
the afcent of the Blood by the Carotid
Arteries, both which enter the Brain
in a crooked line, the firft at the
ourth hole of the Bafis of the Skull,
the fecond from the hole in the
tranfverfe procefs of the firft Ferte*
bra of the Neck, after the manner
already in both places defcribed So .

• in the like manner here, by the nar-

rownefs of thefe Branches, the Blood
is in a great meafure retarded in its

motion
 The Anatomy of the Brain.
37
motion to the carotid Artery, and by
confequencetothe Brain it felf,which,
for Reafbns hereafter to be given in
defcribing the Sinus's, would other-
wife be in great danger of being over-
' flowed with extravafated and reftag-
•. nant Blood.
The fecond is, a forcing the Blood
more Ar-
plentifully into the Spinal
tery, with which, tho' through the
conical ftru&ure of the Arteries in
common it cannot be altogether un*
furnijh'd, yet by its perfe&ly-reflexed
pofition, would have it very fcantily,
were it not that by reafon of the nar-
rownefs of the aforefaid Communicant-
Branches betwixt the two great Ar-
teries, the Blood was driven back in

a fort of a retrograde motion.

'Tis true, there is a conformatioa
of Arteries fomething like this, tho'
not altogether in the mammary and
epigaftrick Branches ; but/tis worth
noting, that in both thefe places the
main Artery from which theft Bran*
chesfpring is much more taper or ^
conical, and the fucceeding export-
ing Veflels far lefs both in number
and fize than thofe of the carotid Ar-
tery here, whofe foremoft and hin-
der lateral ramifications between the
D3 Lobes
 38 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Lobes of the Brain, bear an over-

proportion to the Trunks from
Whence they come, ani confequently
muft, Recording to the afojrelaid obr
fervation of Malpighius, in his Letter
to FrdcaffatHS, receive the blood
brought thither far more freely and
plentifully.
Befides, the Cervical Artery here
is from being Conical, that be-
fo far
ing made up of two vertebral Arteries
joyning toget}ier,it Umuch wider than
either of them fingle,^s appears plain-
Fig.
ly in the Figure, and confequently
would have carried away the BlOod
forwardly from the Spinal- Artery
more freely, had not Nature order'd
the Structure of Veflels after another
manner here than it does \r\ other
parts of the Body, where there is not
the fame neceffity of contrivance.
One more Branch I take leave to
mention only upon the (core of its
never hitherto having b>een takefi
notice of by any, and that's a fmall-
Artery attended with a Vein pafling
through the lateral part of the Os Cu-
ne'tforme, (which cqnftitutes the back
part of the Orbite of the Eye, jufl:
under a very little Procefs of that
Bone, (which either by reafon of its

fize
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 39
fize hath efcaped being feen, or in-
confiderable u(e, was never before,
as far asI know, thought worth the

mentioning ; ) and this, upon raifing

the fore Lobes of the Brain, offers it
fclf to the Eye of any heedful Ob-

ferver.

CHAP. V.

Of the Sinus's belonging to the

Brain.

A Third fort of Veflels offer

dives next to our confiderati-
on, under the general name of Si-
t hem-

nuss.
Thefe formerly were reckon'd only
four, towhich Vefaliiu added a fifth vifriwfr
at the bottom of the Falx, by him Fi fr 3 F «

only call'd a Vein, which tho' fre-

quently found, yet in fome Subjects
is wantrng.Bourdon mentions two Bourd -

!
more at the bottom of each fide the £ar ,^
fecond Procefs of the Dura Mater,
D 4 under
 ___ .

40 The Anatomy oftfje Brain.

udder the lateral ones, which I never

law but once, and I am apt to think
with Vieujfenius , are mod commonly
wanting.
Vieujfenius defcribes four more, *?«#•

which I find long before taken notice &J^;("

of,andexa&lydefcrib'd by Fa/Ioppiiu y p 4 n .
*

and after him, tho' but rudely, by^J™

that laborious Colle&or Vidus Vu cap. 10.

Jius. P 5»o.
cap -
'
I can ftiew one more, but
think I

be their number what it will, I judge

itreafenable to look upon them no
other than Veins, whether we confi-
der them in.refpeft to either Office
or Structure. All the bufinefs is, to
confider and fhew for what end they
appear as fuch large Channels into
which all the Veins of the Brain,
like (b many fmall Rivulets after an
unufual manner do empty rhemfelves,-
and tint I will endeavour to do alter
having firft fhown their feveral re-
fpe&ive fituations.
The firft two are called Laterales,
16 4
" '
which ran within a flrong duplicative
of the hinder Procefs of the Dura Ma-
ter>do\vi\ upon the Ox Occipitale over
the CerebellumjiAl in their further de-
manner, upon
fcent, after a tortuous
the lower preclusion of the Ojfa Pe»
trvfa
 1

The Anatomy of the Brain. 4

trofa they wind under them in order
FiG.a.GC.
t0 their paflage out of the Cranium at
the eighth hole, common to the
^gfoh °f Nerves going out, the
P 3 "*
mi b b.

third Branch of Arteries belonging

to the Dura Mater, and the internal
Jugular coming in, which is through
ibid. l.
two round bony Cells in the Os ?e*
trofa^ juft under the Styloeid Procefles
into the internal Jugular Vein, into
which, together with the Vertebral,
all the reft of the Veins and Sinus's

belonging to the Brain difcharge the

refluent Blood.
FlG 4- The next is called the third or
longitudinal one, from its rife at the
bony Procefs and
called Crtfta Galli,
progrefs whole length of the
the
Brain to the hinder and fbmewhat
declining part of the occipital Bone,
where it feems to be cleft into the
two lateral ones.
Into this third Sinus not only the
internal Veins of the Brain it felf are

inferted, but jilfo fome of thofe be-

longing to its outward Integuments,
which Falloppius firft,one of the Lu- **&;.
minaries of Anatomy, oblerved,- and p°j£i'ar -
afterhim Vieuffenius, which are by^Wp.io,
iVepfer miftakenly taken for Arteries,^*-
4"
who neverthelefs, for ought I know, par 2!
may
 42 The Anatomy of the Brain.

may be in the right, in affigning the

overclofeneft of the Pores of the Cra-
nium ( by what Accident foever hap-
pening) thro' which the refluent
Blood is tranfmitted to the Sinus,
for a frequent caufe of inveterate ob-
ftinate Headachs.
The fourth, which from its fitua-
Fig. 4. C.
tion may not improperly be called
the Internal Sinus, comes from the
under part of the falcakd Procefs,
at that point where it becomes con-
tinuous to the fecond Procefs of the
ibil 11. Dura Mater and , a large double Vein
belonging to the Plexus Choroeides,
together with the fifth Sinus, (when
Uj£ K .

there is one) enters it at an Interftice

made between the end of the Corpus
CaSofum, the Nates, Tefles and Cere-
helium, from whence having firft paP
fed over the Cerelellum, it at Iaft ar-
rives with the other three at that place
of union, which from its Author hath
ever fince retain d the Name of 7Vr-
tti* g. cular Herophili.
The four others of Falloppiuszni.
Vidus Vidius, or Vieuflenius, by this
laft called Superiores and Inferiores,
the dd firft two of which being longer
dd.
and narrower, are cali'd Superiores,
are on the Bails of the Brain *, arife,
ac»
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 43
according to him, from the Recepta-
tula Sella sEquin#, by the fame Au-
thor fo named, (hereafter to be defcri-
cc
bed, though more truly, from the
circular Sinus, as I hope in its place
to make appear, running down from
thence upon the internal Procefs of
the Os Petrofum, and terminating in
the Sinus Laterales 9 where they be^
gin to be declive and K tortuous in
their paflage to the internal Jugular.
cc
The other two, called Inferiores,
which are much fhorter and wider
than the others, defcend from the
fame place as the former, between
the Os Petrofum and Occipitale, down
to the aforefaid eighth hole of the
Cranium, where the Jugulars come up
into the Brain, and end there.
Another I difcover'd by having
firft injeded the Veins with Wax run-
ning round the Pituitary Gland on
its upper fide forwardly within a du-

plicature of the Dura Mat$r, back-

wardly between the Dura Mater anj
Via Mater, there fomewhat loofely
ftretched over the fubjacent Gland it
felf, and laterally in a fort of a Canal

made up of the Dura Mater above,

and the carotid Artery on each out-
fide of the Gland, which by being
faften'd
 44 the Anatomy of the Braia

htten'd to the Dura Mater above,

and below at the Bafis of the Skull
too, leaves only a little Interftice be-
twixt and the Gland, thereby
it felf

conflicting a Cavity communicating

with tlie two fbremention'd forward
and backward ones, from whence the
abovemention'd fourfmall Sinus's do
defcend, by a vifible continuity, on
each fide from a little beneath the
hinder Procefs of the Sella Turcica :
Fig. a.EE and this from its Figure may not un-

fitlybe called the Circular Sinus,

Vieuffenius, it may be, faw fome

part of this Sinus where the other

four finall ones enter it, which is at
the hinder moft part of his Receptacula
Sella Equina laterilus aijacentia % fo
called,and frota thence thought thofe
Receptacles to communicate with
and to be capable of performing the
office he affigns them, (viz.) of
bringing back Blood from the nou-
Bone calfd
riftiment of the fubjacent
Guneiforme^ together with the Water
feparated ftom the Pituitary Gland,
into thefe four inferiour Sinus's.
Now, as concerning the(e Recepta-
cles of his, 'tis certain that they are
not any where exiftent in Human
Gkains, (according to the defcription
he
 The Anatomy of the Brain.
45
he gives of them in the place here
noted ) feeing both the third, fourth, Pag- i£
two foremolt Branches oi the fifth,
as well as its third hindermcft one,
together with the fixth pair oi Nerves
do not only run out of the Brain en-
clofed in (b maiy diftindt little Cap-
fulas or Coverings made of the Dura
Mater, during their paflage through
that part of the Bafis of the Cranium
by him call'd Receptacu/a, &c. but
even the whole Dura Mater, together
with its Membranous Productions
constituting the aforefaid Coverings
of thofe Nerves, in that place flicks
cloft to the Bafis of the (ubjacent
Bone, (viz.) the External Procefs of
the Os Cuneiforme, on its under fide,
and to the Carotid Artery (which
alfo both above and below (as was
before noted ) by its borrow'd coat
flicks clofe to the Dura Mater, ) on
that fide towards the aforefaid Gland,
leaving no room at all fcr either
Blood or Serum to be contained there,
as he would have it ; tho' in the
fame place which he defcribes for his
Receptacles I have in feveral injeded
Bodies obferv'd two very fair and
large Veins, one coming into the
Cranium at the (econd Foramen from
the
46 The Anatomy of the Brain,

the Orbit of the Eye, (and poflibly

may be a Redu&ory VefTel to that,
part) and fo climbs up on the fide
of the lateral Procefs of the Wedglike
Bone, almoft up to the Circular Sinus
the other at the fifth Foramen, which
climbs up upon the iime Bone till it
meet and joy ns with the other, from
whence they make one fliort Branch,
which enters the Circular Sims very
near the place where the two other
inferiour ones on each fide defcend
down from itj which if they fhould
chance to be cut by accident in any
enquiry made into that part, might
caufe an appearance of- Blood, and
thereby become an occafion of the
aforefaid erroneous Hypothefis.
Neither is it poffible ( granting
there were any fuch Receptacles as
he mentions) they fhould ferve to
the end he affigns, feeing the Glandu* ^*«f.p. J5
la fituitaria is on all fides enclofed
by both the Dura and Via Mater *
which firft ( notwithftanding what
he fays to the contrary) is on all fides
of this Gland of a very ftrong and
equal thicknefs ; yea, in that very
part where (as hath been before ta-
ken notice of ) there is a kind of a
Chafe made by a certain duplicative
of
 Jbe Anatomy of the Brain. 47
of the Dura Mater , conftituting the
forerpoft part of the Circular Sinus.
And was granted, yet
if this alio

would the manner he defcribes of

the Serum or Water getting.intothefe
Receptacles (which is by tranfcola-
tion) render his Suppofition very im-
probable, feeing 'tis by no means
conformable to the Cuftom of Na-
ture in all other parts of the Body
that Arteries ihould depofe a Serum,
or any thing el(e but Blood, (except
what goes ior Nouri(hment to the
Part it felf ) in any Part, without be-
ing furnifh'd either with its Excreto-
ry «or 'Secretory Du&us, neither of
which was ever pretended to have
been found here.
And as a thorow confirmation of
all this, faid in oppofition to the afore-
faid Hypothecs, I fhall only add this,
and conclude, that in feveral Injed:!-
ons made ufe of in order to find out
the ufe of Parts, never found one
I

drop of the tinged Liquors on that

fide of the Carotid Arrery, where he
liarh made the fituation of thefe Re-
ceptacles.
The ufe of this Circular Sinus is in
common with the reft to reduce
Blood returning from all the adjjta nc
parts, as the Pituitary Gland, the
VVedg-
48 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Wedglike Bone 'alfo, and it may be

from the Rete hlirabile, which in
Brutes is very large, and therefore
feems to require the Service of this
Sinus, either mediately or imme-
diately, for reducing a (hare of its

Blood, feeing the Glandula Vituitaria

appears no where furnifh'd with Veins
terminating any where el(e fufficient
to carry off the refluent Blood from
this Plexus^ notwithftanding Vieuffe-
nlus faith on the contrary it hath no
Veins, and therefore is have
fore'd to
recourfe to thofe fmall Branches of
Veins which accompany the Bran-
ches fent out by the carotid Artfery,
before it perforate the Dura Mater,
with the Optick Nerves, or thofe
which go to the Gangliforme Plexus
of the fifth Nerve, or thofe coming
out of the Wedglike Bone, for redu-
d:ory Veflels to this Part ; but with
what probability I know not.

CHAP
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 49

CHAP. VL
Of the Motion of the Brain and
Sinus's.

TO thefe Sinus sy efpecially the

and by way
Lovgituc/inalis,
of confequence to the Lateralis alfb,
moft if not all the Ancients, as well
as Moderns too, particularly Willis
and Vieuffenius, have unanimoufly vu*f[tn.

manner of JJ^'*
afcrib'd Pulfation, after the
Arteries, by realbn of fome Arteries
(as they thought) from the Dura Ma-
ter terminating in them of the truth'
:

whereof being fomewhat doubtful, I

refolv'd tomake ufe of fuch an Ex-
periment as might remove all future
Scruples, and moft fatisfaftorily put
an end to the Controverfie ; which
was as follows.
took off the upper part of the
I

Skull of a Dog alive, by which means

the Dura Mater with its third Lon-
gitudinal Sinus lay bare to the Eye
and Touch, to neither of which
Senfes, at firft, either any beating of
E the
5° The Anatomy of the Brain.

the Membrane in general, or of the

Sinus^ was the lead difcernable.
After fome paufe, by chance the Si-
nus it feif, which I defign'd to have
open'd with a Lancet, being touch'd
with a cauterizing Iron (which in
making the Experiment there was
occafion to make ufeof ) pour'd out
the Blood very violently, andatfirfl
without any very remarkable pulfa-
tion, but after fome time difcernable
enough, both as to the Blood and
Membrane too.
Icut this Sinus through almoft the
length of it, to fee whether any Ar-
teries (whereof many, according to
Fieuffenius,which was alfo long afore
. sffirm'd, and that upon Experience
too, by the learned Wepfer did ter-
y

minate in ir, and fo occafion its beat- flty/p.n*

par f ' *
ing, ) would difcover themfelves by
throwing out their fahent Blood, but
no fuch Sign appeared.
After all which 'tis manifeft the
Sinus's themfelves have no pulfation,
other than what is communicated to
them from the fubjacent Brain, which
contrary to what Bourdon affirms,
hath an evident pulfation through the Bourd
!

multitude of Anerks difperfed thro' jj ar

2/
it
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 5

it Co forcible as to create a fenfible

Syftole and Diajlole in its outward
coverings.
'Tis worth noting, that while the
Blood-vefTels are all full,fo as to keep
the Dura Mater upon its full ft retch,

the puHation is not vifible at all, or

at lealt very faintly ; but after a de-
pletion of the VefTels, fo,as th'at grows
fomewhat more lax, the beating be-
comes very vifible, equally in the
Sinus and Membrane too.
After having made this Experiment
Ifound one Author .of the fame opi-
nion, and that is Fa//opj>ius, who in
vindication of Galen agamfl: Vejalius,
his Contemporary, fays, all I have
(aid upon the foregoing Experiment,
and all the great Vefalius was able to
anfwer in his own vindication in his
ingenious Book call'd Anatomic am
Gabr. Falleppi Ohfervat. Examen,
falls very ihort of its aim.
As to the Tranfverfe Ligaments
*Fig.4.r. which are in fome places * round,
corda!, and in others f broad or
r ifoL x.
membranous, i n t h e Longitucjinal Si-
nus chiefly, bothferving for Strength
and concurrence with the cruci-
( in

form ligamentous Fibres, taken no-

E z tice
$2 The Anatomy of the Brain.

ticeof by Fieuffenius, on the under

and outfide of this Sinu y from whence
the Fibres belonging to the falcated
Procefs aforementioned feem to have
their original, ) Elafticity to this part
for its more vigorous redudion of
the Blood paffing through it, together
with its blind Cavities or Diverticu-
lums ferving^to moderate the over-
fVift or violent motion of the Blood ;
ii eing I find them fo exa&ly delcrib'd
j

by Vieujjeniuu to whom the Reader

may have recourfe, I think their de-
scription need take up no room
here.
But as to the manner of the Veins
entring this Sinus, y I find it far diffe-
rent from that which ijrdefcrib'd by
Lower firft, and afterwards hyVieuj- j^.fig.4.
fcniuSy both whom make them enter vu'uffxzb.2
with their Orifices from behind for- D D & c .
-

wards, (two or three only excepted

by Fteujjenius) and that for fome
other uleful purpofes than what have
hitherto been taken notice of.

And this is as follows, (viz.) About pig. 4.

one half of them (tho' intermixedly) dd > &c*

(but ail,Hfcer having fir ft upon their ari-
val at the Sinus infinua.ted themfelves
for fome fpace after the manner of
the
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 53

the Padcreatick Ducft or Ureters firfl:

>.dd, &c. taken notice of by
Lower, betwixt the
Duplicature of the Dura Mater) from
behind forwards, the other half from
before backwards, as in the Figure.
Now, by this contrivance 'tis plain,
that of all there are made two
firfl:

contrary Torrents in one and the

fame Channel, by which means the
refluent Blood, made poor by the vaft
quantity of its richeft parts drawn off"
as it were into Animal Spirits, thro'
a collifion of Parts, which#by this
contrivance fnuft needs fall out, is

preferv'd in due mixture, which

its

when at any time loft through the

languifhing of its inteftine motion or
elasticity, retards even its circular or
progreffive motion, which when it
happens but in Tome degree, is the
caufe of many Diftempcrs; and when
altogether, of Death it felf.
In the next place the circulation is

at all times not only fbmewhat re-

tarded,andthe Blood hinder'd, (toge-
ther with the help of the bony Gejl
at which the internal Jugular Veins
enter the Sinus's) efpecially in an
from defending with
erecft pofture,

that rapidnefs and weight it would

E 3 other*?
54 The Anatomy of the Brain.

otherwife have done upon the-defcen-

ding Cava to the Heart ; but alfo
much more Co retarded in a fupine
pofition of the Head, a pofture mod
natural and ordinary for Mankind to
take their reft through which con-
in,
trivance, in concurrence wirh that of
the Lateral Sinus's, (whofe ftru&ure
is fuch, that in the aforefaid pofture
the Blocd is forced to climb upwards

before can arrive at the place of

it

its defcent into the Jugular Vein)

there is made a more plentiful gene-

ration of Animal Spirits, one chief
Caufe of the great refrelhment and
vigorous difpofition of the whole
•
Body we find after Sleeping.
As to the other manner of the Veins
entring this Sinus, (viz, from before
backwards) it from thence happens,
that in a prone Pofition of the Brain,
a pofture not uncommon amongft
Men, the Blood is help'd forward in
its circulation through the Sinus ;
the truth and defign whereof are at
once both evident and pointed at by
Nature from the Structure of this
part ( and which therefore (hews the
great ulefulnefs of Comparative Ana-
tomy) in Brutes, who by reafon of
(uch
 The Anatomy of the Brain.
55
fuch a Pofition, which the neceflity
of Feeding almoft always keeps them
in, have always fuch a difpofition
of this Part, to affift the Blood in
its heavy circulation.
The defign of Nature in making
thefe Channels fo wide on a fudden,
in refpedi to theBranches of Veins
of terminating in them,
lately treated
feems to correfpond with the con-
formation of the Parts juft now trea-
ted of, and with that it had in ma-
king the Ramifications of Arteries
afore taken notice of fo large and
unproportionable to the Trunks from
which they fpring, which is a flower
thin ordinary circulation of Blood
through the Brain^ in order to make
a ftill more copious produ&ion of the
Animal Spirits fo called. Which pro-
fitable Defign and End of Nature had
neverthelefs been attended with a
very great Inconvenience, (yzz.) an
extra vafation of too much Serum^hQ
ufual effector confequence of a flac-
ken'd Circulation, had it not been

for another provident Contrivance

cf Nature in the two Communicant-
branches, betwixt the Carotid and
Vertebral Arteries aforemention'd,
E4 />.j6.
$6 The Anatomy of the Brain.

/. 36. by the narrownefs of whofe

Channel the influent Blood is in fbme
meaftfre repreft in its motion, and an
overcharging the Veflels with Blood
prevented.
Thefe Sinus's differ in ftru&ure
one from another, the Longitudinal
and Lateral ones having many tranfc
verfe Ligaments which the other have
nor, and the Longitudinal having ma-
ny fmall Cavities or blind Diverticu-
lums, as aforefaid, which the Lateral
have not the ufe of them all being
,•

for (lengthening and defending them

from giving way to the violent ir-

ruption of Blood into them, againft

which (bmetimes notwithftanding
they are not able to defend them-
felves ; as I have feen in many Skulls
ni which the Blood hath burft open
the fides of the Sinus's, and found
its way between the Dupiicature of

it, (b as even to have made a Fovea

or Cavity in the Cranium it felf, as

was before noted, one of which I
have now by me.

CHAP.
 >

The Anaiomy of the Brain. 57

CHAP. VH.

Of the Plexus Choroeides.

T H IS Plexus is

Body made up of Arteries

an aggregate

Veins, Membrane, and Glands, double

on each (which hath not before
fide,
been taken notice of) and confe-
quently having two Originals.
ic. 1. cc Thefirft Original is from thefore-
moft Branch of the Communicant
Artery, which running backward up
betwixt the hinder Lobes of the
Brain, (in which for fome part of the
way it is immerged, and to which it
gives many large Branches) and the
Medulla Oblongata at length arrives
at the Lateral Ventricles, and makes
U. 5' ee-
;

one part of the Plexus on each

fide.

The fecond Original is from the

hindermoft Branch of that Commu-
n *cant Artery, which running more
te*
backwardly, afcends betwixt the hin-
der Limbs of the Brain and the Ce-
rebellum, till it comes to the IJlhmus,
where
 58 The Anatomy of the Brain*

where communicating with the firft

Branch abovemention'd, they make a

reticular broad Expanfion, which co-
vers both Nates y Tefles>wAGlandula
¥lG $GG
Pinealis, and conftitutes the fecond
or other part of the Plexus Cho*
roe ides.
The firft Branch begins to divide*
it (elf into divers Network Fould-
ings, interfperfed with Glands (bme-
Md. 5. what before it enters the Ventricles,
. and continues fuch to its Extremity
on each fide, where they both under
the Fornix wind crofsthe third Ven-
tricle into a mutual inofculation,
• The fecond begins to aflume the
fame fhape oc contexture as foon as
it begins to enter the Ifthmus, conti-
nuing fuch throughout its entire
abovemention'd Expanfion,
Thefe two on each fide are joined
together by a twofold connexion,
the firft is by an Artery running un-
der the Baw^c^ intervening betwixt
them, which could not be here infer-
ted Co as to coftie in view.
The fecond is by a produdion of
the Pia Mater, which extended all
is

over thefe parts of the Lateral Ven-

tricles, and the third Ventricle which
lyes
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 59
lyes betwixt the firft two parts of the
Plexus forwardly, and down to the
othertwo hinder parts of the Plexus
backward ly under the Fornix and
Septum Lucidum ; fbthat whatfbever
Water is tranfmitted out of thefe Ven-
tricles, muft flip down not only un-
der the Fornix, but that Membra-
nous Production ic (elf ; from which
kind of ftru&ure and pofition of this
Membrane may probably be under-
ftood how there might happen fuch
1'
an Hydrocephalus as the learned TuU l^'f,
J r ' i-iL va P +
pius mentions, in which there was
found above two pounds of Water
in one Ventricle, without any at all
in the other and fuch another as
:

Wt
Wepfer mentions, where the Water *l * 69
caufing the Hydrocephalus in an Hei-
fer, was found contain'd in a Cyftu,

and that only in the left Ventricle

too for, (uppofing this membranous
:

produ&ion of the Pia Mater to be

double here, as it certainly is in all
other places, 'tis not difficult to con-
ceive, that the Water which is ex-
travafated muft needs infmuate it fetf
betwixt the two Lamina s> till by a
continual encreafe it extends them •

into the (hape of a large Bladder,

fuch
60 The Anatomy of the Brain.

fuch a one as the latter found there

and drew out with his Fingers 5 and
that which feems to put out of all
Controverfie that it was fo, is, that
in thofe places, both above towards
the Corpus Caffofum, and below on the
Bafis ot the Ventricle, he found fome
fort of Afperities as though the Blad-
der filfd with Water had been cove-
red with fome fmall Protuberances
not much unlike to White Poppy-
feed, in thofe places where it was
contiguous to them which Protu-
;

berances doubtlefe were the fmall

Glands interfperfed quite through this
Plexus.
How this Diftemper came to be on
one fide only, though fometimes it
is on both, as you may fee in ano-

ther place of the aforefaid Tulpius,

may enough be from an Ad- m^ P* M
likely
nafcency of both thfc Lamina 5 of this p ar i! .

Membranous Produ&ion, in that

place where the Septum Lucidum
finks down from the Fornix occa- •,

fion'd by fome fmall fort of prefliire

of the fuperincumbent Brain. Be-
fides thefe Veins, which are very
by Willis^ I have al-
truly defcrib'd
ways found two more meeting the
fore-
 The Anatomy of the Brain. . 6\

foremoft Extremities of this Plexus,

from between the two firft Lobes of
the Brain, where it feems to end un-
der the foremoft part of the Corpora
Striata, by which it is there fixed
and as it were kept in its due fixa-
tion: and from thefe Branches are on
each fide (ent forth many more little
ones to the Corpora Striata, and fe«
veral other parts adjacent.
To this Plexus fceiong alfo Veins,
which from the Extremities of that
part of it in the Lateral Ventricles

?ic.$. hh. begin to come

into two diflinft pret-
ty large Trunks, running down thro'
the middle of the third Ventricle, as
far as the fourth Sinus, and there re-
ceiving fbme Branches from the other
hinder part of the Plexus fpread over
the IJlhmus , difcharge the refluent
Blood into that Sinus.
bid. qq
^ Ut befides this fort of Redu&ory
Veffels, hath alfb another, (viz.*)
it

Lymphadutts, which I firft difcover'd

in the Brain of a ftrangled Body, and
fliew'd to feveral then prefect, run-
ning in different ramifications amongft
the reticulated Veflels and Glands of
this part Which Obfervation being
:

added to that of the great Anaromilt

62 The Anatomy of the Brain.
» -

Anthony Nuck, who in that curious

°'
Piece caird Adenogrophia fays, he^ p,,5
faw one coming from the Glandula
Pinealis, and that his Friend another
'

Anatomift, whofe Name he mentions

not, (but I know it was one Bodivol,
whom I had the Happineft to be very
well acquainted withal, now dead)
fent him word, he faw another not far
from the aforefaid place may be of
,•

lufficient authority to evince the real

Exiftence of thefe Veflels hitherto lb
much enquir'd after, in the Brain as
well as in other parts of the Body.
The Glands belonging to this
Plexus are very many, but very fmall,
and their Ufe, according to all the
Moderns, efpeciaily Wtttu^ Duncan,
"
and VieufteniuS) to curry off the re-
dundant watery part of the Blood,
but that without ever ihewiog by
what rational contrivance of Stru&ure
it can be done, feeing none of them

afcribe a Secretory Dud, which

mult always be in readmefs when any
unprofitable part is to be difcharg'd.
Since therefore this part is found
furnifh'd with Lymphadufts 'twill be
t

no. hard matter ro conceive the ge-

nuine ufc of the Glands, which is, to
fepa-
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 6%
feparate a rich nutritious Juice from
the influent Blood, and by the Lym-
pbadufts to refund it to the refluent,
after the lofs of its nobleft parts left

behind in the Brain, in its paffage to

the Heart again.
It may alfo, for ought I know, ac-

cording to the Opinion of Wilh$ %

ferve to warm its neighbouring parts
the Interna! Superficies of the Brain,
which being purely medullary, hath
not Co plentiful a (hare of Blood-ve(-
fels difperfed through it as the reft,

and confequently, to maintain an

equality of warmth conducing Co
much to the conferving the Spirits
in their due vigour and exercife,muft
borrow an additional fupply from
hence. It is fituated upon the middle

of the Thalami Nervorum Qptkorum,

ail-along them length way, and, con-
trary to what Willis fays, is, by vertue
of feveral Blood- vefTelsJoin'd to that
medullary part of the Brain fo calPd,
immediately lying under it.

GUAR
64 The Anatomy of the Brain.

C H A P. VIII.

Of the Rete Mirabile*

NOtwithftanding the Opinions of
the late Wepfer, Willis, and
Fieujjenius too, (which two laft in-

deed, tho' but now and then, are wil-

ling to allow itan exiftence.tfii^-in
Men, (who nevertheleft, if the Suppo-

fition of Willis be true, viz. That fuch

cannot but be Fools) had better be wiliu p. 27.
coL 2#
without it,) together with almoft all
the Ancients, as Vefalius, Columbus ^Sc.
to the contrary, I have never found
this Rete wanting, or with any diffi-
culty difcbverable in Men, fpringing
from and lying on the infide of each
Carotid Artery, in that place of the
Circular Sinus chiefly which looks in-
to the four abovemention'd inferiour
and fuperiour Sinus's in the Bafis of
the Brain,and in (bme meafiireaHbthc
whole length of the Sella Turcica, on
each fide, between the Gland and the -

Carotid Artery,
And that it is fo fmall in theoi
with refpedt to what it is in Brutes
of feveral kinds, is no w ay iurprizirig,
T

when confideration is had to the Ule

and Service of it in thofe Creatures,
who,
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 65
who, by reafon of their prone Por-
tion, would otherwile be in danger
of having their Brains deluged as it
were with an over-great quantity of
the Influent Blood, and of a Rupture
of the Veflels, by its violent ingrefs,
and this Danger fo much the more
threatned by how much the fame
Caujg. which brings it into the Brain
wiflTtfiat force is equally as great and
effectual to hinder its proportionable
return ; for the relief of which In-
conveniency Nature hath contriv'd a
means of its more eafie and fafe *de-
fcent into the Brain, by turning that
one large Stream of Blood, (which
through its being penn'd in one
Channel,becomes 16 rapid) into ma-
ny more, ( by which means the Ca-
rotid Trunk above the Dura Mater
in thofe Creatures is very fmall to
what it is beneath, whereas that Ar-
tery in Men, &c. hath the lame big-
ne(s on both fides that Membrane,)
and they not only reticulated and
contorted for the more flow and la-
borious ( which Contrivance the
Ancients thought was only for a
more exad: preparation of the Blood
for Animal Spirits ) defcent of the
Blood, but alio many of them by
their infertion into the Glandula Pi-
F tuitaria
66 Ike Anatomy of the Brain,

tuitaria, attended with fmall Veins

iffuing thence, to take off fome part
of the burden too.
This laft contrivance of Nature
methinks may be (ufficient to render .

that Controverfie of Vieuffenius with P 4*'

par?2.
Willis ("which, before them, was be-
twixt Waleus and Rolfincius) the two
latter on each fide denying this Rete
to have any Veins, very needleft ;
feeing that if the Pituitary Gland have
any, which I am confident it hath,
(notwithftanding the pofitive After- Vumrbr.
tion of Diemerbroeke y in order to ferve ^J?£
his own mod unprobable Hypothefis,
to the contrary) as having feen them
plain inje&ed with Wax ; then this
part of the Blood in fome of the Bran-
ches of the faid Rete 9 which are
plainly inferted into the Gland, is

equally capable of being reduced by

thofe Veins without any necefli-
ty of having recourfe to thofe re-
mote Branches Vieujfenius hath been
forced to feek for, as if it had had^;P^
them of its own.
And that to the aforefaid Pofition
of different Creatures ought chiefly
to be afcrib'd the variety of Magni-
tude of this -Rete in feveral of them,
its fize in Dogs feems highly to evince ;

in
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 67

in which, by reafon of their Hori-

zontal Pofition, being neither fo
prone as feveral Brutes who feed on
Grafs, nor (b ered: a5 Man, that
Rete is found fmaller than in the firft,
and larger than in the laft.
Another Ufe it hath been thought
to have, is, to carry off a confidera-
ble quantity of a dull watery part of
the Blood, in order to the producti-
on of the finer Animal Spirits; and
this thought to effe& by means
it is

and help of the Pituitary Gland, be-

twixt which and it felf there is con-
stantly obferv'd a great affinity, the
one being either greater or lefler in
proportion as the other is fo, and be-
twixt which there are in all Crea-
tures, but more remarkably in thole
where they are both large, a diftri-
bution of feveral Branches coming
from the aforefaid Rete. And this is
look'd upon by Vieujfenius fo consi-
derable an office of the Glandula Fi-
tuitaria, that in thofe Creatures
where it is but fmall, as in Men,
Horfes, Dogs, &c. he hath fub-^p# fO?
ft ii uted many , but particularly par. V
two Cavities, for that ufe in the
Wedglike Bone, juft under the Sella
Turcica, in which he fuppofes that
Fz part
68 The Anatomy of the Brain.

part of the aforefaid Serum, which

by the fmallnefs of the Rete can-
not be retum'd that way, is re-
mitted by feveral little Arteries flipt
off from the Carotid, whilfl: under
the Sella Tunica, terminating in the
two abovenamed Cavities, there either
depofing a part of the Serum to be
N carried by a ftrange way he
off
there mentions, (viz?) by two holes,
into the Noftrils, and thence into the
Fauces ;or el(e by certain Veins
meeting them in that place, as their
Vieug.
proper Redu&ory Veffels, to the^r 2,
v9 .

Heart.
Now, as to this office of the Glan
dula fituitaria^ I cannot eafily be
psrfwaded it is either defign'd for, or
capable of fuch time the Abet-
it, till

tors of this Opinion can be able to

ihow me it furnifli'd with an Excre-

tory Du& for this purpofe.

And if they offer, that the Veins
are (ach,' I reply, That (befides its

being very improbable that fo vaft a

quantity of Blood as continually is
brought by the Carotid Arteries to
the Brain, ihould be able to get rid
of any confiderable quantity of its
Serofity, by fo fmall a part as the
Qlandula fit nit aria is $ ) 'tis not the
ufiia!
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 69
ufual way of Nature to part with
any Share of out of its
its Juices
VefTels, when fo unadive and unpro-
fitable as this is, and immediately to
receive it in again, feeing it is pro-
vided of Emunftories enough to con-
vey it away by,
Moreover, granting (which by no
reafonable means is to be granted )
it were fo as they would have it, yet

never thelefs, in conformity to Na-

ture's proceedings in all fuch-like
cafes, there ought to be an interme-
diate pafTage by way of a Secretory
Dud:, which none hath been able
hitherto to dilcover.
And fo far as Fzeuffenius&zms to Vieuf. p.102
par 5 '
be of this opinion, which in one place '

he plainly is, making it of fo, grofs

and vifcid a nature, as is only fit to

5
be difcharg d at the Emundtory of
the Note ; the fame Reply is (atisfa-
ftory But when by way of flat con-
:

tradiction to himfdf he comes to

make the fame grofs Humour a per-
fect fineLyMpha, theAnfwer is then, n w#P- **
'

par g "
That there is no need of parting
with it beforehand, feeing we find
that Liquor only feparated by the
Lywphadufts of the Brain afterwards.

F 3 Seeing
yo The Anatomy of the Braia

Seeing therefore there is fuch an

affinity as before mention'd, between
the Rete Mirabile and Glandula Pituz-
taria, end taking it for granted, that
the office of the Glandula Tituitaria
is not what it hath generally hither-

to been believ'd, to the end we may

attain a more exacftknowledge of
what it really is ; it feemeth not al-
together unmethodical to take that
part into confideration in the next
place, together with the Infundilu-
lum, which laft hath not only as near
a relation to the Gland as the Gland
hath to the Rete, but fuch a clofe
communication with it, that itfeems
in a manner almoft impoffible to
treat of one independently on the
ether.

CHAR
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 71

GHAP, IX.

Of the Glandula Pituitaria, and

Infundibulum.

THIS upGland manner

fills in a
is feated in and
all that
(pace contain'd within the Sella tur-
cica ( Veffels only excepted).
on all fides with the Via
'Tis cover'd
and DuraMater 9 excepxing that part on
its upper Superficies, in which there is

a little round hole, by which the In-

fundilulum defcends flopingly into it,
being at its entrance inviron'dwith a
Production of the Pia Mater, for its
more firm connexion with that part,
as was before noted.
But as to the Dura Mater, it en-
cornpafles it after a far different man-
ner than what Vieuffenius hath de-tf'«#.p.5i
pir 5
fcrib'd, not fufpending it in Man as
* *

it doth in Brutes, (b as to hinder it

from touching the bottom of the Sel-

la, and that torafmuch as there is not

the fame reafbn for its fo doing in

one as there is in the other, for in
F 4 Brutes
j2 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Brutes the Rete Mirahile is not only

fituate on each fide this Gland, but
runs quite under its hinder part, by
which one fide of the Rete commu-
nicates with the other, a Difpofition
of this Part which Vieuffenius was al-
together unacquainted with ; whereas
inMan,inafmuch as there is not that
fort of Stru&ure in the one (/. e.
the Rete) 'tis not neceffary it fhould
be requir'd in the other. ,

However, in neither one nor the

other theReafbn which Vieuffenius
is

gives for Nature's contrivance of this

affair of any weight, feeing neither
the Rete Mirahile., much left thefew y^p.^
fmall Veins belonging to the Bonep" i.
beneath, could poffibly any way be
comprefled by this Gland, though
fuperincumbent , becaufe it is to
firmly knit to the Dura Mater, ly-
ing above and upon it, which is fup-
ported by the two foremoft and hin-
dermoftProcellesofthe SellaTurcica y
in fuch a manner as is fufficient to
fuftain and keep from preffing upon
any fubjacent part ten times a grea-
ter weight than the Glandula Vitui-
taria is.

Moreover, the Dura Mater is fo

far from fufpending it from that
Bone,
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 73
Bone, that it is, together with
the Gland, fixed to that very Bone
it kit.

The fubftance of this Gland is far

differing from that of all the reft,
which have often upon this account
1

particularly examind ; in confidence

indeed 'tis the fame with moft of the
Conglobate kind, if not fomewhat
harder, but then being prefled or
fqueezed, it emits much more Water
than any of them.
As to the Conglomerate fort, it

hath not the leaft refemblance to any

of them, and confequently cannot be
fuppos'd* as it hath hitherto been by
all, to carry off any excrementitious
or unprofitable part of the Blood.
Now, if we confider this part, to-
gether with the appended hfundilu-
fam, we fliall certainly find a confor-
mation far different from any other
part in the whole Body of Man, in-
afmuch as that which
Gland
this
receives by the Infund'tlulum^ or which
is the fame, what this Infundilulum

conveys to it, is not feparated from

the mafs of Fluids by any vifible
Secretory Dud, which in its ordina-
ry method Nature is obferv'd con-
ftantly to make ufe of, \vhenfbever
it
74 Ibe Anatomy tftbe Brain*

it parts with any part of the

Blood, whether excrementitious or
redu&itious, throughout the whole
compages of the Body.
Nor hath the manner of Nature in
tranfmitting a certain Liquor to the
Gland been left abftrufe in carrying
it off from that part again, the re-

du&ory Veffels from the Gland be-

ing equally conceal'd, as the addu-
Story to the Infundihulum ; that way
of Tranfudation , according to the
invention of Fieujffemus, being to the
greateft degree improbable, as having
no refemblance to the courfe of Na-
ture throughout the whole Body.
Nay, even a poflibility it felf feems
hardly allowable, if we take but no-
tice of that part in Brutes in whom
its Integuments are extraordinary
denfe, the Dura Mater, as he truly
obferves, invertingit cloft on every

fide,(and which he perceiving, and

consequently forefeeing what might
from thence unanswerably be obje&ed
againfl him) was forced to make
them much more than in Men ; in
which latt indeed there is feemingly yigHgmMt
fome reafbn for us being fb, inaf- pj r . 2.
much as the Rcte lies in a Duplica-
ture as it were of the Dura Mater^cm
each
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 75
each fide of the hindermoft part of
the Sella Turcica, as tho' one Lamina
of it was fpread upon the fubjacent
Bone, and the other over the Pitui-
tary Gland, (a difpofition contrary
to that in Brutes, as hath already
been taken notice of ) but neverthe-
lefs there is no fhould
neceflity that it

be fo divided in this place, nor doth

the faid Author ever offer a Reafon
for its being G>, ( which looks as
though his Affertion was only a
Guefs ) feeing this Membrane can
fend out new Productions as well
double as fingle, as we find in its
two eminent Procefles before de-
fcrib'd, and Sinus's ; agreeable to
what it alfb therefore may and does
do here, where the Integuments of
this part appear plainly to be of too
thick a confidence to admit of his
imaginary way of tranfudation,which
is manifeft not orfy by fight and fecSti-

on, but in that by thegreateft force

madeufeof in compreffingand fquee-
zing it between ones Fingers, we find
it impoflible to force out the leaft:

appearance of Humidity through its

aforefaid Inclofureor Integuments.
Being therefore very inquifitive
after the true ufe of this part, and
defpai-
jS The Anatomy of the Brain.

defpairing of ever attaining to fiich a

Knowledge without firft knowing the
exaft Structure thereof, befides all
other means commonly made ufe of
in allAnatomical Enquiries, I made
ufe of all forts of Inje&ions ferviceable
to fuch an end, as of tinged Li-
quors, Wax, and Mercury, but all
with little, if any, fuccefs according
to my expectation, the Wax not pe-
netrating Texture at all, the tin-
its

ged Liquors but very fuperficially,

and the Mercury, ( where my chief
Hopes were) always by its weight
(do what I could to the contrary)
either breaking through the fides
of the Infundibulurn, where it leaves
the Brain, or elfe falling down in
greater Glohuli than the extream
narrow Paflages were capable of ad-
mitting, and by this means became
altogether ufeleft.
Being compelled therefore for the
prefent to leave off a while a little

further enquiry into the Structure

of this part, by reafon of the great
mift it is and to gain
involved in,

a little more Light for our Gui-

dance in fearching after Truth,
(which like many other things of
greateft value lyes deep, and is
with
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 77
with great difficulty acceffible) it
may not be amifs to fee what
Afliftance can be had, by making
diligent Scrutiny into the Strudure
of its Appendix the Infundibu-
luw.
m infun-
dibulum.
This is a thin medullary Dud,
CO vefed with the Via Mater ^ de-
fending from the internal Concave
Superficies of the Brain, to which, by
reafon of its widenefs towards one
end, and narrownefs towards the
other, in refemblance to a Tunnel,
as as by reafon alfo of the
well
parity of their Ufes, the Ancients
gave the Name of Infundilulum.
In Man it is clofely inverted with
the Pia Mater at its very entrance

into Gland , and from that

the
place hath not any manifeft Cavity
I could difcover by blaft or ftyle,
but is altogether of a medullary
fubftance, contrary to what it is
in Sheep or Calves, in which laft
Creature, where the Parts are lar-
ger, by inferting a Blow.pipe into
that part of the Infundilulum, next to
the Gland, I have ften its further
Trad: or PafTage on the upper part
thereof a little puffed up, and a con-
fiderable
 78 The Anatomy of the Brain.

fiderable quantity of Water regurgi-

tate, as though it had lain contained
either in fbme Pipes or Porulous 5ub-
ftance of that Gland.
This Difference is not taken no-
of by Fieuffenius, and therefore
tice
what he fays of this part (eems chie-
fly in this refpeft, if not altogether,
applicable to the Stru&ure it hath in
Men.
Thofe two Divifions or Ramifica-
Author men- Vmfftn.
tions of this part the (aid
tions, one forwardly, and the other *£*
'
3 '

backwardly, in Sheep, Calves, &c.

I have always found correfpondent
to the Defcriptions he there gives of
them; but whether the firft be
protended fa, and terminate after
the manner he there defcribes I
fbmewhat fcruple, feeing I have al-
ways obferv'd the Extremity of
that part in towards the
Brutes,
foremoft part of the Gland, finking
as it were into the very Subftance ,

thereof, and afterwards becoming

prefently altogether imperceptible,
and in Man the termination thereof
juft after the fame manner, faveonly
that in the happens forthwith
laft it

upon its approach to the Gland,

with-

\
 The Anatomy of the Brain.
79
without being protended either back-
wardly or forwardly.
The Ufe of this part is certainly
to convey fome fort of Humidity
kdm that great concamerated Cavi-
ty within the Brain, refulting from
its inward complication of parts, to

the Pituitary Gland, and the office

of it is to receive and carry oft this
tranfmitted Humidity; but as to
how either this Humidity is collected
in the Cavity, or how,
aforefaid
when convey'd into the Gland, it is
carried off, we areftill as much in the
dark as ever.
I know very well there is nothing

more eafie with the Vifionary Philo-

fophers than fuch a Knack as this ;
and now I think on't, the great Wil-
lis makes nothing of turning a Vein
m!l - P- 45 -

into a Lymphadutt in the GlanduU

Pinealu and Plexus Cboroeides, no
lefs than which does alfo the accu-

rate Pieujfenius^ in the Plexus belong- Vmf.^.110

par> 5 *
ing to the fourth Ventricle ,-
but how
confonant this is to the rational ftru-
(Jhire or mechanifm of parts, neither
the one or the other have been (b
kind as to explain.

Now
80 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Now, as to the Plexus and Glands

before mention d, evident by what
'tis

hath been already difcover'd and ac-

cordingly given an account of in the
preceding Pages, they are furnifh'd
with JLymph&dufts, as proper redu-
ctory Venels ; fo that fo far the
Pro-
phecy, is vanilh'd.
But as to the remaining Gland, I
am not fo fond of guefling to fay it
hath any, and consequently all I can
fay is, that as I look upon the In-
fundihulum to be no more than
a large Lymphaduii varioufly ra-
mified through the Glandula Pitui-
taria, difcharging its Liquor by thofe
many fmall Branches into the Veins
difperfed through that part to be
reduced after the manner 'tis in all
other Secretory Glands back to the
Blood again.
And that which feems moft to fa-
vour this Coqjedure, is the extraor-
dinary humidity of this Gland,
efpecially in Brutes, above the reft of
the whole Body, as ferving not only
to export what Lympha is feparated
from feveral Arteries difperfed thro'
it,but that alfo which it is charged
with from the Brain it felf.
And
 1

The Anatomy of the Brain. 8

And to this twofold manner or

double office of Secretion is owing
the two diftind: Subftances it feems
to confift of, the one being accom-
modated to that part of the Lympha
coming from the Brain, and is there-
fore whitiflh, the other to that fepa-
rated immediately out of the Blood,
and is therefore reddifti.
Laftly, As to the manner how the
Lympha pafles down thro' the Infundi-
bulum from the Brain to the Glandula
Pituitaria, I look upon it to be in the
form of condenfed Vapours arifing
from the Arteries of the Tlexus Cho-
roeides, emitted thence for the keep-
ing moift and in good order that in-
ward Produdion of the. Via Mater ',

fpread all over its Parietes, which

being a membranous dry part of it
felf, might otherwife become inju-

rious to that fine medullary part

lying under and being contiguous to
it ; in which there is a continual mo-

tion of Animal Spirits,

whofe Trafts,
and confequently they themlelves,
through any the lead intemperance
of this Membrane, would be in great
danger of either fome obftrudtion or
diforder.
G And
8a The Anatomy of the Brain,

And that this Lympha only the

is

refult of the aforefaid Vapours, I am

the more readily enclin'd to believe,
becaufe I never few Water in that
part of any (bund Braia, nor unfound
neither,where the Plexus Choroeides
was firm ; and there was no reafona-
ble ground, by the extravafation of
Serum infome other remote parts of
the Brain, to believe it had its rile
from thence.

CHAP.
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 83

CHAP. X.

Of the Glandula Pinealis.

TH E Gland call'd Pinealis,

its Figure, is about the bignefs
from

of an ordinary Pea, prefix'd to the

two Prominencies call'd Nates, here-
after to be defcrib'd, at the end of
the third Ventricle, immediately un-
der the broad and hinder part of the
Fornix, (with which neverthelefs it

hath no connexion, as Vieujfenius Vtiujf.wi

hath) and over that part of
faith it
the Rima in the third Ventricle call'd
Anus.
'Tis joyn'd to the Nates by (eve-
ral Fibrous Roots, and becomes a fup-
port to that part of the Plexus Cho*
roeides there fituate.
In an hydropical Brain of a ftru-
mous Boy, I have ften it fwelled to a
fize of three times its ordinary mag-
nitude,and by reafbn of the abun-
dance of flagnate gelatinous Lympha
contaitfd in it, perfedly tranfparent.
G x Hence
84 Tib* Anatomy of the Brain,

Hence it moft plainly appears that

this part is a meer Gland, and, by
what was (aid before conformable to
what hath been obferv'd in this hy-
dropick Brain, of the Conglobate or
Lyraphatick kind,and by confequence
a very unfit part to be made a Re-
ceptacle for Animal Spirits, as Vieuffe- y £ p? u
i(l

mus makes it, and much more a place

of refidence for the Soul, according
to Des Chartes.
"lis true, there are two fair me-
dullary Traces arifing feemingly from
the ,two Roots of the Fornix,
ftretchiog length- way upon xhsTha-
lami Nervorum Opticorum, as far back
as this Gland, ( by Vieujfemus called^. ~
Traftat us Medullar is Nervorum opti-^T .%
corum Thalamis interjeftus, as though
it was only one, and accordingly is tb
delineated by him, tab. 7. GG, but
indeed is two,one on each fide) about
which place they turn in, and by a
tranfverfe bending kind of a Procefs
(by the fame Author call'd Traftus
medullaris natilus antepofitus) unite,
as he hath exa&ly obferv'd: And jth&, p. 9,

gave oecafion to the co1, '•

this, doubtlefs,
Error of Des Chartes, as Willis tru-
ly thought, (whofe fublimeand moft
do
 The 4 nat °My of the Brain,

defervedly-admir'd Philofophy had

doubtleft been much mo/e ufeful,
had he convers'd more with Difle&i-
ons, and lefs with Invifibility) and
Vieuflenws too, (with whom in p /"o 8;
the fame Miftake doth agree Mm- mu. pio*
coll par 5
'

raltus and Willis) for upon a '

more heedful infpe&ion ( as was

moft evident in the Brain afore-
mention'd ) it will be found that
no part of the Proctft aforefaid,
however near it comes to this
Gland, doqs in any wife become con-
tinuous tO it. Mart.
p,,4,B
Dr. Wharton alfo fturmled iipon
thefe medullary Traces placing,

them amongft the Nerves them-

(elves, and afcribes the fame un-
reafbnable u(e to them as he does
to the Nerves in many other Parts
of the Body, ( viz. ) of feparating
a fuperfluous Humour from the
Cruca Medulla Oblongata, or Tha-
lami Nervorum Qpticorum, ( being
the fame Part, and only on the
other fide or upper part of the
Brain, under another denomination}
which he fuppofes to be the Commune
Senforium.

G 3 It
$6 The Anatomy of the Brain."

It Arteries and Veins in

hath
common with other Glands , the
Veins ending in the fourth or in-
ward Sinus ; as may the Lynt-
phadutts too, when they are con-
(picuous.

CHAP.
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 87

CHAP. XL
Of the Brain in general

THAT part of this Treatife

relating to the VefTels, being
next place
difpatch'd, I [hall in the
proceed to an account of the Brain
it (elf, under which term are gene-

rally comprehended the Cerebrum

and Cerebellum, and Medulla Obion*
gata, whida Parts being in many
refpe&s (b different one from ano-
ther, may juftly challenge a diftindfc
and orderly defcription.
The< Brain then, in the firft place,
as diftindt from the other two, is

that large and almpft fpherical Body

which comes firft to fight in the old

way of Difle&ion, filling the grea-

teft part of all that fpace contained
in the Cranium, confiding of two
different Subftances (firft taken no-
tice ofby Archangelus Piccolominius) PiccoUm.

both in Colour, Confidence, and p 252 '

'

Office, the one being more com-

G4 pad:,
88 The Anatomy of the Brain.

pad:, white, medullary, or fibrous,

the other fofter, greyifli, andglan-
dulcus.
The utmofl Malpighius ( by ver-
tue of his Microfcopes) could jAo^mb.cm.
was to difcover the Cortical part to p. 78, 81.

confift of Glands of an oval depreP P ar# 3 -

fed Figure, and in his Opinion, of the

Conglomerate kind, (but that how
properly, as alfo his calling the
Nerves their Excretory Duclrs, I. leave
to the Judgment of others) and the
Medullary part to confift of various
Fibres im merged in and having their
original from the aforefaid Glands,
deriving from them a certain Liquor
call'd Nervous Juice, concerning the
Exifteqce of which, in the ufual
fence 'tis taken in, as a fluid body,
contain'd and running continually
in the Channel of the Nerves, as
Water in Wooden or Leaden Pipes,
for either Nutrition or Cenfation, is

3 thing fomewhat improbable, it be-

ing not only poflible, but very eafie
to refblve thofe two fhanomena sy
the from the Blood, and the
firft

other from the Natural Tenfenefs of

Senfible Parts maintain'd by the fup.
ply of a proper Liquor from the
Bloodj
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 89
Blood, both in their Originals and
continued or elongated Productions 5
inaimuch as it doth as certainly cir-
culate in them as in any other parts
of the Body. And as to the manner
how this is done, it will appear very
plain and intelligible, after the in-
nate Stru&ure of the Part hath
been more accurately enquired
into.
The Curious Lewenhoeck made a lJV,tnij -

far deeper fcrutiny into thefe tWd^Xp.37.

Parts, being very probably affifted
by better Glaffes, and from what
occurr'd to his view, called the cor-
tical part a pellucid Vitreous Oily

Sulflance^ (the Teeming oilinefs of

which Subftance I attribute only to
the ftagnating of the pure Liquor,
growing cold after death of the
Creature, ) from fuch a clofe and
regular Pofition of the Globuli fwim-
ming therein, as allows the Rays of
Light to pafs them without refra-
ction, contrary to what they do in
the other or medullary part of the
Brain, in which they are fo difpos'd
that the Light cannot pafs them in
right lines, and confequentjy being
H little diftorted, makes them appear
white,
90 The Anatomy of the Brain.

white , notwithftanding Malpigbius

MM J
on the contrary neither allows the cmb%- %\
Parts of the Brain to be diaphanous,
nor the Animal Spirits to be any
thing a- kin to Light.
'Tis true, even by his own con^
feffion, that his mod
nice and dili-
gent Infpedions could not free him
from many Scruples about what he
faw ; yet fome things to our pur-
pofe were plain enough, as Reticu-
lar Bodies of a red colour, which
being larger in the Cortical Parts
than Medullary, helps to give it that
greyifli or Julrunneous colour, as he
calls it.

Nextly, a tranfparent Vitrous-

colour'd Subftance comain'd in moft
minute Veflels ; whence 'tis plain
there are two of Liquors in
forts
this Cortical Part, one of a red co-
lour, or Blood, contain'd in larger
Veflels,whole Globuli, which give it
its by reafon of their
rednels, either
fize or figure, cannot enter thofe
fmall Veflels which with the Fluid
contained in them conftitute this
tranfpar : t,cineritious>or cortical part
of the Brain.

The
 1

The Anatomy of the Brain. 9

The other a tranfparent Liquor,
contained in mod minute Veflels, as
aforemention'd ; from whence I am
induced to believe this Cortical
part to be only an Aggregate of
different Veflels, (as alfo I 'do of
all the reft of the Parts of the
Body ) containing different forts of
Fluids.
Of thefe Veflels fome contain a
more compound Liquor, commonly
caird Blood, which whilft in/ that
ftate, by reafon of the Gloluli
fwimraing on it, looks red, and by
reafon of a tubulous Pore of a pro-
per fize and figure fo continued to
the Veflel we call a V$in^ that it

undergoes a continual quick circu-

lation.
Another fort of Veflels there is
which receive and contain a more
Ample fluid body, of a thin tran-
fparent nature, which when in fbme
parts of the Body, gives the name
of Lymphadttfts to the Veflels that
it runs in ; but when in thefe Vef-
fels, which are difcover'd to make
up the great Subftance of the Brain,
whether Cortical or Medullary,may
be allow'd the name of Fkidum Ani-
mal*. And
5? 2 The Anatomy of the Brain

And this laft fort of Vetfels I

look upon to be either a certain
Protenfion of an Artery, by its
fmallnefs render'd capable of hold-
ing fuch a ibrt of Liquor only as
the fpoken of or elfe (uch a
laft

tubulous production of the Artery

as by its Orifice or Pore anfwers to
the figure and fize of the Fluid it is by
Nature intended to receive.
Upon the fame exadt Enquiry
made by a Microfcope, the medul-
lary part of the Brain appears to
be of the very fame conftitutive
parts, ranged only after a fomewhat
different manner, which makes this
part appear more white, as was
before obferv'd. But over-and-above
( if it may be allowable to make a
Conjecture) I am enclin'd to think
the Whitenefs of this part may be
owing in fome, if not the greateft
part, to (uch a narrownefs of the
Veffels difcover'd here, containing
the pellucid Subftance aforemention'd
as will not entertain any Huid what-
{bever,without its being firft re-
duc'd into very minute Particles,
or^ptometry fo called : Which laft

Veffels I therefore fuppofe to be

only
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 93
only yet more Capillary Producti-
ons of the aforefaid Cortical Vet
fels, as they are of the red or
BIood-vefTels indu'd with fuch a
Pore as fits them only for the re-
ception of a moll tubtile, fine, (oft

Liquor, which I efteem the true

Medullary and Nervous Juice, which
being contained in its proper Cap-
fula, and many of them collected
into one Fafciculus^ at its egrets out
of the Brain, being there wrapped
up in more thick and ftrong Cove-
ringsmade of the two outward
Membranes of the Brain, do confti-
tute that part we
a Nerve, call
which having Integuments or
all its

Membranous Inclofures always kept

turvid and tenfe by its containd
Fluid , after a flow and leifurely
manner continually difpenfed from
the Fountain, and by its growing
more taper towards the place of its
termination, by which means it ac-
quires a greater ftreightnefs or nar-
rownefs of its Pores ordinarily call'd
FibrilU, it fo falls out that all inward
Impreflions, upon all ccafions,.. are
<

the more eafilyand fpeedily tr3«C

mitted through it.

The
P4 the Anatomy of the Brain.

The very fame notion alfb con-

cerning Nutrition (which in the
trueft ience is only an appofition of
Parts nourifhing to Parts pre-exiftent
to be nouriihed ) in the reft of the
Parts of the Body, I have thought
reafonable to entertain ever fince,
by afliftance Microfcope I
of the
have plainly difcern'd the Veins to
be only continuations of Arteries,
and the Blood to run in the fame
Channel varioufly modified, without
the lead fufpicion of Extravafation,
(viz?) a continual tranfmiflion of
Nutritive Juice out of the Pores of
Arteries, after many windings like
Tindrils of Vines (Analogus to which
the red Reticular Bodies of Lewen-
hoeck feem to be in the Brain,)
grown very capillary into certain
Tululis or Pores of a correfponding
bignefe and figure, making up the
whole flelhy part of the Body, whofe
Subftance, when 'tis freed by waflx-
ing or inje&ion of Water, we fee
to confift only of large and (mall
Blood- vefiels and Fibres; which laft,
whether Nervous or Membranous,
or fuch as relate to Mufcular Mo-
tion, commonly called Carnous^ I
(up-
 Jbe Anatomy of the Brain. 95
fuppofe to be full of minute diftind
Veflels for the communicating and
receiving their proper .Liquors or
Fluids after the manner already ex-
prefs'd, which as contain'd in the
(aid Tuhul't or Pores, whilft they re-
tain their Natural Conftitution and
Proportion, I prefume it is which
keeps the Habit of the Body plump
and vigorous, the more thin and
languid being perpetually carried
back by the Lymphatick Veflels,
and a great part wholly extermina-
ted by meer fimple Tranfpiration ,•

which I adventure to think not is

only fuperficial from the Sudorifick

Glands in the Skin, but alfo through
the whole Subftance of inward parts,
through fmall Canaliculus or Mea-
tus' s in even the Vijcera themfelves;
by which, not unlikely, we may
guefs at the Meaning of Hippocrates,
when he faid, All things were confpi-
rable and tranjpiralle .
The minutenefs of Veflels is that
which hath fo embroil'd the Thoughts
of Naturalifts upon this Subject, and
fet Realities fo remote fr#m the Un-
derftanding, no Para-
otherwife 'tis

dox to affirm the Exiftence of Vafa

Vafo.
p6 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Vaforum almoft to Infinitum, (bme

containing Liquids in a continual
more nimble circulation, others in
a gentle prctrufion only': Which
will appear altogether unfurprizing,
if it be confider'd that the afore-
mentiorvd Ingenious Author hath
computed, that even the 64th part Ltwnk
of a Miriad ( i. <?.) of a Ten hundred p. 46.
thoufandth part of any Subftance
but as big as a fmall grain of Sand,
cannot, elpecially if of a rigid or in-
flexible nature, enter thofe little Vef
which are (een in a retiform
fels,

manner diftributed amongft, and fix-

ed to the aforefaid pellucid Globules,
which fwimming in thofe little Vef-
fels, are difcover'd to make up both
the Cortical and Medullary part of
the Brain. As alfo further, that even
the tender Coats of the fmalleft of
thofe Veflels which contain the afore- '

Le ^ lfib lb'
faid moil minute Globular Fluid Bo-
dies, are alfo full of yet far more
minute Veflels than they themfelves
are.
Nay, I am (b far from being fur-
priz'd at this kind of Vafcular Confti-
tution of Parts, that I apprehend not
how Nature could otherwife have
a#ed
 The Anatomy of the Brain. $J
a&ed without the confequence of a
boundlefs Accretion, inaimuch as that
when any parts of a Fluid become
extravafate,thty ncceiTarily loie much
of their progrciiivc motion, and if
of a grofe confidence, a»e cither pro-,
fcrib'd by the wider patfages, or of
a finer, through thofe more ftraight
and elaborate {viz.) by Transpiration •

(b that what Particles of Matter fo-

ever continually arrive, for either
the augmentation or reparation of
the mull (unlefs the ruirie
Parts,
of the Subject do not fi ll happen, r

ns we fee it often does in Difeafts

proceeding from fuch Caufes) needs
( if not confind in VefTels ) ad-
vance into monftrous preternatu-
a
ral accumulation, as being , by
reafon of their grofs confidence,
altogether uncapabie of being carried
off propcrtnnably to the meafurepf
their aggeflion, in the form of fubtile
Steams or Exhalations*
Befides a rational explication of the
natural Functions which this Hypo-
thefis furnifheth us with it alfo, feems
to clear a great many Difficulties
which have hitherto puzzel'd the
mod refined Phyfiologifts relating to
H the
p8 The Anatomy of the Brain.

the Animal Faculty, fuch as are Sen-

fation and Mufcular Motion ; of which
lafl: here in the next place, the other
being referv'd for the laft Chapter,
which treats of Senfation and Motion
in general.

CHAP.
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 99

CHAR XK.

Of Mnfcnlar Motion.

TO recite the
upon this
Opinion of others
Subjedt would be a
thing altogether ufeleS here, (eeing
an AbftracSt of them is already ex-
tant in the Philofophia vetiis ® nova
by Mr. Colbert; and befides, the
mod corred: of them are not only
very improbable, but abfolucely re-
pugnant to plain Reafbn and Matter
of Fadt too an Inftance whereof
,•

you may have in Dr. Willis s Tendi- Jj" fs

nous Refervatories of Animal Spirits, p. 3$.
^
in Dr. Mayor* s Twilling or Fiddle- Mayow tf
ltnng Fibres, with whom of late p. 73.
Mr. Regis agrees, by which the
Mulcle muft needs lofe a great deal
of its which nothing
thicknefs, than
is more contrary to Experiment ;
in Duncans firft and fecond Element
Dw? - M&
of Des Cbartes, which he makes the
Aninwl Spirits to confift of, contrary
even to the very Principles of that
great Man's Philofophy, which al-
ii z lows
loo The Anatomy of the Brain.

lows no Elafticity to thofe Bodies

themfelves, though the Authors of
it in all others } likewife in Dr. Croons
Cmnl
making the Blood it felf, as well as p. 23/ 24,
the Animal Spirits, 30 be mov'd by *?» ** „
the power or the Soul to any p. 25.
Mufcles ; as likewife the extravafa-
tion of thofe two Liquors firft into
the (paces betwixt the Fibres, and
then their introvafation into the Fi-
bres themfelves again, in order to
make inflation, an Error incident to
the Immortal Z?0raftaalfo,\Uiofeima- Eorci. d<

ginary Difcourfe upon this Subjed: **%£

(eems of a very different Thread 2? & pi&
^ .

from the reft of his Excellent »**» AlM

Ue *
Works,
what hath been alrea-
If therefore
dy faid about the Structure of Parts
beremembred, (i>/z.) That the Me-
dullary Part of the Brain is only a
Contexture of Veflels ; that its Ner-
vous Propagation or Nerve is al(b
a Compages of Veflels, formerly
cali'd Filaments, much more narrow
than thofe of the Brain it felf; and,
that thefe Nerves produce, or at
kail terminate in the Fibres of all
forts of fenfible Parts whatfoever,
though of a different texture, as
well
 The Anatomy of the Brain. i o I

well as thofe carnous ones of

Mufcles, which laft are tubulous,
'twill not be in the leaft unreafo-
nable to inferr , That thefe Bo-
dies being kept continually turgid
with the contained Fluid, are equally
capable of tranfmitting or receiving
Impreffions of the Objed, as if they
were ftretched longitudinally like a
Bow- firing from each Extremity,
according as Borellus hath obfer-
ved.
And as to Mufcular Motion, allow-
ing only what may diredly be in-
ferred from what hath previoufly
been (aid, (viz?) That the Nervous
and Carnous Fibres are only a con-
geries of Fluids contained in certain
Veflels communicating with each
other, thatby reafon of a Plenitude
in the aforefaid Fibres, the whole
Machine is in a conftant Equili-
brium, it will neceflarily follow,
upon the common Pojlulatum, (to
which all Mankind muft be behol-
den upon all fuch Explications as
thefe to the World's end ) viz. that
the Senfative or Rational Soul can
command Animal Spirits (which
the
I rail only a Nervous Fluid ) into a
H 3 Pri-
102 Jhe Anatomy of the Brain.

Primus Impetus , or local motion,

that a part of that Liquqj^ when-
ever a Mufcle contradgPJs tranf-
mitted through the Veflels which
contain it from the great Referva-
tory thereof, the Brain, to its Car-
nous Fibres, into whole Veflels, be-
ing fo much narrower than thofe of
the Nerves, even by vertue of the
lame force which moves it from the
Brain, that Liquor is driven after
a moll: rapid manner, (which Efledt,
to any acquainted with the nature of
Fluids and mechanical Laws of Mo-
tion by Proje&ion, needs not any
demonftration) caufing the Intume-
fcence or Inflation of the Mufcle,
the fame Liquor at the fame time
being driven back again with an
equal fpeed from the Antagonift
Mufcle into the room of the firft,
which was tranfmitted from the
Brain to the contracted one, in or-
der to maintain the feme Plenitude
or (which is the fame thing in the
fence of the old Philofophers ) to
avoid a Vacuum. And if any obje(2
the widenefs of the Paflage it is to
come back by from the tdBss&zeCkpt)
Mufcle, as an impediment to an
equivalent
 The Anatomy of the Brain. i o5

equivalent fpeed in that Liquors rc-

troceffion, I have to anfwer, that
the Emptinsfe being made firft, is a
fufficient recompence for thar.
And here cannot but take no-
I

tice, that all they who contend for

Animal Spirits, analogous to thofe
we lee produc'd from various Sub-
jects by Fire, as the only adequate
medium for all forts of Mufcular
Motion, have been forced to have
recourfe either to certain Tradts or
Interfaces betwixt the Filaments of
the Nerves continued from the
Brain, or the Original of the Nerves
through their whole Produ&ions to
the Mufcle, of which fort are the
Cartejians,or elfe to a certain Ner-
vous Juice, for their place of refi-
dence, of which fort are mofl of
the Moderns, and particularly Vieuf-
feniuSy by which Paflages, or out of
which Juice thefe fineinvifible things
are either voluntarily, by the com-
mand of the Soul, or inadvertently,
from feveral either inward or out-
ward impreflions, tranfmitted, in
order to produce Motion which :

iforue, and the only ways of pro*,

ducing Mufcnlar Motion, 1 beg leave
to ask, how it comes to pais, by
H 4 either
1 04 The Anatomy of the Brain,

either of thefe ways, that when ano-

ther perfon bends my Arm, and that
againfl; my Will too, the bending
Mufcles of the Arm become as tu^
mid as when voluntarily or inad-
vertently contracted at any other
time ; which hath been truly obferv'd
tho' not fatisfadtojily accounted for,by
Dr.Croone, or any other I know ofc croont$. 1§

But how this or any other fort

of contra&ion of a Mufcle happens,
does by the other afore- mention'd
Hypothefis become explicable, with-
out any manner of difficulty at all :

For when the Cau(e of Contraction

is from the Command of the Soul,

the prefTure is firft from the Fluid

in the Brain, by which all the inter-
jacent or continued Fluid flows to-
wards the Part to be moved the ,

lame proportion of Fluid being at

the fame inftant transferred into its
room from the relaxed Mufcle ; and
when the contra&ion of the Mufcle
is from the above-mention'd external
force bending the Arm againfl: my
will, then the Liquor contained in
the relaxed carnous Fibres or Vafcula
is transmitted through the whole con-

tinuity of Fluids, to that which is

CQOtra&ed, and all this without being

be-
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 105

beholden to the wild Conceits of a

dry and moid pare of the Nervous
Juice, blind Paflages, invifible 7#-
luli betwixt the Antagonift Mufcles
or Valves in the Nerves, by a meer
/Equilibrium of the Fluids contained
in the Veffels the Parts confift of.
Ac the fame time I am not in-
fenfible of the Solution fome have
given this Inftance of Involuntary
Motion upon another Hypothefis,
(viz.') by fuppofing an equality of
Tenfion or Elasticity in all the
Mufcles of the whole Body •
by
which means it falls out, that when
any new additional force (though
never fo fmall ) is added to the Fi-
bres of any Mufcle, as in voluntary
motion, or the power of Elafticity
in the Antagonift Mufcle, overcome
by outward force, as in the afore-
mentioned Inftance of Involuntary
Motion, the other Mufcle then be-
comes contra&ed.
Now, that this is one concurrent
Caufe in both forts of Inftances, as
being confirm'd by the Experiment
of cutting a Mufcle through, either
towards the Extreams or in the mid-
dle, by which the Fibres, by their
§o6 The Anatomy of the Brain.

natural Elafticity, are found to ton-

tracft either to one or the other, or
to both Extreams, is allow'd to be
true; but to be the only Caufe, is

altogether as falfe.

For, in the fir ft place, as to the

cafe of voluntary Contractions, it is

allow'd to proceed from a trantmifli-

on of Spirits from the Brain into the
carnous Fibres, (that Hy pot hefts of
Steno to the contrary having been
convidied long fince by Borellus, in
his Book De Motu Ammalium) though
not without the concurrence or fym-
praxisof the natural Elafticity ol the
Fibres belonging to the Mufcletobe
contracted.
So likewife, without the trank
million of Animal Spirits from fome
force or another, I deny even the poP
fibility of that or hardneft
ftiffhefs
which is con-
eafily preferved in all
crafted Mufcles, feeling and fceming
as though they were indurated and
fwelled out, as really they are, whe-
ther it be in the cafe of voluntaty or
involudtary motion in confirmation
;

of which, I affirm, that though by

the cutting of the carnous Fibres of
any Mufcle through, which way fo-
evcr
 I ' 1.1.
I III —

The Anatomy of the Brain. 107

ever it be, the contra&ed part may,
and doubtlels does, grow thicker by
the fhortning of its Fibres, yet by
that means only it does not become
ftiffer and harder, fo as we find
Mufcles do when contracted by any
natural Caufe, nor is there any ue-
ceflity it fliould do (b, according to
any Rules of Mechanifm, feeing the
Fibres ftiortning only by their own
elaftick force, when they find the
circumambient fpace give way have
no neceflity of fubintration of parts,
which is always requifite to procure
a ftiffhefs or hardnefs to a part al-
tering its dimenfions as Mufcles do,
from a longer and thinner to a flior-
ter and thicker circumference,- and
upon this mud
needs follow, that
it

in a Mufcle contra&ed by involun-

tary force (in which A&ion the Brain
is altogether unconcerned ) that (lift

nefs or hardnefs then perceivable in

it, mudneeds be owing to the Fluid
or Spirits in the antagonift Mufcle,
after the manner already explained,

% ranfmitted to it.

Now.
io8 'I be Anatomy of the Brain.

Now, to define what fort of thing

this Animal Fluid ( fo called } is, I
fee no occafion to frame any other
Idea of it than what we ordinarily
have of the pureft Liquors, feeing the
Nerves are a Subftance which (to the
Senfes of either Smell or Tafte dif-
covers very little elfe than what is

infipid ) arealways reckoo'd amongft

the hot parts of the Body, and
leaft
doubtlefs far lefs warm in Fifties than
us, who yet have as great a flock -of
Animal Spirits as any other Crea-
tures. And this Consideration may
fee k was that occafion'd an Author

to give the Animal Spirits the Epi-

thite of FrigtdiufcuU. Vu Ham.
'Tis plain-enough, that the VefTels T>1 F7^ -

which contains this Fluid are extream

minute, and confequently the Con-
tent rauft needs be of a very fine
and depurate confidence, though
without much refemblance to either
the aforefaid nimble, (aline, or fut
phurous Produ&ions of the Fire.
'Tis in a continual, gentle, direct
motion, though perhaps contained
in curved or reticulated Veflels,
from its original fburce to the ends
pf the carnous Fibres, from whence
it
 The Anatomy of the Brain, 109
it isconvey'd into the Membranous
or Tendinous Productions, according
as the Fibres terminate, and it may
be by filtration only ; in which, as m
other, and particularly in Glandulous
Parts not fubfervient to Mufcular
Motion, where Nervous Ramificati-
ons are very copious, whether it be
of any other ufe than to keep the
Parts in their proper tone, in order
to their regular difcharge of the office
of Secretion, muftftill remain a CGn-
troverfie, notwithftanding all that
hath been yet advanced againft it,
inafmuch as waitings and numbnefles
of Parts, the common Symptoms of
obftru<9:ed or divided Nerves,(which
doubtlefs by through ic^U
their h/tftrning {

fuch Caufes to Mufcular Parts, gave

the firfl: Conje&ure about
rife to that
the Exiftence and Ufe of that Juice
throughout the whole Body ) are
equally explicable by the want of
Tone, as or that fuppofed Liquor.
To the proof of Ex-
all this an
periment frequently made does not
a little contribute, and that is. the
inje&ing the Arteries of a Dog, or
any fuch Creature , when dead,
upon which there immediately hap-
pens
no The Anatomy of the Braia

pens a contra&ion of the Mufcles,

according to the different ftrength
of them, (t//z.) of the Extenders
in the hinder Legs, and of the Ben-
ders in the fore Legs, though the In-
jection be only of cold Water, the
reafon of which effedt in particular,
if it be remembred what h3th been
before obferved, (-z/iz.) that the
Blood-veflels do moft certainly enter
the compofition of the Nerves them-
felves, willnot only become very
but the whole Hy-
eafily explicable,
pothefis at leaft very highly pro-
bable.
If it be faid, That this fpeedy in-
ftantaneous reflux of the Animal
Fluid oppofed by the aforemen-
is

tioned conftant diredt motion it

hath from its Source to the parts
to be moved, 'tis eafie to reply,
That its flow direft motion that
way is eafily. overcomagand repel-
led by the violent impulfe of the
forcibly-relaxed Mufcle the other
way.
If further be demanded, by
it

what means it Co happens that in

the Inftance before us of an Arm
bent by force, that the refluent Ani-
mal
 1

The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 1

mal Fluid towards the

is rather
Mufcle, which by that means then
proves contracted, than towards any
other whatsoever, to all which it

may have accefs,! think

indifferently
the Solution feems not difficult, if it
be confider'd, that at the fame time
that the one Mufcle is forced from,
the other is forced into a contracti-
on ; from whence it fo falls out, that
the carnous tubulous Fibres of the
Jaft, which by being extended un-

der the (late of relaxation, did lofe

their cavity, muft needs by their
natural elafticity, when freed from
the preponderant force of its Anta-
gonift, acquire it again, by which
means being made, the re-
a fpace
pelled Fluid, by the Laws of Libra-
tion, (to (ay nothing of the habitual
motion of the Animal Spirits, or
Liquor, by mod Authors, efpecially
BoreUusy urged as a Reafbn for this
efledt) muft needs be driven thi-
ther.
In fine, though I am not averfe
to think mod of the Phoenonten*
relating to Sedation and Motion
may be folved by this Theory, tho'
of fo (mall an apparatus yet I am fo y

far
112 The Anatomy of the Brain.

far from being fond of it, that I have

referved a far greater (hare of Friend-
ihip for any other that may fecm but
of never Co little more a kin to Truth,'
and fubmitting all I have faid on this
Subjeft to the candid Sentiments of
the more judicious Proceedee in de-
fcribing the other parts of the Brain
as they offer themfelves in the ufua!
modern way of Difle&ion.

CHAR
 The Anatomy of the Brain, 113

CHAP. XIII.

Of the Brain in particular.

THIS fcrib'd
Part being already de-
and confider'd in ge-
neral, as confifting of two different
Subftances commonly called its Si-
milar Parts, and the Source of all

Senfe and Motion, comes now to be

taken notice of in a more particular
manner, with refpeft to its delimi-
ter parts or conformation ; and this I
think may belt be done firft accor-
ding to its outward, and rtfext to its

inward appearance.
Outwardly 'tis convex and corti-
cal, exactly divided into twoHemi-
fpheres by the firft Procefs of the
Dnra Mater called Falx from the 7

bony Procefstcalled Crifla Galli for-

wardiy to the very hindermoft part
of the Cranium, where theft two Di»
vifions are ftretched over the Cere-
helium, from which part alfo 'tis per-
by the fecond Procefs
fectly feparated
of the Dura Mater, to the end it
v
I may
1 8 4 Th e Anatomy of the Brain."

may not caufe any prejudicial com-

preffion upon that part, either by its
weight or puliation.
The forernoft Divifion is made on-
ly, as deep as the Corpus Callofum, the
latter to the very Medulla Oblongata
it felf.

'Tis further imperfedtly divided

into four Lobes, two whereof (which
bfcing the le(s) are ibrwardly,and two
(which are much bigger)back wardly.
Thefe Divifions appear beft in the
. inverted or Varolian Difle&ion, being
marked out as it were by four Bran-
ches of the Carotid Artery, two be-
fore,and one on each fide.
Thefe I call Imperfett Divifions of
the Brain* becaufe though the *Tia
Mater runs betwixt them, together
with the aforefaid Branches of the
great Artery, yet they adhere by
leverai Fibres, both of that Mem-
brane and the Blood- veflels them-
felves.
5
'Tis Kb imperfectly divided thro
a

all its external cortical part by the

Fia Mater, though not (6 profound-

ly, to the end the Blood-veflels may
penetrate this part in more fine and
rericu'ar Ramifications ; and that by
the
 The Anatomy of the Brain. i i«j

the pulfation of tfie Arteries the in-

terjacent cortical Glands, (or rather
Veflels) may more freely make their
proper Secretions*
Nextly, it may be confider'din
its inward appearance, which is con-

cave and medullary, taking its origi-

nal from the Extremities or Apices
of the Medulla Oblongata^ (or rather
a little more forwardly from the fore-
mod part of VieuJJenius's oval Center;
commonly called Procejfus Lentifor-
raes y or according to Dr. Willis,
Corpora Striata.
From hence 'tis prefently refle&ed
back on each fide in the form of a
Vault, very near as far as the
Nates and Teftes, a little below which
on each fide 'tis joyn'd with the Crura
Medulla Oblongata on, their tinder
fide,being continuous there to thofe
Parts commonly call'd the Crura For-
nkis.
The middle and uppermoft part
of this Medullary Subftance, by the
Ancients always called Corpus Callo-
Jum, is therefore by Fieujjenius cal- "
V leurD<5jc
led Fornix Vera, Opinion
in his par. i!

fuftaining that Office (though I fee

not that it does, or for the Reafons
I % before
 1

1 6 The Anatomy of the Brain.

before given in the defcription of the

Dura Mater and its Proceflfes, needs
to do any fuch thing.)
This is that part which, as was
before noted, was thought ( but mi-
ftafcenly) by Vefalius and others to
efcape the covering of the Pia Mater
arid in it are not vifible any bloody
Specks, as in mod other parts of the
Medulla Cerehri.
'Tis the medium uniting the me-
dullary part of each Hemifphere or
Divifion of the Brain, famous for the
Stria running through it
trirrfverfe
from each fide of the aforeftid
Hemifpheres, the Septum Lucidum
only coming between.
In this large or principal Cavity
afe contained the three Ventricles,
the Fornix ', Septum Lucidum,
the
Corpora Striata, Thalami Nervorum
Optkorum, the Roots of the Fornix,
the Tr alius Intermedin of the Corpora
Striata, the Tratlus Medullaris Tha-
lamic Nervorum Opticorum Interjedus,
(which !aft has bin already defcribed)
the Vulva, Anus, and Rima or Paflage
to the Glandula Fituitaria by the /»-
fundihulum , and Glandula Finealis,
(which alfo hath already been defcri-
bed) of all which briefly ifl their order.
The
 3 7

The Anatomy of the Brain. i i

'1G.5. aa The three Ventricles, by cutting

afunder the Fornix near to its Roots,
and turning it backwards over the
the three Mates, Tefles, and Glandula Pinealis,
Ventricles.
a pp ear t0 b e \j Ut onQ ^ th fe on Q2LC \j

fide being called the Laterales, in

it

which are the Corpora Striata Tha-

lami Nervorum Opticorum and Crura
Medulla Oblongata, that Rima, (6 far
as 'tis covered with the Fornix and
parts the Crura Medulla Oblongata,
being the third.
From the extream Limits of thefe rieufT.iQ
two fide Ventricles, from before to AA* &c -

'entrum behind, does arife that medullary

)va!e. (pace called by Fieuffenius, Centrum
Ovale, in his Opinion the great
Difpenfatory of Animal Spirits, the
fore part whereof Willis calls Limbus Will, de An,
rMt -
anterior corporis ftriati. ^4=-
|

'cfFornix. The Fornix is a medullary part

!G. 5 .AA,arifing from two Roots in the fore-
,b -
moft part of the Bafis of the Brain,
lying betwixt and upon the upper-
moft parts of the Thalami Nervo-
rum Opticorum, which Roots come
out of the foremoft part of the
Geminum Centrum femicirculare, Co
by Fkuffenius, like t#o lai7
callec}

1 Nerves?
1 1 8 The Anatomy of the Brain,

Nerves, and afterwards joyn toge 7

ther, conftituting a broadilh medul-
lary Body, which sifter having firft

projected it felf ibr fonie fpace for-

wardly betwixt the Corpora Striata,
and afterwards run the length, of the
third Ventricle, growing all the way
broader and broader, and towards its
edges (by Fieujfenius called Ftmlr&) vu^i*.
thinner ; and being reflected backward Tab 6 ? *
-

towards the hinder part of th^ lateral

Ventricles, like two Arms,commonly
called Crura Fomicis, the beginnings
Whereof on each fide are by Auran- Awm.
tlus called Hippocampi and Bomhyces, ^at.obf,
know, he Iaad p 45
' '
(" from whence,
I

chiefly obferv'd this part in Brutes, in

which, by vertue of the hinder part
of the Fornix i in that place growing
iomewhat thicker, and running over
the hinder and upper parts of the Th.
Nerv. Opticorum,which are more pro-
minent inthem,as in SheepfialyesfSc.
tjian in Men) it is made to appear on
each fide like the bending Creft of
the Seahorfe y and is in colour much
like the Silk-worm, certain minute
Stria s y which Malpighius calls Fi~ C eub» ?. 5

lr£, eroding them like Rings ob-

liquely, contrary to what the lame
'.

. Au-
 4 1

The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 9

Author's Account of them, who

is

fays thofe Film or Stria run upon

them otherwife, viz. as they do on
the Septum Lucidam (J. e. longitudi-
nally) and embracing the Tb.Ner. Opt,
on their upper part on both fides,
but adhering clofe to them as one con-
tinued Subitance oft their under part,
( in which place they are called, by
Fieujfenius, Pofteriores veri fornicuvUufytu
(viz. Corporis Calloji') Columnce) be-
cometthcre continuouswith the hinder
part of the Corpus Callofum, where
it winds down upon the fides of
the Crura Medusa Oblongata, and
makes up that undermoft fpace or
cavity of the two fide Ventricles,
by the (aid Aurantius called Ventri-
culiHippocampi or Bombycim, and
of
Vieuffenius called the hinder part
the Centrum Ovale, which by that
kind of curved paffage lofes fome-
thing of its oval figure.

^ Sep-
The Septum Lucidum (ome
Moderns
of the
tumLuci- think to ariie from the
dum '
Fornix, thence afcending to the in-
ternal Superficies of the Corpus Cal-
lofum ; others from this laft defcen-
diflg down to the Fornix, but mod
1 likely
 1 20 The Anatomy of the Brain.

likelyfrom this laft, where towards

itsforemoft part I have always
found it double, (firft taken notice of
by Sylvius de le Boe) and as Vieufle- s y w. dele
mus truly fays, often with Water in *« *>$.
its duplicative.
1 *
J^if
'Tis very thin, medullary,
a Thef/i 3.
tranfparent Body, intermediate to
the Corpus Callofum and fiibjacent
Fornix, by means whereof the two
lateral Veatricles are in that place
feparated one from another.

m sS2T TheCorP ora Striata, °r Procerus

Fig. *.
'
Lentiformes, are two Prominencies
1 i, e>r.
fituated fomething higher than,andin
Men a them on each
great part ot
fide (though Dr. Willis fays, where
the Corpora Striata ends the Thalami
Nervorum Qpticorum begins, which
is only fo in Brutes) of the Thalami
Nervorum Opticorum, or Juga Crurum
Medulla? Oblongata, and are fo called
from the many white Streaks ap-
pearing in them, defending oblique-
ly to the Medulla Oblongata , with
Cineritious Subftance coming be-
twixt them when they are cut ho-
rizontally.

They
 The Anatomy of the Brain. i 2 1

They run down on each fide

the Thalami Nervorum Opticorum as
far as till the Corpus Callofum be-
gins towind back upon the Crura
Medulla Oblongata^ towards the hin-
dermoft part thereof.
I have got them delineated here

exadly true,(tho' by negledi without

the S/r/#)findingallthe Cuts of them
in Wiilu to be irom Brutes, except
one, which is done very ill, and thofe
in Vieujfentus very falfe, unlefs in Fi-
gure the 8th, which alfo wants the
Stria.

The Thai*. The Thalami Nervorum Opticorum

mi Nervo-
rum Opt i-
are two p
.
r rom inent Bodies, more
. .. . . '
,
corum. purely medullary on their outward
Superficies than within, which meet-
ing together like the two topmoft
ftroaksof %Y inverted, conftitute the
uppermoft part only of the CruraMe-
dulla Oblongata form, the
in that
other or undermoft fide being
quite of another figure; and feeing
they are the immediate continued Pro-
ductions of the Medulla Globofa Cere-
bri,(which contrary to the old Opi-
nion of Praxagoras and Philotimus,
aflerting the Brain to be only a Ger-
mination
 iaa The Anatomy of the Brain.
i

mination of the Dorfal Marrow, of late

reviv'd by Bartholin, ( if any prece- cf uJab -
in

dency of Parts as to time may be al p . i 37 .

low'd) I look upon to be rather the

original than the produ<2:ion of the
Medulla Ohlongata and Spinalis too)
and may more properly be called
Capita than Crura of the Medulla
Oblongata.
F»*5. cc« The Tops or fuga do, as already
obferved, encline clofe, yea, joyn
together, as Vieujjenius hath rightly
obferved contrary to Willis, (whole
Figures of that part are utterly
where the Rima ad In-
falfe) unlefs
fundibulum parts them, leaving like
the Corpora. Striata an obtufe angle
between them.
Betwixt thefe two laft mention'd
Bodies there is a medullary fpace on
each fide, which in a bending man-
ner encompafles the Thalami them-
felves, and receive the Extremities
of the Stria in the Corpora Striata,
as they defend from the afore-
mention'd Centrum Ovale, and is
therefore by Vieuffenius called Gem'u Vmf.$.6i
num Centrum Semicirculare, by Willis wiiifg dt
Limhi Pojleriores Corporum Stria* An. Brut.
4>-™'
mum P
H
The
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 23

The reafon why they are called

Thalami Nervorum Opticorum , is

from certain Fibres fuppofed to be

in theip, arifing borh from their true
medullary Superficies (by Fieuflenius
call'd a Medullary Membrane) and
fome from within their own Sub-
fiance, which at laft, towards their
foremoft part meeting together,make
pp the Bodies of the Op tick Nerves.
Willis fays nothing of thefe Fibres,
though in his Opinion Gajen did
not improperly give thdn that
name. Vieuflknm paints them very
ftrong.
As for my part, I never could
find any Fibres at all appearing in
their external medullary part, thofe
within are very fmall at beft, and
ftarce difcernable.
On the outfide of thefe I have al-
ways found and often fhoweda very

turrit fair medullary Trad, here defcri-

Tab.5.mm bed, running ail-along betwixt the
Corpora Striata fie from the very hin-
dermoft extent of the Corpora Stria-
ta forwardly, down to the very Roots
of the Fornix, to which they feem
to be continuous.

With-
 1 24 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Tbi Mw Within this Cavity of the Brain

are 'ikewife two
paffages into the
um
fundlbrium
Infundilulumy and fo on to the Glan-
dula Pituitaria, the foremoft of
which is called by the odd Name
The Vulva, of Vulva, and the hinder moft of.
the Aaus, Anus, from their ficuation, which
with the Rima betwixt them, is cal-
led, as was before noted, the third
Ventricle.
The places whence all this Water
iffues are commonly by the latter
Anatomifts defcribed under the name
Tria Fo- of Tria Foramina, fituated fo as to
ramina.
gj ve p 3 ffa e from a ll t he eminent
g
Regions of the Brain, from whence
there can be accefs had to them for
the Water (or rather the Lympha,
properly fo called ) to fall into the
aforefaid Infundihulumjcke firft where-
of is behind the tefles, under the Val-
<vula major, ( hereafter to be defcri-
bed ) the other juft under the Pineal
Gland, or the beginning of the Rima,
which two meet in an Aperture,
under the Nates and Tejles, by Vieuf* vitufon.
fenius call'd AquaEmiffarium, having P ar 5- -

a fteep defcent into the Infundilu-

lum ; and the Uft at the end of the
Rima,
 ;

The Anatomy of the Brain. 125

, Rima, or juft under the Roots of the
J
Fornix, and all ending at length (tho
by two different paflages) in the /»-
fmdilulum.

**>< N cs
ma y
not be unfeafonable in the
ft
n
^ b7tcc next place to take notice of two
remarkable very fair Procefles,
called Nates and Teftes, by former
Anatomifts fo named from the re-
femblance they had to thofe parts;
but it is plain from thence they were
only ufed to difledt Brutes, in which
they have fuch a proportion as is
betwixt them whereas in Men 'tis
,•

plain they are very near of "the

lame fize, and not very different
in form, being oblong and accumi-
nated towards their Extremities
but i&Sheep, Calves, and mod other
Creatures the Nates are round and
large,and thcTefies oblong, (bmewhat
accumulated, and very fmall.
Before thefe Natifcrm Procef-
&s> under the Glandula Vinealis, runs
a tranfverfe Procefs before taken no-
tice of Pag. 84, by Vieuffenius called vmfyn.
Procejjits Nat thus Antepofitns , and Tab * 8< f

Nervuli JEmulus y which upon fur-

ther enquiry, by drawing the Thala-
mi
 %%6 The Anatomy of the Brain*
~~
'
— '
— '

mi Nervorum Opticorum (till wider,

appears to be rather Nervi than tfer-
vuli jEmulus, being as thick as that
behind the Roots of the Fornix^ to
which in fituation 'tis juft oppofite,
andfeems tojoyn ths Thalami Ner-
vorum Opticorum together, as that
does the Corpora Striata.
In what rank to place them 'tis

hard to fay, as being neither proper

Appendices to either the Brain or Ce-
rebellum, properly Co called, and
being divided from the Medulla
Oblongata in feme meafure by an In-
terftice commonly called Dttttus ad
Infundibulumby the Moderns, but by
the Ancients a Paflage for the Animal
Spirits to the fourth or noble Ven-
tricle,

jfe if- They are fituated upon thtfe part

thorn Q f the Me ju ua oblongata &hich is be*
tween the Cerebrum and Cerebellum,
which (pace was before called Ifthmus,
oppofite to that part called from its
Author Pons Varolii, and by many
Authors, as Bartholine, Spigelius,
Highmore, &c. thought to be the
two hindermoft Root;s of the Spina-
lis Medulla, which much more likely

Riolams makes the Proceffes of the

de-
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 127
Cerebellum to be, and with faimftfrfto
the great Vefalius^ who paints them 766' 1
??
ft
fo. I,E.°&
From this intermediate fituation *&*«•<»<*,
Dr. Willis thought fit to make them
as it were an Intelligence Office be-
twixt the Cerebrum and Cerebellum,
how rightly, I refer to the Judgment
of others.
'Tis certain they are medullary
Bodies, and contribute to the ma-
king the Animal Fluid or Spirits fo
called after the fame manner as the
reftof the Brain does for in cutting
,•

them through, (after having taken

the reticular expanfion of Blopd-
veflels off from them, which is very
large here, and eminently conspicu-
ous in injected Brains) I find them
of the very fame fubftance with the
Procejfus Annularis and the Thalami
Nervorum optici, partly cineritious,
and partly medullary, and in frefli
Brains fomewhat, but very faintly,
ftriated.
I know not of any part within the
Brain, properly fo called, that is not
already defcribed, except a certain
Medullary Chord at the end of the
rhird Ventricle, and the Vahula
major. The
 1 28 The Anatomy of the Brain,

commir- The
of thefc, is a Medullary wmu P 4?
firft

M Crar- Procefs,which joyns the Corpora™} 2

r 3
-
.

vi ^EtiuU Striata together, according to Dr.

rft/iehffe- Willis, by Fieujfenius called Comiflk-

ra Crajfioris Nervr amula ; and ac-

cording to him is the Medium or
Commiffhra by wfiich his Geminum
centrum femicirculare intervening be*
t ween the two Corpora striata fupe-
s
rior a anterior a & pofteriora, and his
Traflus medullaris tranfverfus & ob-
liquus intervening between his two
Corpora tfriata inferior a anterior a and
pofteriora, have a communication
with each other.
Dr. Willis places this chord or mm, p.*.
Commiffure under the Roots of the co1 *•
Fornix, but it is always behind it,tho'
contiguous to it.
ttevaivu- The fecond is the Valvula ma-
u by
major. jor 9 (o called Vieuffenius, b\ityieu f
p ^
plainly enough difcovered by Dr. WiU wmu^.^
co! • 2, P a^ ,•

lis long before, and its proper ^[e

defcribed.
It is a thick (efpecially in Men)
medullary Membrane, adhering for-
vvardly to the inferiour part of
the tejliforme Procefi^ a little be*
hind that tranfverie medullary
Procefs from whence the pathe-
tick
 The Anatomy of the Brain, 129
tick or fourth Pair of Nerves arife,
laterally to the Procefs afcending
from the tfates to the Cerebellum,
on its hindermoft Expanfion, to the
foremoft Vermicular Procefs ofthe
Cerebellum and no where that
y
I know
of to any part of the Pons Varolii,
Vieujfenius will have it, (who
jsls
r/-, R ^„
feems to have miftaken another part p. 76.

for that Procefs) unlefs juft where *d

?\
n '

iT
the (ecoiid Procefs of the Cerebellum
comes out from thence, which jointly
with its fellow Procefs on the other
fide, when they meet together, after
their tranfverfe defcent on the back-
part of the Medulla oblongata, do
really make up that part which by
Willis is call'd (and that* no doubt
from Varolius) Protuberant/a Annu-
laris, and by others, from its true

Author, Pons Varolii,

By raifing up the foremoft above-
mention'd Vermicular Procefs of the
Cerebellum with the Finger, it rarely
fails to come id fight; but if not fo,
'tis eafily fliown, by blowing into
the Foramen fuuated under the Pineal
Gland.
Its ufe, according to Vieujfenius ^viih ^ xl ^
is to hinder any part of that. Water P ara »

which falls into the hindermoft Fo-

K ramen
i go The Anatomy of the Brain.

ramen behind the Teftes % from run-

ning into the fourth Ventricle, or
Vice verfa from the fourth Ventricle
into it, or from getting out on each
fide of the Medulla oblongata, over
the afore- mention d Procefles, fo as
to fall down upon the Nerves
arifing thereabouts below from the
Medulla oblongata: Which laft ufe
is evidently moft true, (whether it

be underftood of Water preternatu-

rally or accidentally colle&ed there,
for I muft needs coafeft I could never
find any there, any more than I could
in the third Ventricle in Subjects free
from thofe Difeafes incident to that
part, as ha,th before already been re-
marked />.8x)but as to that relating to
the pafiage from th$ Cerebellum to
the laft or third Foramen, much
I

doubt the Truth of it, for many Rea-

fons, of which this is one, viz.
That the flex us Choroeides in
/ the fourth Ventricle, together with
f
* the adjacent Parts, being of the fame
Texture as the other are in and about
the* two lateral ones of the Brain,
renders it as reafonabie to fuppofe
that Water may be colle&ed there as
in other parts of the Brain, (nay,that
it is fo, he himfeSf alfo allows as Mat-
ter of Fad) and confequently as ne-
ceffaty
 The Anatomy oftht Brain. 151

cvfTary to have a place of vent for

the Water whenever it happens to
gather there, as it was for that which
was at any time got into the other
Ventricles. And confequently,
In the next place, I do not fee
how this tender Film can be able
to intercept a pafTage of Co fearch-
ing a body as Water at any time
forced againfl: it (notwithftandingthe
fuppofed declivity of this Part, which
in Man, by reafon of the largenefi of
the fubjacent prominent annular Pro-
cefs, is very inconfiderable} which by
Puliation muft needs happen whenever
wefuppofethat Cavity filled with it.
And, in the laft place,notwithftan-
ding all the Contrivance the afore-
fiid Author hath fliewn in conveying
the grofs part of the Water (which,as
was before noted, he grants may be,
nay, conftantly is depofed there from
the Glands of the Plexus Choroeides
here fituate) by the Extremities of
Vmf?Al
Veins,out of this Ventricle, I- am fufpi-
was no fpedier reductory
cious,if there
paflage found out, there would fre-
quently happen very great Mifchiefs
to the MeclulU Spinalis it felf, and
the Nerves fpringing from it, feeing
the Extremity of that Ventricle cal-
led the Calamus Scriptorius is there
K % par-
32 The Anatomy of the Brain.

parted from the Spinal Marrow be-

hind but only by the Pia Mater,
it,

which norwithftanding it is there dou-

ble, as it is alfo quite down the whole
perhaps the Water fhould
£////<?, left

fall down upon the Nerves which arife

from it too readily,yet upon fuchan

occafion may beeafily fuppos'd lubjed:
to violation. Not to fay any thing of
the high improbability of any luch
Conveyance at all by the Veins,feeing
that in a natural ftate they are always,
as hath been already obferv'd, conti-
nuations only of Arteries.
'Tis true, this may hinder the fail

of Water into the fourth Ventricle, by

reafon of a PafTage under the Nates
before mention'd, by Fienffenius°c\\Yd
Aqua Emiffarmm,\o near at hand to
receive it when it finds its further pat
fige that way obflru&ed by the m-
terpofition and refiftance of this
Valve. And for the fame reafon
doubtlefs it was, that in Fieuffemuss
Experiment which he brings for a
'

Proof of his Opinion, no Water was .

y *
found in the fourth Ventricle, it ha- p, r 2 .

vinggot a paflage immediately, upon

itsnon-admittance by that Valve, to
convey if another way, which by rea-
fon of the fteepnefs thereof, is done
inuch more readily.
CHAP.
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 33

C H A P. XIV.

Of the Cerebellum-

THE .
Cerebellum falls

order to our consideration, in

next in

defcribing of which I hope a great

•
deal of pains may reafonably be (pa-
red, feeing all that hath been alrea-
dy fpoken of the cortical or cineri-
tious part of the Brain, asalfoof its
medullary part, is equally applicable
to the Cerelellum. Nor is what hath
been of the Plexus Cho-
(aid already
roeides in the Ventricles of the one
part lefs applicable to that Plexus
in this,

T
h
PIC US
'd
T^ s piexus Choroeides in the
tf iiSxir"
f°urc h Ventricle begins to be glart-
bciium. dulous juft under the Eighth Pair ol
L Nerves, from whenCfe it runs up on
the fide of the Caudex Medullar is to
the chordal or third Procefs of the
Cerebellum, and from it enters the
fourth Ventricle, by Aurantlus called Aunnr.
K3 Cijtema obf. p, 4 a.

/
134 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Ciflerna Spirituum; ("which Ventri-

cle, conformably to what that Au-
thor hath in the aforefaid place ob-
ferved, I always find broader than
long, and double, though not divi-
ded by any intervening Body, as the
two ones of the Brain are •)
lateral
not lying lode therein, nor at the
bottom of it, as the Plexus does in
the Ventricles of the Brain, but quite
conrrariwife, (and which hath not
heretofore, as I know
been taken,
of,

notice of ) adhering ciofe to the top

of this Ventricle, or the bottom of
the fuperincumbent Cerebellum, then
running tranfverfe juft at the end of
the Calamus Scriptorws, there be-
comes continuous to the Plexus of
the other fide ; as hath been obferv'd
of the Plexus in the lateral Ventricles
of the Brain.
This Plexus arifes from a ramifi*
cation of the fecond or backwardeft
Branch of the Cervical Artery, as
one part of the other Plexus of the
Brain mentioned in that Chapier
where the laid Plexus is treated of,
doth) and another fmalHr Branch of
the (aid Artery about the place
where it afcends from the Verte-
bral^
 the Anatomy of the Brain. 3">

•
iG. i.q brals, vvllic h ^
Branch turns in-
Expanfion firft, and
to a reticular
then a little {pace further meeting
with the other,conftitutcsthis Plexus.
This part differs from the Brain in
itscortical ftrufture, inafmuch as its
InterfticM^re here cliptical or pieces
of impefflfe Circles, growing fhor-
ter towards tho(e two Productions of
the Cerebellum, before and behind,
(which by reafon of certain annular
depreflions occafion'd by Bloodveflels
there embracing them, feem as tho'
they were wrinkled like Worms, and
therefore called ProceJJus Vermicula*
res) as Parallels upon the Globe do
towards each Pole.

frmfoloi
Ic ^a 'k taree Proce ^ s
>
which
ibecerc- joyned together on each fide, make
bdium. U p as ^ were two fa j r Roots, accor-
ding to the Ancients called the hin-
der Roots of the Oblongata Medulla,
by the Moderns Peduncles or Stalks,
by which this part grows to the Me*
dulla Oblongata.
FiG.7.gg The of thtfe afcend from
firft

the Cerebellum to the Nates, the fe-

Fio <5.BB.
con j from t h e cerebellum to the
. Medulla Oblongata, which meeting
together on the under fide thereof,
K4 as
 i%6 The Anatomy of the Brain.

as was before noted, make up that

large Protuberance by Willis called
Var.Anat. ^oceffus Annularis, by others from
P- a5. the firft Author Pons Varolii.
This I find full of Stria s or me-
dullary Tra&s, much ftronger and
flG 6' cc
of x^Corpora
-

larger than thofe

Striata, running tranfveJRm each
fide the length of the whole Pro-
cc'fs, and terminating
in a medul-
lary long Tratt, dividing that Pro-
cefs into two equal parts, as you
Ib,cc
fee in the Figure, the u(e whereof,
as having never been before obfer-
ved,will be hereafter taken notice of.

The from this part

third defcends
i\ff backwards, upon the upper fide of
F|G.7hh t le Medulla Oblongata, like two lon-
[

gilh thick Chords on each fide, ma-

king .the Medulla look fomewhat
thicker and broader in that place,
^nd not unfitly ftiled the Chordal
Procefi.
Thefe Stalks, when they joyn
together at the other end, make up
the Me dit allium* ox Corpus Callofatu
of the Cerebellum.

Thttranf- There are two or three fairmedul-

aflf the |ary procefles clofe to, and (bmetimes
fourth Ven* j>
tricle.
 The Anatomy of the Bram. 137

riding one over another, a little on

this fide the fourth Ventricle, or
about the beginning of the Calamus
Scriptorius, which joyn the two
cefles together that defcend from
the Cerebellum to the Medulla Qllon*
gat a f and there are two more de-
fending length- way from that other
tranfverfe -Procefs behind the Tejtes,
down to thefe.

iTfwPrtf- Thefe long medullary Proceffes I

h
§
never ^ n ^ want i°g> though in diffe-
cl *f bt
icdufh
'
^nt numbers, fometimes having Gxn
biongata* three, fometimes two, and once I*
oould find but one, (though larger
than ordinary) and conftantly, in
what number focver, ending in the
tranfverfe Precedes at the afore-men-
tion'd beginning of the fourth Ven-
tricle.

Thefe long defcending Procelles

are juft over-againft the CorpcraPyra-
tnzdaliapn the other or under fide of
the Medulla Oblongata , and the
tranfverfe Procefles at the beginning
of the fourth Ventricle laft mentio-
ned,are alittle above the original of the
Eighth Pair of Neives, infomuch that
without being very circumfped one
may
 ^8 The Anatomy of the Brain,

may miftake them for the original of

that Nerve, whereas in reality I find
them to be the original of the fbft or
hindcrmoft Branch of the 'Sevenths
will be more particularly taken notice
of hereafter, in the defcription of
thof% Nerves and therefore can-
,•

not but wonder how Dr. Willis (who

^JJ^fpcafe- in one place as though he
*

P 12. col. 2. had ften them) came to afiign them

**'*' for the Root of the ninth Pair,
.beneath whiclf and this Procefs I
have always obferved the fpace of
half an inch.

CHAP.
 The Anatomy of the Brain. i
39

CHAP. XV.

Of the Medulla Oblongata.

T HE
in
third part of
its general
according to the foregoing method,
the Brain,
acceptatipn,

is called the Medulla Oblongata, all

whole parts on its forefide having
already been fpoken of, it remains
in the next place that we take no-
tice of it on its other fide, where arc
cr« ra Me- mo ft confiderable its Crura, Co cal-
>
bng!iH. ' ec*> ^^hCrura are only the un-
der part of the Thalami Nervorum
Opticorum before defcribed, which in
their Extremities becoming continu-
ous to t'he under fide of the medul-
lary hinder part of the Brain,
occafion'd the Ancients to think
the Medulla Oblongata had its
foremoft Roots immediately from
the Brain there, as it had its hin-
dermoft from the Procefles of the
Cerebellum; but upon a more dili-
gent enquiry it appears, that thefe
Crura
£
 140 The Anatomy of the Brain

Crura are more deeply immerged in

and knit to the Medulla Globofa of
t\vt Brain forwardly , by vertue
of the Corpora Striata, as alfo by the
very medullary part of the Brain it
fetf,which there, from the back or
undermoft winding part of the Cor-
pus Callofum is perfeftly mingled
with it.
Where thefe two Crura begin to
come clofe together, the Protuberant
Fig&bb tia Annularis, or Pons Varolii,
made
up of the fecond Proofs of the Cere-
bellum aforementioned begins to ,

cover the Medulla Oblongata for

about the (pace of an inch and an
half, after which this Medulla
Ob.
longata in one large Trunk is
conti-
nued to the firft Vertebra of the
Spine, and fo quite down to the end
thereof.

&&. .
WhiIft the Br*'* is w this pofirion
dies behind lt m ay
not be unfeafonable to
take
&&£ ™
Fig.
tice of
r
tIus »de
,
of the
Wa
Wr white Bodies on
hfundihulum , n
,. bb i

.
that depretfed part of the Brain
where the Pia Mater
( as hath
before been taken notice of)
isfo
- remarkably double.

« There
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 141

rt^cor. There are alfo two white long

wraPyra-medullary Procefles called Corpora
Pyramulali* both by Willu and
fo£i; m
Vkuffeniust which arile juft at the
ending of the Annular Procefs run-
ning down upon the Med. Oblongata
the fpace of an inch, ending a good
fpace below the place where the
Eighth Pair of Nerves begin, which
have their original between the Corpo-
ra OJivaria and the Chordal ProceJJes
partly oa the other fide thereof, con-
trary to the account we have of them
by Dr. Willis^ who defcnbes them as WiUU^ij.
ending in pointed Extremities, juft ££/ {£u,
where thofe Nerves have their original, par. 3.

On each fide of thefe appear

Ihi Cor
q£ plainly the Corpora Olivaria, io cal-
led from their Figure, as the for-
mer were by Vieuflenius , which
with the Corpora Vyramiclalia and
two white Bodies behind the Infun*
dibulum, he calls Ccnceptacula Spiri-
tuum Animal'mm, or places contain-
ing Animal Spirits upon feveral
occafions of ufe ^o the Brain, both
in its natural and intellectual Fa-
culties.

CHAR
42 The Anatomy of the Braia

CHAP. XVI.

Of the Nerves.

fame pofition of the Brain

INwethealfo have a fit time of ta-
king a view of the Nerves, which
are ftill medullary Productions of
the Brain difperfed to all the parts
of the Body, which have need of
either Senfe or Motion, and theft are
in number ten Pairs or Conjugati-
ons, having their Names and Origi-
nals as follows.
The firft is the Olfailory Pair,
which after they leave the former
Lobes of the Brain, and begin to
run to the Bone called Ethmoides,
take the name of Proceffus Mam-
miliar e s ; but this is chiefly in
Brutes,where through their largenefs
they have that appearance, and are
manifeftly hollow.
By the utmoft Scrutiny I have
been able to make, they have but
one Original, and that is from the
undermoft and ioremoft part of the
Crura
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 143
Crura Medulla Oblongata, where they
advance on each fide into the Globous
medullary part of the Brain, from
whence running concealed betwixt
its foremoft and hinder Lobes ob-

liquely, for a good fpace, at laft they

come in fight, as them in the
you fee
Figure And by what means Vieujfe-
:

nius comes to find fuch diffufed Ori-

ginals for them as he fpeaks of, I krfow
not.
Their Ufe is known to moft,
and a particular accouat thereof, as
of the reft, together with the man-
ner of Senfation, with relation to
the external Organs of Senfe, is
much more fit for a Phyfio-
logical Trad than one of this
kind.
I (hall therefore only at this time
give a general defcription of the
Nerves belonging to the Brain, how
and where they arife, the difference
or variety whereof ferve very well
to inform us, according to feveral
late Theories, concerning the diffe-
rent Relervatories of the Animal
Fluid or Spirits, and the different
difpenfation of the fame to feveral
parts of the Body.
The
 1^4 The Anatomy of the Brain,

ihestcond The fecond, Pair are called the

?&
Ibid. 2 2.
Optick or Seeing Nerves, of which
T JT . i^v • •r i ; i
I find no more Originals than of the

former, and that is from thofe me-

dullary parts called Tbalami Nervo-
rum Opticorum, tho' Vieujfenim fays
they are from feveral parts ; and Wil-
lis in general terms from the afore-
fcATbalami Nervorum Opti corurn, be-
hind the Corpora Striata : which
defcription is more exadt in Quadru-
peds, where the Tbalami Nervorum
Opticorum are altogether in ficuation
behind the Corpora Striata, than in
Men, where a great part of the Cor-
pora Striata are fituated on the out-
rides of the Tbalami Nervorum Opti-
corum } and only their Heads or Ex-
tremities before them.
The Blood mention'd both
veflels
by Willis and Vieujfenius belonging
to. thefe Nerves, I have feen to run

not only upon or with them, but alfb

in inje&ed Bodies exadly quite thro'
the medullary fubftance of them, into
the reticular Coat of the Eye, wherein
they end in an infinite number of
the moft capillary Ramifications*
which by an injection of that Artery
i made
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 45
made with Mercury, become very
delightfully confpicuous to the Eye.
The Nervous Fibres alfb, from the
fifthand third Pair of Nerves, do
twine about the Bodies of thefe
Nerves, as the two above-mention'd
Authors do truly affirm, but how
rightly they both affign to them the
office of dilating and contracting
them fubferviently to the vifory fa-
culty, and prpternaturally in Con-
vulsions of the Eye, as though thefe
Fibres were truly Mufcles, or of the
carnouskind, I refer to the Judgment
of others.
Thefe go out of the Skull at its

firft Foramen.

Thirhird The third of the

Pair ari(e out

FiGjjt 3 forward and upper part of the Annu-

3
lar Procefs, where 'tis contiguous to,
and covered with the under part of
the That'ami Nervorum Qptkorum,
.

coming out into fight from between

them, juft where that Procefs termi-
nates forwardly, which is where the
Crura Medulla Oblongata come toge-
ther into one body, conftituting the
Caudex Medulla Oblongata.

L Thefe
 1 46 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Theft running through a duplica-

te re of theDura Mater, on the out-
fide of the Circular Sinus^ go out of
* the fecond hole of the Skull to the
Eyes, and are therefore called Par
Qculornm Motorium^ to the voluntary
motion of which only they are gran-
ted to be fubfervient, which, feeing
they have their original from the Ce-
rebellum, afford us no weak Argu-
ment againft the Hypothefis of
Dr. Willis^ who hath referv'd that
* part Nerves fubfervient to
in in-
voluntary motions only. v

Tbenurtb The fourth Pair is very fmall,

ibid 4 4.
com n g ftom the tranfverfe Procefs
i

on the forefide of the Medulla Oblon-

gata behind the Tejles, firft coming
in fight between the undermoft part
of the hinder Lobe of the Brain and
the Cerebellum laterally, eroding that
part where the Annular Procefeends
towards the Crura Medulla Oblongata,
from whence they pafs into a dupli-
cature of the Dura Mater ^ and after-
wards, a little mo^e outwardly than
the former, goes through the fame
fecond hole to the Trochlear Mufcle
of the Eye, and are called from their
mo-
 The Anatomy of the Brain. iaj
moving of that according to tke pac-
tions of the Mind, the Pathetick Pair.

iu Fifth The fifth Pair is broad and large,

mac e U P °^ man y z ^c ^ fibres conti-
*
fbld
nuous to each other, fomefofterthari
others, arifing from the uppermoft
part of the ProceJJus Annularis, which
is backward laterally, where 'tis
broadeft, by reafon of the (econd
Procefs of the Cerebellum there en-
tering it.

This Nerve, after having firft

Ihinebtsof climb'd over the inner Procefs of the

the fifth Os Petrofum into a kind of a Cavity
made of a duplicature of the Dura
Mater in that place, immediately
fwelis into a kind of a thicknefs, cat
Fig. ?b led a Ganglion, from whence fevera!
Branches are propagated, lying be-
twixt the Dura Mater and the Cra-
nium, on each fide the Sella Turcica,
without any Fovea or Cavity at all,
going out of the Skull at three
Fig. 5. feveral places, its fuperiour fmall
G D E
>
>
Branth at the fecond hole with the
third and fourth Pair of Nerves, its
inferiour fmaller Branch at the third
hole, and its pofteriour or largeft
Branch at the fifth.
L % From
 148 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Fig. 2. y. Frojn the infide of the foremoft

Branch two little ones turnback,and
tiieeting with another (mall Branch
a, little lower turned back alfo from

the fixth Pair, where that Nerve is

faften'd to the outmoft or borrowed
Coat of the Carotid Artery, make up
a fmali Trunk of a reddilh or fleftiy
colour, like to that which 'tis of when
paffed out of the Cranium, (as Vejlin-
gius hath truly obferved, who calls it

ctfiairaiT.
The Internal Branch ojr the Sixth pair)
x. z z. which dcfcending obliquely, and cree-
ping under that Artery, betwixt its
external, proper, and borrowed Coat,
goes out with the Carotid Artery at
the fourth hole of the Skull, which
is in a manner double between the

Os Petrofum and Cuneiforme, and from

its paffage through the Thorax, near

the Roots of the Ribs, (ail-along

which, it receives a Branch from the
Iniercofbl Nerves) is calPd , The
Intercoflal Pair.

rttfixtb The flxth are abbut the bjgnefs

F?G.ip. °" ^ ie third, arifing from the hinder
* 6. part of the Annular Procefs over*
againft, and not far off from the
beginning or head of. the Corpora
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 149
Tyramidalia. It fends out fbmetimes
one ( in this Subjedi very ftort)
fbmetimes two flips , as was afore (aid,
for the making up the Trunk of the
Intercoftal Nerve, and after that (with
the foremoft Branch of the fifth Pair,

in one and the fame duplicature of

the Dura Mater ^ together with the
preceding third and fourth Pair of
Nerves) goes out at the fecond hole
of the Skull, and terminates in the
abdu&ory Mufcles of the Eye.

mftvtntb The feventh Pair, or Hearing

Fair.
Nerve is large, and comes out al-
5,7
'
moft jaft over-againft the original
of the fifth Pair, on the lower or un-
der fide of the fecond Procefs of the
Cerebellum, where it firft appears
;

coming out from the Cerebellum to

make the aforefaid Vrotuberantia An-
nularis between the Corpus Olivare
and that Protuberance, as though it
crept out betwixt them, and had (as
it really hath) a more remote extra-

ction.
It confifls of two diftirid Procef.
(es , the firft of which is more
round, hard, and lefs than the
fecond, that being for Motion,
L 3 this
 '

1 5 o The Anatomy of the Brain.

this for Senfe, but tho' they feem

as though they had the fame origi-
nal, being feemingly continuous at
their rife from the Brain, ("which
Dr. ^///a affirms they have, tho'^j£|
fometimes he makes it in one place, & p. $*>
CDl,I par 4 ' ' '
and fometimes in another) yet upon
a further enquiry it does appear other-
wife, the firft or hardeft having its
original from the Caudex Medullars,
not far from the place where it comes
firft in view ; the fecorid very remote

from the tranfverfe Procefs or Procef-

fes in the paflage to the fourth Ven-
Fig. 7.1 1 tr i c l e before defcribed, (which ino.„.
another place the fame Author feems eJi.^paM
plainly to have obferv'd, taking it
for the Original of the other Pro-
ce(s of Nerve ) from whence
this. ,•

it afcends ail-along on the fides of the

Medulla Oblongata till it arrives at the
afore- mentioned place, where it firft,

together with the other Branch,leaves

the Medulla^ to pafs out cf it at the
feventh hole in the Bone called Pe-
trofum.

mjghtb The ci ghthj or par Vagum ^ arir ^

FiG.ifi8 8
a ver y Etlg beneath the feventh,
but yet not from any part of the
 ine Anatomy oj im Drain. i
5

Annular Protuberance, but exa&Iy

in that fomewhat hollow place be-
twixt the Corpus Olivare and third
or Chordal Procefs, having nume-
rous ( I have counted ten or twelve)
Fibres, but all continuous at their
firft rife, for its original.

This in a multitude of Ramifica-

tions is fpent upon the Bowels, and

goes out at the eighth hole with

the Spinal Acceflbry Nerve, where the
great lateral and the inferiour little

Sinus's in the Bafis of the Skull

go cut into the Internal Jugu-
lar.

To this eighth Pair about half

an inch from its firft rife, whilft
it climbs upon or (licks to the Pia
Mater upon the Bafis of the Cere-
* *
helium, afcends a Nerve called Spi-
nails AcceJJbrius by Willis, but long
before him taken notice of, nay,
painted and defcribed, by Vidus Vi-
Vidus Vi~
dius, the original whereof I find to rfjw,Vy$.
be as far as the feventh Vertebral T **
F8 z
:
^
Pair, from the foremoft and hinder- '

moft beginnings of that Nerve, not-

withftanding Vieujfenius confines its
L4 ori*
 \^1 The Anatomy of the Brain.

original to the fourth Pair ot 'that

part only.
This Nerve runs under the Verte-
bral Artery near half an inch on the
fide of the Medulla Oblongata, at
length, about half an inch trom the
beginning of the eighth Pair, leaves
the aforefaid Medulla Oblongata, run-
ning obliquely upon the Via Mater
of the Cerebellum, to joyn 'with the
aforefiud Pair, which it really does
in that very place, though it part
with it afterwards again.

ne ninth The ninth hath feveral ( in one

ibid
'

o
^ octy ' counted (even or eight)
'
pretty large Fibres for its original,
very diftant one from another, the
firft of them coming higher, from the

very top of the Corp.Olivare$ the next,

and feveral others, are much lefs, a
quarter of an inch lower and the
,•

laft much lower yet, about the end-

ing of the Corpus Olivare, or begin-
ning of the tenth Pair, with feve-
ral others between the Pia Mater and
fubjacent Medulla Oblongata ; but af-
ter all, its Trunk is very little, about
the bignefs of the Acceflbry Pair.

5
Thro
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 153
Thro' the Fibres of this Nerve
there runs commonly a fmall but
very vifible Branch of the Vertebral
Artery, at its original ; as you fee in
the Figure expretfed by the Letter k
ici.k.
on the right fide, going out at the
ninth hole, together with this Nerve
and the Vertebral Vein, which Vein
yieuf6
Vieuffenius miftakenly makes to go
out at a tenth hole, forafmuch as that
is never found in Nature, neither need

be, feeing the tenth Pair goes out at

the laft or great Foramen^ by which
the Medulla 'Oblongata pafles into the
Spipe.

littntb
xhe tenth Pair, £ which had it a
bid.io 10 double Original from each fide of the
Spinal Marfow, (as all the reft of the
SpinalNerves have) might much more
properly be called the firft Vertebral,
inafinuch as that both a great part*of
and egrefs is quite out of the
its rife

bounds of the Cranium) (erving chiefly

the Mufcles of the Neck, it begins
with three,and fometimes more,fmall
Fibres lower a great deal, out of the
Medulla Oblongata, almoft an inch
below the Trunk of the ninth Pair,
and is about the fize thereof.
It
1^4 The Anatomy of the Brain.

goes out of the Cranium be-

It

twixt the firft and fecond Vertehra

of the Neck, making its paflage
through the Dura Mater from the
Medulla Oblongata, about half an inch
below the place where the faid Arte-
ry comes in.
The Structure of thefe Nerves is
confident of many Fihrillds or
Stria st number whereof
a certain
being firft enclofed in a produ&ion
of that delicate inward Lamina of
the Via Mater afore defcribed and
fpoken of, makes up a Fafciculus or
Bundle, and many of thefe colle&ive-
ly the Body of a Nerve.
In thefe. Fihrillds or Stria's ( be-
tubulous and always turgid, as in Co
many Rivulets fpringing from the
main Fountain the Brain, and from
thence diftributed to every refpe-
$:iv-e part of the Body) is contain'd
the Animal Fluid, by means where-
of there is maintain'd a conftant
intercourfe betwixt it and$the Soul,
and reciprocal ads of Friendihip be-
twixt one part and another.
This Animal Fluid I look upon
only as a Body confifting of very
minute and flexile Particfes, con-
tain'cj
 The Anatomy of the Brain. i
55

tain'd in fuch a fpace as allows

them a capacity of being agitated
on all fides by vertue. of the fubtile
matter, Ethereal Globtdi they
or
fwim by which means they are
in,

render'd capable of pervading the

narrowefl Channels of the whcle
Machine, provided its Orifice or
Pore be adapt thereto, in contradi-
ftia&ion to thofe other fort of grof-
fer Particles of Matter, which by
reafon of the narrowneft and figure
of the fpace they are to enter, do
approximate (b clofe, as to become
contiguous in all their Superficies,
whereby they become deprived of
their former expanfive agitatiop,
which is always neceflary to make
a Body fluid, and like fo many fmall
Filaments orderly difpofed, do con-
stitute the Inclofures or Coats of
thofe Veflels the Fluids are contai-
ncd in.
This Animal Fluid I conceive to
be in a continual ftate of Tranfpi-
ratlon, proportionable to the mea-
(ure of its leifurely production, fee-
ing no more rieceffity of afcribing
any further Ufes to it t be/ides
thofe afore-m£ntion'd, than I do to
the
1 $6 the Anatomy of the Brain.

the watery Humour of the Eye,

befides its fervice to Vifion, which
is always in a ftate of frefh produ-
ction, as by the Excellent Muck's N«* *t
Experiment is plainly manifeft,- and^J
yet, by vertue of Tranfpiration, ocuLr.

fome way or other, though to us p,ld ^

not vifible, without any incon-
veniency to that noble Organ.

CHAR

,mr mm
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 157

CHAP. XVIF.

Of Senfation and Motion in

general

THE Nerves thus conftituted,

become accommodated for
Ufe in relation to their (everal and
diftindt Fun&ions, in fbme confifting
of Sence only, fuch as a?e thole
appertaining to the particular Senfb-
ries, (viz.) the Smelling and Seeing

Nerves,, as alfo the fott Procefs of

the Hearing Nerve, fome Branches
of the fifth, and it may be of the
ninth Pair, for Tailing ; in ihort,
all the Nerves belonging to thofe
external Senfbries, by way of emi-
nency,' and in eminent or
a left
general way all the Nerves of tfie
whole Body, which are diftributed
to fuch Parts as by reafon of their
ftrudture are capable of SeHfationor>
ly, any of which, as furnifli'd with the
Nervous Fibrils, but more eminent-
ly the Cuticula } mzy properly be call'd
an
« 58 The Anatomy of the Brain*

an Organ or Senior y of Feeling ; in

others of Motion chiefly, fuch as are
all the whole Syltem of Nerves, (ex-

cepting them only afore-mention'd)

fes, which though in a left eminent

manner, are neverthelefs fenfitive

Nerves alfo : In others of both, in
all refpedte (viz) either in a more
eminent or lefs eminent Senfation,
and Motion too, with relation to the
different Fibres they confift of in
their Originals, as the fifth and ninth
Pairs. *
Thefe two different Fun<9tions of
Senfation and Motion are executed
after two as different manners.
The firft of which, being occa-
fion'd from external Obje&s, is di£
charged by a preffure thereof made
on the Inftrument of Senfe, fo tfrat
the Motion is backward irom one
Extream of the Organ to the other,
where it terminates in the Commune
Senforium, commonly fo called, and
is therefore (tiled Perception, Pafton,
or' Ajje ft ion.
The other is difcharged by fome
manner of impulfe upon the Organ
from within outwardly, with a ten-
dency either to acquire fome Good,
or
 ;

The Anatomy of the Brain. i<J^

or avoid (ome Evil ; by which In>

pulfe, when on fo far, either
carried
in a natural or moral fence, as to ter-
minate in, or to be executed upon
its proper Objed ; the Objeft then

may be faid to fuffer as before in the

other cafe it might be laid tp ad",
and the perceptive Faculty now to
ad as before it might be laid to fuf-
fer, and this Adion is commonly
called Local Motion.
For whole lake, feeing 'tis of diffe-
rent kinds, learned Men have thought
fit to organize or divide the Brain

into two diftind Provinces inveikd

with feveral. Rights and Jurifdittions
abating the Power of the Senfitive
Soul, which before was looked upon
univerfal over the whole Brain, al-
lowing it only a principal, but no
Empire there: And this they
abfolute
have done upon no weak or unrea-
fonable grounds, feeing that Local
Motion is not only in many refpeds
performed without its afliftance, but
even agaioft its power of refiftance
as in the Puliation of the Heart, ver-
micular Motion of the Bowels, and
in a great meafure the Ad
of Refpi-
ration.
Now,
160 The Anatomy of the Brain.

. Now, that which hath been taken

from the Brain hath been conferr'd
on the Cerebellum, to which, though
fome Power in this Affair may juft-
ly be allowed, as was before obfer-
ved, yet poffibly pot altogether Co
much as there hath bfien.
Dr. WiUu who is Chief in this
}

Caufe, having diftinguifli'd Motion

into voluntary and involuntary on-
ly, hath made the Cerehrum accoun-
table for the one, and the CereleU
lum chiefly for the other; and to
that end hath furnilh'd it with the
like number of Nerves, as in his
own words is exprefled, Vt divifum wmuc.it
cum ipfo ( i. e.) Cerelro^ tmperium
Cerebellum habeat% nay, considering
the Intercoftal Pair, derived from the
fifthand Sixth Pair, which belong to
the Cerebellum, he hath made it ex-
ceed.
I am apt to think that Learned
Perfon too foon fell in love with
his firft Thoughts, the ordinary
reafon of either ones feeing falfe, or
not far enough.

No-
 1

The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 6

Nothing being more apparent,

than that mod of thoie Actions or
Animal Motions he calls Involunta-
ry, and of which he gives fp many
Inftances, are equally found in Brutes
and rational Creatures too, whilft in
the date of Infancy, as well as when
grown up,wkh this only difference,that
all of them in the laft are under thecon-

trouling power of the Soul, and

conlequently may be fufpended up-
on Ad: of the Underftan-
a reflex'd
ding whereas in Brutes and Infants
;

they are neceflary, and do as natu-

rally enfue upon the impulfe of the
Objed, as Water, *when unconfin'd,
runs towards a Plain.
Now, were fuppofed
if all thefe
to be under the power of the Cere-
bellum only in Brutes and Infants,
the Brain it felf muft neceflarily
be thought altogether ufelefs in
them.
It will be neceflary therefore to
take notice, that there are two forts
of Animal Motion in Brutes, as in
Rational Creatures, the one purely
natural, fuch as is Pulfation of the
Heart, and various contraction of the
f>ykr#,proceeding from a certain por-
M tion
1 62 The Anatomy of the Brain.

tion of theAnimal Fluid continual-

ly difpenied to the Nerves in an
equal proportion, and fo may be
faid to have their caufe origi-
nally co-exiftent with the Creature,
and always prefent And this. kind
:

we find by a moft convincing Ex-

periment hereafter to be mentioned,
to be from the Cerebellum, and ab-
folutely free from the dominion of
the Brain, in its ordinary way of a&>
ing or influx.
The other is that of Inftintt,
relating to the Senfative Soul, or
an aptitude of the Nervous Structure,
to ad
according to the Impreffioas
made upon the Nerves, either from
within, or from without, and fo may
be (aid to depend on the prefence
of fueh Caufes as are fupervenient
and extraneous to Nature, fuitable
to the impreffions whereof the Ani-
mal either purfues or avoids the
Objed, obeys, or refills the Im-
pulfe.
Now, I take it for granted, that
nobody will deny butthat the Nerves
( by vertue whereof thefe lafl a&ions
oi faftinft are perfermed ) whether
they arife from the Cerebrum or Cere-
helium,
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1
6%
helium, are equally Binder the corn-
mandof the Soul; or elfe, as I (aid
before, the Brain in thofe Creatures is

to no purpo(e.
And of this fortreckon all thofe
1

a&ions in rational creatures of Inft'tntt

before they have attain'd to the uie
of their Vnderftanjmg, from any fort
of Impreilions, o*4nadvertent and in-
confulted , when he hath the con-
trouJing power of Reafon allow'd him
and makes no ufe of it, fuch as are
called Haiitual , which at firft were
produced by command of the Ratio-
rial Part OTfly, but through frequent

repetitions at laft, without any com-

mand from that, out of a blind obedi-
ence to a bare impulfe from the Ob-
ject ; or laftly, fuch as happen when
he hath altogether loft the u(e of it,
as in Sleep or Diftraftion ; in which
laft Cafes 'twill be very difficult to
diftinguilh him from a meer Machine
or Automaton.
Now, from what hath been faid,
I cannot but think it plain, that
many of the Adtions before fpoken
of in Dr. Willi* s fence, by him
called Involuntary as proceeding
,

z M
frora
164 The Anatomy of the Brain.

from the dominion of the Cere*

bellnm only, fuch as he calls the
various Configuration of the Face,
from fome Impulfe or Provoca-
tions in the V'ifiera or elfewhere,
ere&ing the Ears* turning the Neck
and Eyes about, fudden Shrieks and
Outcries upon ftpie extraordinary
frightful Objed: fifrprizingly affect-
ing one Senfe or another, furniflhed
with either fuch Nerves as he fup-
pofts tobe altogether under the
command of the Cerelelluw, as the
fifth and feventb, or elfe to have
a very near correfpondfence with
that part by vertue of Vicinity,
as the ninth, de more truly pro-
ceed from that perceptive faculty, or
(to ufe his own words), that part of
the Soul, he hath confin'd to that
part of the Medullary Syftem called
the Cerebrum, inafmuch as in reaso-
nable Creatures they may and com-
monly are fiifpended,as well as the
Nerves they flow from, fometimes
made ufe of as Instruments of
Voluntary Motion by it alfo ; and
to tkkik the cbntrary, i* as much
as
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 65

a$ to fay, that when any body

happens to exprefs any of the afore-
mentioned involuntary Adts, or but
hit his Bedfellow a box of the Ear,
whilft afleep, all thefe rauft be al-
from theOrgan
io w'd to proceed only
of Involuntary Motions called the
Cerebellum.

And of this kind alfoin a great mea-

fure I reckon Refpiration, concern-

ing which I cannot eafily be brought

to think it fatisfa&orily explain'd by
Dr. Willis ^ from the Energy of
thofe Animal Spirits which flow
only from the Cerebellum in the far
Fagum, after the fame manner they
do to the Heart by the Intercoftal
and that Pair for its pulfation,
and as only under the command of
the Soul, to be ftopt now and then,
as it pleafes , by vertue of fome
Nerves communicated to the In-
tercoftal Mufcles and Diaphragm,
the chief Inftruments of breathing,
from the Spina Dorfi.

M > Um
%66 Ihe Anatomy of the Brain.

I am therefore rather enclin'd to

think this Motion
of the other
is

different fend before fpoken of, un-

der the Tide of Inftin£t y proceed-
ing from an extraneous fuperve-
nient Caufe, a&ing conformably
to the cGurfe of Nature in o-
other Cafes of the fame kind, as in
Hunger and Thirft, and the like,
where the obtaining the defigned
End or Effect renders the part from
whence comes the Motion for fome
time infenfible of the imprefflbn,
and where, after she ceafing of the
Effed or Motion, the feme of the
impreffion revives again , whence
there happens an equal reciproca-
tion between the Scnfe and Fruition,
or Seafe and Motion.
To apply this account of the
manner and reafo-n of the Spirits
a&ing upon the Stomach and Pa-
hte on relation to Hunger and
Third, no that of the Syfiole and Dia-
fiole oFt-hc Lungs or Refptration/twill
be needful to take notice, that in an
Infant unborn there is no Refpira-
tion 5 but yet there is a Cerelellum ;

and that if th| fort of Motion cal-

led
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 6J

led Inftintty which I make to differ

from purely Natural Motions, fuch
as are contemporary with even the
firfl living Rudiments of the Indi-

vidual, was altogether and folely

owing to the Cerebellum, after the
manner of that of the Heart then ,•

of neceflity the Child in the Womb

ought to refpire. But being fatis-
fied of the contrary, itremains that
we account for its refpiration ano-
ther way, which is as afore noted,
through the pretence or abfence of
the firft moving Caufe or Impulfe,
which I make or fappofe to be any
thing impreffing the Nerves, pro-
pagated through the Organs of
Breathing, Co as to tranfmit the
impreffion from within to the per-
ceptive Faculty, prefiding both over
the Cerebrum and Cerebellum too,
ito the end the Spirits may from
thence forthwith be commanded
into fuch other Nerves as aft thofe
Mufcles which ferve for enlarging
the whole Cavity of the Thorax, in
order to let the Air into the Lungs
more plentifully , which was the
thing timed at by Nature ; and theft
M4 are
 «

i68 The Anatomy of the Brain.

-

i - - - i i i

are the Intercoftal Mufcles and Dia-

phragm.
Now 'tis eafie to conceive, that
whilft the Child is enclofed in its

Mothers Belly, there is not that

occafion for Refpi ration as when
'tis born, the main Stream of Blood
't. j^J all that while finding no paffagfthro'

?£/*y
^^%>
them, and that which does by the
ft Uyjbjan Artery made of Juices
much more mild and cooler, the
native heat being little, and the
Aliment meer Chyle or Milk ; from
whence it falls out that the Pulmo-
nick Nerves go altogether unpro-
voked, which after birth are conti-
nually otherwife imprefled or pro-
voked by the hot Effluviums of
Blood, now brtd of ftronger Food,
and by a ftronger native heat, and
wholly flowing through them; which
heat continually, as the Child ac-
quires a greater maturity, encrea-
fing, may, for ought I know, not '
?

a little contribute, by way of natural

impulfe, to its exclufion.
The truth of this will the more
ctearly appear to any who will
take the pains to confider well of
the ftru&ure of Parts in Childreq
ua-
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1
69
unborn, in whom the ufual circuit
pf Blood through the Lungs, which
are defigned tor rarifying and per-
fecting the mixture of Blood and
Chyle, is denyed ; as alfo through
the Liver, ferving chiefly for fepa-
rating that grofs Excrement the
Gall, hot bred (at leaft in any
proportion ) in an Infant unborn,
and in lieu of thefe, other Paflages,
(which become altogether unneceC-
fary after birth ) provided by
Nature after a fhorter and more
compendious way, (viz) by the
Foramen Ovale betwixt the Vena Cava
and Vena Pulmon. and Tululus Arterio-
ftu between the Art. Vttlm. and Aorta
in the Lungs, and thsTubulus Venofus
between the Sinus of the Porta and the
Cava in the Liver ; ?s hath been moft
fagacioufly obferv'd by the late Lear-
ned Dr. Walter Heedham.
?
That in feveral Crea-
Tis true,
tures there fome Nerves very
are
much depending on the Cerehellum,
as are they which minifter (though
in a different manner, as hath alrea-
dy been taken notice of, and will
be hereafter further explained) to the
Natural and Vital Fusions, (wz.)
the
1 70 The Anatomy of the Brain.

the Par Vagum and Intercoftal Pairs,

and therefore the aforefaid Author,
who is in this as in many other
of his Difcoveries very fortunate,
and highly commendable, made a
very good guefs when he brought
thefe Faculties into fubje&ion to
that part , inafmuch as by fe
veral others, as well as by my own
Experience upon living Bodies, we
find, that notwithftanding mod part
of the Brain be pared off with a
Razor, yea, even after the Medulla
Oblongata be divided betwixt the
Cerebrum and Cerebellum, and taken
wholly out of the Cranium, the
Heart will beat, whenat the fame time
if the Cerebellum it felf be but cut in
pieces, though all the reft of the
Brain be kept entire, the Greature
expires prefently.
Yea,l have teen Refpiration (which
only in part depends on the Cerebel-
lum) totally toceafe upon only a fud-
den violent compreffion of that part
by a blow, and, after its being woun-
ded, the Heart to ceafe beating im-
mediately.

All
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 171

Allwhich muft of natural con-

sequence fall out upon the Hypo-
thefis, That thofe Functions of
Nature do depend on the Cere-
helium for their fource and in-
fluence, which is conftant, uninter-
rupted, and out of the arbitrary
jurifdidion of the Brain yet with ,•

this difference, that in Motions

purely natural, and either contem-
porary with the Emlrto y as the firft
figns of its vitality, fuch as is Puliati-
on of the Heart, during its enclofare
witbin the Mother, or fupervenient
upon its further growth and
more vifible organifation of Parts,
as the natural contra&ion of the
other Vifcera fubfervient to the
offices of Protrufion of the Chyle,
ftparation of the Glandular Juices,
and profcription of the Excrements,
the Animal Fluid or Spirits do alto-
gether flow from the Cerebellum,
the Nerves there both defcending
from the Cerebellum^ and termina-
ting in thofe parts afore-mentioned ;
whereas in Refpiration, Which I call
a Motion of Supervenient Inftinfr,
( if I may be allowed to ufethe word
Tnfiinfl
ij2 The Anatomy of the Brain,

Inftinttir! that fence) the Nerves

defcending from the Cerebellum, and
propagated through the Lungs from
the Par fagum, ferve only to convey
thefirftlmpulfe or Impreffion of the
Obje<a to thofe parts which are by
Nature framed and qualified to pro-
duce Refpiratory Motion, and thofe
are the Nerves of the Spina] Marrow,
receiving the impreffion from the
Cerebellumfeting that by the aforefaid
Experiment it appears plain, that af-
ter thewhole Cerebrum was divided
from the Cerebellum and Medulla
Oblongata, the ad: of Refpiration
continued for a confiderable time
entire, which Motion is dependent
ori the Senfative Faculty prefiding
in the Cerebellum, tranfmitting the
firft Impulfe produced by the eighth
ParVagum (as before obferv'd)
Pair or
and communicated thence to thofe
Spinal Nerves which a& the Inter-
coftal Mufcles and Diaphragm.
So that all the office of the Par
Kagum> which is propagated thro v
the Lungs', is to convey the Im-
preffion from thence to the Cere*
kl/um,..which by vertue-of its con-
nexion
 The Anatomy of the Brain. J73
nexion with the Caudex Medullar*
( from whence the Ancients rightly
thought that part had its hinderrooft
Roots from the Cerebellum, as before
taken notice of) it is able totranf
mit it further, as the Senfauve Facul-
ty prefiding there (hall direcSt, and
that too by the common way, the
Medulla Oblongata and Spinal fferves*
And further ; That this part is as
capable thereof as the Cerebrum^ and
is not wholly and only deputed for

the fervice of fuch Nerves or Or-

gans as are employed by the in-
voluntary part or portion of the
Soul, (as Dr. Willis would have it)
appears in that the third Pair of
Nerves, by him allowed to bea-
mongft the number of rije other
kind of Nerves, {viz, ) thofe com-
manded by the Will, from hence
(as hath been already fhewn) hath
Irs original. And here alfo further-
more give me leave to add, by
way ot conjecture, that the reafon
why the Soul hath not an equal
command over thofe afore-mention'd
Nerves dedicated to the vital and
natural Motions, is, the early date
or
1 7a The Anatomy of the Brain*

or commencement of the office of

thofe Nerves, by which means they
contract an habitual irrefiftible In-
flux, much lefs fo in thofe belonging
to the Refpiratory Fundtions, the
exercife whereof is of a later date ;
and laftly,the Influx isnot in theleaft
£0 habitual in thofe other (ubfervient
to the Organical Fun&ions of the
Limbs, inafmuch as they are not
capable of being exercifed till a much
longer time after, and then not fo
uninterruptedly as cither the firft

or the fecond, but gradually, and

with intermiffions.
So that the only reafbn why upon
cutting the Cerebellum Refpiration
ceafes, is, that by that means its

ftrufture is difcompofed, and ren-

der'd unfit either to receive or
tranfmit the impreflion further to
the aforefaid Nerves, which are fub-
fervient to the Inftruments of Re-
fpiration.
'Tis true , there are reciprocal
communications betwixt the Nerves
?air Vertebra, and
,of the Inter coft al %

Diaphragm, yet feeing they termi-

nate n<K immediately m the Parts
of
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 173
of each others particular difttnd: ju-
rifdi<5tions there is no interchangeable
>

a<9: or office from thence produced

betwixt them.
For as, notwithstanding there are
fo many Branches of Nerves com-
municated from the Spinal Nerves
fubfervient to voluntary motion, to
the IntercoftalPair,on their defcent to
the Vifccray w\& yet by reafon of their
not terminating in thofe parts, they
are not in the leaft able to bring
thefe Nerves under the commands
of the Rational Soul, by which
provident Care of Nature it Co falls
out, that 'tis not in the power of
any, by mifguided Reafon, to aGt
injurioufly to themfelves : So
by vertue of feveral Branches re-
ciprocally communicated from the
Intcrcoftal Pair in its paflage down
to the Fzfcer*, to the Spinal Nerves,
there is no power given to them
of moving the "Mulcles to which
they are fubfervient uninterrupted-
ly, after the meer manner of the
Vifcer*.

But
f j6 The Anatomy of the Brain.

But now, to return to where we

left off, infome Creatures it's very
plain , that Nature hath extended
this imperial refidence of the Soul
beyond the Cerelellum, even as far
as the Spinalis Medulla, having not
only put this lad motion, but that
of Pulfation too, under the jurif-
di&ion of that elongation of the
Brain •as appears in the famous Ex-
periment of the Induftrious CalJefi
upon the Tortoife, which after the
Head was cut off lived, and car-
ried its Shell about, the fpace of
fix Months.
Befides which , 'tis remarkable,
( by way of digreflion) according to
another Experiment by the aforelaid
Author made upon that Creature,
that after even the Heart and all
the Vificra befides, were taken out,
except the Lungs, that Creature
(to ufe his own Expreffion) was
found fo to refill Death, as to tui;n
it felf from the inverted or fupine

pofition had been placed in, in

it

order to make the Experiment, to

its prone or natural one, and to live

and move fix hours after. From

whence
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 77
whence it appears, that Mujcular Mo-
tion is capable of being performed
by the Animal FInid alone, without
the concurrence of the Blood, by
mod Authors # conftamly hitherto ?i^ 6i
made to go a (hare therewith in the
performance of that aftion.
So that we find Nature hath not
(tinted it felf to one place for the
Seat of the Senfative Soul , or
Refer vatories of the Animal Spirits
Co called, in order to the difcharge
of the afore-mention d Fun&ions,
no more than it is at a lofs about

the maintaining them in their Inte-

grity by other ways, whenit hath fo

tallenout that the natural ftrudture

of the Organs, deftin'd by Nature to
that end, have utterly been deftroy'd,
of which we have many Inftaaces
in the Anatomical Hiftory> thofe
FuiuStions in feveial Creatures re-
maining perfe&, where after death
therq have beeri found neither any
Cerebrum or Cerebellum at ajl, or at
leaft fuch as by their conftitution was
utterly render'd ufelefs t* any fuch
end '.',
,.

N Of
ij% The Anatomy of the Brain.

Of the firft is an Inftance of the

Learned iVepfer, in a Child living
fixteen hours after it was born, and
difcharging all the^ Duties of Na-
ture that one 6f its age was capa-
ble of, and by the by (which all
the patrons of a nutritious Juice by
the Nerves may do well to take no- ^* c>.I20
*^
tice of) of a very ftrong and good
habit of Body, whofe Brain, after
death, was found to be only an
heap of Watery Bladders or Hy-
datzdes, except a fmall part at the
bottom of the Skull, lying in a
Sinus made Wedglike Bone,
in the
where the Pituitary Gland is com-
monly found confiding only of
three Medullary Bodies , two of
which being each of the bigncfs
of a Kidney Bean, and the third
behind them of a Pea only, from
which indeed there did proceed
fome, but very inconfiderable Nerves,
or Nervous Fibrils, but fuch as none
can judge of a due proportion re-
quifite to*fatisfie the Exigencies of
the common natural, and vital
Fun&ions,
The
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 179
The truth of which is ftill more
plain, and without exception, «in
another Inftance in the Mi/cell. Med. M^ Ct Mldi
Phyfic. Gallic, of a Child living five Phyf.Gail.
An, 3-P-34*
days after it was born, whofe Head
had nothing but Water contained
within the inclofures of the Dura
and Via Mater
y
without the lead
footfteps of any medullary part at all.
Parallel to which two laft Instan-
ces, I had onecommunicated to
me by that curious Anatomift and
learned Perfon Dr. Tyfon, in a Child
born alive, with no more Brain
in the Skull than what might lye
in a Filbird-ftiell, the Medulla Spi-
nalis being much larger than ordi-
nary, as though part of the abfent
Brain had been fqueez'd down thi*
ther.
Of the laft (viz. where the natu*
ral conformation hath been depra-
ved ) there is extant an Inftance
in two feveral places of the Mi-
fcell. Curiof. in a ht Ox , in obn^!^
which while living there were ob-& i?o.
Aa Io '
ierv'd but very little figns of any
fuch thing, whofe Brain was nevcr-
thelefs alter death found wholly
petrified.
N % From
180 The Anatomy of the Brain.

From all thefe 'tis manifeft the

Serifative Faculty is able to an-
fwer its internal or external Im-
preflions, by one part as well as
another, and that the Medullary
Syftem of the Spinalis Medulla may
become as adequate a Senfbry, in
relation to the aforefaid Functi-
ons fometimes, &s either Cerebrum
or Cerebellum.
And as to the power or influence
the Soul in general exefcifes over the
Nerves, howfoever different in their
original,feeing we have already obfer-
ved what a provident care Nature hath
taken for the preferving Creatures
from their own violence, in that it

hath not only conftituted the chief

Fountain from whence the great
current of Spirits is derived, for the
fervice of the vital and natural
parts, by the Eighth and Intercoftal
Nerves, which is the Cerebellum,
fo as to be free from the com-
mands of the Rational Will in its or-
dinary way of adting, but hath alio
taken care that not any of thofe Bran-
ches which have their originals from
Trunks, which are under the power
of voluntary dictates of the Soul,
fliould
 1

The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 8

fhould terminate in fuch Organs by

which thofe Functions are ditcharg'd,
(abare communication betweenNer ves
of different Provinces not being fuffi-

cient to fuch ends or offices , as hath

been obfer ved in thofe afore-mention'd
additional fubfidiary fmaller Streams
of Spirits flowing to the parts con*
fecrate to the natural and vital Fun*
6tions by Branches propagated from
the Spinal Marrow, to the Inter-
coftal Nerve, all the way of its

defcent to the lower Venter?)

So we may further alfo remark,that
as there are ibme manner of Im-
preffions made upon the perceptive
Faculty, after fuch fort of a manner as
that it «even lofes its power over
#

its own Subjects, (viz?) the Nerves,

which are fubfervient to its volunta-
ry commands.as in Laughhg^Sneezing,
and lilidinous Erections ^ the Organs
by which thefe Aftions are product,
being altogether under the power %of
thofe Nerves fubfervient to the vo-
luntary di&ates of the Soul, and
afted aftet the very fame manner as
thole of Refpiration, as often as pro-
portionable obje&s prefent, and (not-
wirhftanding the aflertion of Dr, Wil-
N 3 lis
1 82 The Anatomy of the Brain.

lis to the contrary, who makes Laugh-

ing proper to Man only, and, by the

authority of Ariftotle, Sneezing an
AfTe&ion proper but to few, if any
other Creature,befides Man) might al-
Wi1L * x *
fo produce the fame eff'tdts in Brutes,
provided their ftupid Souls were
-

capable of being equally impreiTed

by fuch Objedts as are proper for ex-
citing a rational Laughter, as we fee
they are by thofe producing the afore-
mention'd venereous afttonsjeeing the
want of the Plexus Cervkalis, ot the
Intercoftal Nerves, and two or three
fmall Branches propagated from
thence to the Nerve of the Dia-
phragm (which he calls a Difpofition
peculiar to Man, and consequently
in his opinion the caufe of that Af-
fection in him) might be in a great
nbeafure fuplicd not only by that ner-
vous Branch we find propagated from
the inferiour Plexus of the Par Fa-
gVm (which Nerve is equally depen-
dent on the Cerebellum^ as the Inter-
coftal) to the third Brachial Nerve,
from which the Nerve of the Dia-
phragm ha;h one of its originals,
but alio by that other propagated from
the Tboracick Plexus of the Inter-
coftal
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 83

coftal Nerve it felf , to the fame

aforefaid Brachial Nerve, into which
the Nerveof theDiaphragm is infertcd.
So, on the contrary, there are
fome Impreflions made upon the
Soul fometimes, through which
it acquires a power over thofe Nerves

at other times in no wife fubjecSt to

it, and thofe are the impreflions either
of great Joy or great Grief, fuitable
to which the Vital and Natural Fa-
culties are made either much more
or elfe (b much le(s vigorous than
ordinary, as even quite to languifh.
How this comes to pafs, accord-
ing, to Dr. Willis in favourof his
own Hypothefis, and particularly in
relation to the firft, (which allows of
no Involuntary Motions, but what
come from the Province of the
'

Cerebellum) is explained by fuppo-

fing an undulating or rowling mo-
tion of the firft impreffion upon
the Brain out of it again, through
the Natiform Procefles into the Ce-
rebellum, and from thence by the
Annular Procefs into the Intercoftal
Pair of Nerves,. and fo to the Nerve
of the Diaphragm, (and he fliould,
Co make this way of explication
N 4 en-*
184 The Anatomy of the Brain,

entire, have taken in alfo all thofe

Vertebral Branches inferted into the
Intercoftal Nerve, in' order to the
moving of the Intercoftal Mufcles,
Without which that action cannot
be performed ) by a correfpondence
between which Nerves and thofe of
the Face, being all of one family, the
aforefaid Gefture of Laughing is per-
formed.
Now, the needlefnefs of
befides
bringing Conceptions or Im-
the
preflions of the Brain under a ne-
ceflity of being executed by the in-
feriour Province of the Cerebellum,
till fuch time as 'tis proved, that
fuch motions of the Spirits, upon
extraordinary occafions, may ratio-
nally be granted, without fuppofing
a regular motion of the fame .

through fuch fuppofed Paflages lea-

ding from one Part to the other
at all other times, (the allowing
whereof does necelTarily imply a
capacity of the Soul to alter the
courfe of the Spirits influencing the
vital and natural Organs, at leaft in
fome meafure, at its-pleafure, which
is plainly contrary to Experience;)
I ihall hardly look' upon that Hy-
pothesis
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 185

pothefis to be any more than meerly

precarious.
And further, to (hew, that fnch
Effedts or Alterations of the Vital
Organs happening upon violent Pat
(ions of the Mind, are no way
owing to fuch a tranfmilTion of the
Animal Fluid from the Cerebrum to
the Cerebellum^ the aforefaid Author
fuppofeth, I ask, how it ltould come
to pals that in the contrary Paflion
of Grief, efpecialiy when occafion'd
by furprizing frightful Accidents,
the Heart fhould fo languifh, as
fometimes wholly to ceafe beat-
ing , feeing in the aforefaid Ex-
periment we find that Motion ftlf-
fufficient, by vertue of a conftant
irradiation or influence of the Ce-
rebellum only, and confequently
could not be thought Co to languifh
upon fuch occafions for want of thofe
Spirits it never flood in need of.
Without therefore being forc'd to
have recourfe to that other Hy-
pothefis clogg'd with fo many diffi-
culties, I think the aforefaid cafe may
admit of another manner of expli-
cation, confident with what I have
ail-along advanc'd upon this Subject
rela-
1 85 The Anatomy of the Brain,

relating to the true fburce of vo-

luntary, and involuntary Adions :

if we that from fuch Im-

fuppofe,
preffionsupon the Soul as arc ei-
ther extreamly more or lefs wel-
come to it, ( in which cafe the Ob-
ject is faid to adl unproportionably
upon the Subject) it may not only
a£t accordingly, above its ufual irra-
diation and force over the Cerebellum,
and by that means, as landing the
Spirits either more or left copi-
oufly to the Vital Organs, particu-
larly the Heart , the neareft way,
(viz.) by the Par Vagum and In-
tercostal Pair, for that time render
them more vigorous, or more lan-
guid in their operations, in proportion
to the difference of the Pafiions, juft
after the manner it happens in cafes
of Alienation of Mind or Diftra-
dion, where by the Strength of the
Impreffion, or Idea upon the Mind,
it drives the Spirits with fuch an
impetus into the Limbs, as makes
them with a vaft greater force
a£t
than what they were wont to do,
even above the refiflance of Chains
or Bars of Iron ; but alfo it may
tranfmit the Spirits more or lefs co-
picufly
 The Anatdmy of the Brain. 187
pioufly, to the Vital and Natural Fa-
culties, the other way freed from the
fubfidiary Nerves of the Spina afore-
mentioned, to the Intercoftal Pair,
which fends forth ramifications to the
Heart (in Men efpecially) equally
with, if not more plentifully than the
Par Vagum, and from the Vertebral
and Brachial to the Nerve of the Dia-
phragm and Intercoftal Mufcles, by
which means it fo falls out,- upon fuch
impreffions, that the Organs of Re-
fpiration to the Jigbt find that of Pulfa-
tion to the touch, arc very remarka-
bly afle&ed.
By this means I have endea-
vour'd to reftore the Brain to a
capacity of putting it's own Con-
ceptions or Imprellions made upon
it into execution, without being be-
holden to its neighbour the Cere*
helium, and that either ift relation
to its voluntary, inadvertent, or
involuntary A&s ; where, note, I
make a diftin&ion between Ads in-
voluntary and thofe of inadverten-
cy, inafmuch as thefe laft, though
they are not with, yet they are
not contrary to the adtual content
of the Will, after the manner of
the natural adtions of the Vifcera y
fuch
1 88 The Anatomy of the Brain,

fueh as are out of the power of the

Will to hinder ; befides which, I
look upon no other in Rational
Creatures ( in a ftridJ: fence confi-
der'd) to be involuntary, forafc
much as 'tis a contradiction to fay
a Voluntary Agent does any thing
againft his Rational Will (though
it may be againft his Approbation)
by which he is only diftinguifh'd
from a Brute : Though Dr. Willis
hath ail-along ufed the word /#-
voluntario in another fence, con-
founding it with afts of meer Ig-
norance under the term of lnjcie %
and thofe alfo done only inadver-
tently , or without confideratioa,
under the term of Incoftfulto ; and
doubtlefs upon this notion of Invo-
luntary Motions built his Hypothe-
cs,which makes all thofe Adtions
which are performed at any time
without the notice of the Intelle-
ctual Faculty, notwithftanding at
other times they are altogether un-
der its command, equally depending
on the Cerebellum as thofe purely na-
tural, which are always free from the
power of the firft, and alfo abfblute-
ly fubjed to the laft.

Thefe
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 189
Thefe A&ions I have therefore
calledby the term of Supervenient
hfiMy and being the meer Effeft of
external or internal Impreflions upon
Senfative Bodies, as Ecchoes are to
thofe upon fuch as are only natural,
are equally competent to Rational
and Irrational Creatures, and capable
of being exerted by the influence of
the very fame Nerves which minifter
to the Senfative Faculty, whether it
ad: advertently or inadvertently m
the one, or fporitaneoufly in the other
(where, by the way, it may not be al-
together unworthy of our taking no-
tice, the genuine fence of that word
in Adions performed by thofe Crea-
tures,is much nearer a-kin to the term
Inconfulto than Involantario in* Men)
without the fuppofed rambling Mo-
tions of Impreflions made upon it,
(through Paflages only at fome
times or upon eztraordinary occafi-
ons made ufe of ) out of the Cere-
brum into the Cerebellum.
Now, as to the organifation of this
Part, made toconfift of various Me-
dullary Prominencies, Appendixes,
and Trsds, by Nature contrived for
aud adjufted to the Various functions
of
f po Ihe Anatomy of the Brain*

of the Soul, and difpenfation of the

N Animal Spirits thro' the whole Sy ftem
of the Nerves,which firft are confin'd
to, or made to refide in fuch and fuch
places as fo many diftind apartments,
viz, the Commune Senforium in one
and Judgment
place, the Imagination
in another, and the Memory in a
third of which there is fuch a large
,•

and formal apparatus and description

(tho* with great difcrepancy of opini-
on) in Willis and Vieujfenius, the one
placing the Communt Senforium in his
Corpora Striata only, the other in the
fuperiour and middle Corpora Striata,
jointly with the Centrum Ovale •

from both whom Des Cartes and fe-

veral others, and with much more
fliew.of Reafon, particularly Mai-
pighius, differ, placing it in the ex-
c/rftu!
tream limits of medujlary part par. *.
the
of the Brain, where 'tis continuous
with the cineritious circumaffufed
Part,- I mud confefs, that as I have
not been able, by the beft enquiry I
could make either into Brains differ-
ed whilft frefti, or when boiled in
Oyl, to difcover any fuch adtual con-
figuration or difpofition of Parts, as
we find fo formally delineated by ei-

ther
 The Anatomy of the Brain. i pi
ther of them , but efpecially the
lad.
So neither do I fee any neceflity
thereof, feeing we may mnch more
eafily, and to the ielf-lame ends and
advantages, look upon the Soul as
one iuternal principal Senfative Facul-
ty, and the whole medullary part of
the Brain, as confiding of fuch Fibrils
or Vafculas as in fome places more
nearly in others more remotely com-
municate with the Nerves propagated
thence to all the external Senibries,
one adequate Common Senfory, by
which that principal Faculty both re-
ceives all its and accor-
impreffions,
dingly, as by fo many gradations of
one and the fame power, executes or
performs thofe different Fun&ions
commonly going under the aforefaid
Names of The Common Senfe, or Sim-
pie Apprehenfion, Imagination % Judg-
ment, and Memory.
And as to the fecond, (viz?) the
Medullary Trafls, by which the
Animal Fluid, as by fo many Rivu-
lets, is derived from the great Pond

or Magazine into many Rivers, fur-

nifhing the whole Body therewith, all
I could find by the rnoit diligent
fearch,
i p2 The Anatomy of the Brain.

fearch, were only thofe which have

already in the preceding Sheets been
remark'd, of which, in the firft place,
are thofe in the Corpora Striata^ very
large and difcernabie.
Thofe in theinward or concave
Superficies of the Corpus Callofum
running tranfverfely by the Sep-
tum Lucidum into the Fornix^ and
from that longitudinally into its
hinder Thighs or Pillars •former-
ly called Bomhyces, over which they
run in a wreathed manner, as was
before obferved, terminating in the
back part of the Lateral Ventri-
cles, enclofed in the hinder' Limbs
of the Brain, which Ventricles at
length terminate in, and are con-
tinuous to the fubjacent fore-part
of the Crura Medulla Oblongata.
Thofe in the Thalamt Nervorum
Optkorum running obliquely down
to part of the fubjacent Crura and
•
Caudex Medullaris.
Thofe of the Nates and Teftes run-
ntng after the fame manner, and ter-
minating fo too, only fomething
lower.

Thofe
 e

The Anatomy of the Brain. 193

Thofe in the Annulary Procefs,
which forafmuch as they have ne-
ver before been taken notice of, I

have caufed to be engraved in a

Figure by themfelves, whofe Me-
dullary Trafts or StrU, furniflied
with Spirits both from the continuous
medullary Caudex *nd Productions of
9

the Cerebellum too, of which the An-

nular Procefs is made, ( by means
whereof the Nerves appertaining
thereto may be rationally fuppofed
to be under the influence of both thof
Parts , conformable to what hath
all along been aflerted ; ) are as
vifible, being more thick, and of a
far harder confiftence, than that of
the Corpora Striata themfelves, (tho*
upon every attempt of cutting that
Procefi,they may not appear fo) and
mod of them terminating in a mid-
dle Medullary Trad, by means
whereof there is the fame inconve-
niency prevented, at leaft in fome
meafurc, as there is by that fepimen-
turn of the Via Mater, continued from
the joyning together of the Crura
Medulla Oblongata, down quite thro"
the Medulla Spinalis, (viz.) that at
the fame time the Nerves on one fide
O may
pq. The Anatomy of the Brain,

may, (as Mollnettu tho' in another mqL p . io 4

place of the Brain, hath truly obfer-

ved) by any morbid caufe, be in-
jured,thofe on the other may e-
fcape.
Concerning thefe, feeing they
feem to have a particular afpedt
or relation to thofe Nerves, whofe
originals we find neareft them, it
may not be unreafbnable to think
they are particular Conduits, from
whence the faid Nerves are fur-
nifhed with Animal Fluid, though
at the fame time wc muft allow a
very free communication betwixt
them 2I!.

And confequtntly, we may fup-

pofe the firft of thofe to con-
vey Spirits from the globous me-
dullary part of the Brain next to
it, by Fieuffenius called the Supe-
riour Part of the Centrum Ovale,
down to the fubjacept medullary
part of the Brain, to augment thole
which are produced lower, and par-
ticularly for the fervice of the
Olfaftory and Vifory Nerves, which
laft hath more eminently its Sup-
ply from the Thalami Nervorum Op-
tic or urn.

The
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1 9$

The fecond fort, or the tranf-

verfe Stria s of the Corpus Callo-
furn, to convey an additional Sup-
plement by way of the wreathed
Tradis in the hinder Columns of
the Fornix, to the Crura Medulla
Oblongata, where they become con-
tinuous to the reflex'd part of the
Lateral Ventricles backwardly , for
the fervice alfo of the aforefaid
two Pair of Nerves, but more par-
ticularly to thofe arifing lower ei-
ther on the Annular Procefs or Cau-
dex Medullaris.

Thofe of the fffalami Nervorum

Opticorum and Natiform Procefles,
the firft of which lies upon, and is
continuous to the fubjacent medul-
lary part of the Crura Medulla
Oblongata, the other to the Cau-
dex Medullaris , may be fappofed
to on the behalf of
derive Spirits
thofe Nerves which fpring from
any adjacent parts, whether on this
or the other fide of the Annular
Procefs or Caudex Medullaris.

O z And
ic?6 The Anatomy of the Brain.

And of this fort are the Optick

Nerves, which are (applied imme-
diately from the firft of thole Me-
dullary Prominencies, and not un-
likely from thofe Medullary
fair

Tracts afore-mentioned,running from

the Root of the Fornix, extending
themfeives all the way between the
Corpora Striata and Ihalami Nervo-
rum ®pticorum\n which laft at length
they are obliterate. The Third,
Fifth, Sixth, aad Firft or hard
Branch of the Auditory Nerves,
mediately by continuity of them
with the Annular Protuberance, to
all which the other or lefler Me-
dullary Prominencies called Mates,
by vcrtue of their continuity with
the fubjacenc parts, may be fup-
pofed to contribute (bmething al-
fb: and thefc feems to be better pro-
vided for than the reft of the
Nerves, inafmuch. as 'befides this
way of being fupplied from the
Cerebrum, they have alfo another
very vifible, and much larger, from
the Second Procefs of the Cere*
helium, of which the Annular Pro-
tuberance
 The Anatomy of the Brain. 1
9J
tuberance is made, and this fee-
mingly not without a provident
Defign of Nature, feeing the Nerves
which are derived thence are much
larger, and have a greater Task
of fervice layed upon them than
any others of the whole Brain,
as hath alfo the Par Vagum or eighth
y

Pair, which therefore, by vertue of

its infertion between the Chordal or

third Procefs of the Cerebellum and

Corpiu Olivare (and not according to
Dr. Willis, from the points or extre-
mities of the Corpora Pyramidalia)
hath a double tribute of Spirits, one
from the Caudex Medullars or Cere-
brum, the other from the Cerebel-
lum.

And to this End or great Ser-

vice it looks as though this Procefs
was furnifhed with iuch a Texture
as it appears to have, of ftrong,
large, medullary Stria's, capable of
receiving and containing a Supply
from both Fountains.

Whence
198 The Anatomy of the Brain.

Whence it may not be unfeafb-

nable to remark, That not without
ibew of good Reafon have ail-
I

along aflerted the Propriety of the

Brain to thofe Nerves in part, al-
lowed by Dr. Willis to be no fur-
ther affe&ed by any Impreffions
of the Brain, than as firft con-
veyed from it into the Province
of the Cerebellum, and confequent-
ly to depend immediately on this laft
for influence entirely in order to
convey Animal Spirits to thofe parts
wherein they are inferted.

Upon the Caudex Medullaris, on

its under contiguous to the
fide
hinder Extremities of the Annular
Procefs , are fituate the Corpora
Pyrawidalia and Olivaria , over-
againft which are the two long
Medullary Tra&s lately taken no-
tice of, feeming to come from
the tranfverfe Medullary Procefs
behind the Teftes, and terminating
in thofe other tranfverfe Medullary
Procefles before the entrance into
the Fourth Ventricle on the other
fid^
 ;

The Anatomy of the Brain. i^p

fide, by which there may be con-
veyed a confiderable Portion of the
Animal Fluid to the Pathetick Nerve,
which hath its rife from the firft
tranfverfe Procefs, and to the foft
or fecond Branch of the Auditory
Nerve, which hath its rile from the
fecond on that fide , and alfo
to the Ninth and Tenth Pair on the
other fide.

And to conclude, From all thefe

taken together , with the reft of
the whole medullary part of the
Brain, the Overplus of what is not
fpent upon the inmate Nerves of the
Brain may truly be fuppofed to be
promifcuoufly difpenled to all thofe
other extraneous ones produced from
the elongation of the Brain, call'd the
Spinal Marrow. In which lad there
is this conformation or difpofition of

Parts differing from that of the Brain,

that whereas in that the cineritious
part is external, 'tis here internal
and this for very good reafbn, and
by a provident contrivance of Na-
ture, feeing that not only the cine-
ritious part of the Brain- (erves for
ftp-
2oo The Anatomy of the Brain.

fupplying thofe Nerves which have

their original thence, as well as all the
reft of the Spinal Marrow, and con-
ftquently ought to have the lar-
geft fpaceand dimenfions poflible,
which without this fituation could
not have been ; but alfo without this
contrivance the Nerves of this part
muft of neceffity have had their ori-
ginals from the cineritious part of the
aforefaid Marrow, contrary to both
the cuftom and convenience of Na-
ture too.

THE
 i

«
^AC .Vandtr Sus/it '-'»//
 the Explanation of the Figure.

F I G. t.

Exhibits the Bafts of the Brain, with fart of the Medulla Ob-
longata, the Blood-vejfels being injeHed with Wax.

A A The fore Lobes of rhe Brain.

B B The hinder Lobes.
CC The Cerebellum.
D D The lateral Sinus's.
E E The Vertebral Arteries as they pafs between the firft

Vertebra and the Bone of the Occiput.

F The Vertebral Sinus.
G,&c The Dura Mater on the right fide taken off from
the Spinal Marrow, and remaining on the lefc.

1,2,3 The ten pair of Nerves belonging to the Brain,

4,€£c. with feven of the Spinal Marrow,
a The Foramen that opens into the Pituitary Gland
from the Infundibulum.
b b The two white Protuberances behind the Infundi-
bulum. *

C c The two Trunks of the Carotid Artery cut off where

they begin to run betwixt the fore and hinder
Lobes of the Brain.
d d The two Arteries joyning the Carotids with the Cer-
vical Artery, called the Communicant Branches.
ee Two large Branches of the Cervical Artery, fbme-
times feeming as tho* they came from the Com-
municant Branch on each fide, from the firft of
which the Plexus Choroeides hath its original in
chief, and from the laft the Pleyui Choroeides of
the 4*/> Ventricle,
f Several little Branches arifing from the Carotid
Artery.
% The Cervical Artery compofed of the two Trunks
of the Vertebral Artery within the Cranium.

£ hh The
 The Explanation of the Figure.

h h The two Trunks of the Vertebral Artery.

i i i The Spinal Artery,
k A fmall Branch of an Artery running through the
yth pair 3 broken off from its other part thro* inad-
vertency of the Graver.
1 1 The Crura of the Medulla Oblongata.
m m The Annular Protuberance, or Pons Varolii.
n That part of the Caudex Medullars on the right fide
called by Willis and Vieujfenius Corpora Pyra-
midalia.
o That part on the fame fide called Corpus Olivare.

p The foremoft Branch of the Carotid Artery, divi-

ding the fore Lobes of the Brain, confifting of
two Branches, one of them only appearing here.
q q Little Branches of Arteries helping to make the
Plexus eboroeides in the \th Ventricle.
r r r Branches of Arteries difperfed from the Cervical
Artery upon and thro' the Annular Protuberance.
$ s Part of the 2d Procefs, or Podunculh of the Cerebellum,
* * The Spinal Accelfory Nerve.
 V
£fu 1
\

U. VanJzr gucht.Jvulp.
 The Explanation of the Figure.

F I G. II.

Shewing the internal Baps of the Cranium, the Sinus's

being inje&ed with Wax.

A A The Edges of the Skull.

B B The Dura Mater upon the bottom of the Skull.
CC The lateral Sinus %
d d The fuperiour, longer and narrower Sinus s.
e e The inferiour, fhorter and wider Sinus s.
f The Procefs of the Bone Cribriforme, called Crifta
- Galli.

g g Some fmall defcending Branches of Veins upon the

bottom of the Dura Mater.
h h The firft Branch of Arteries proper to the D Mater.
i i The fecond Branch of Arteries belonging to the
Dura Mater,
k The third Branch belonging to the Dura Mater.
L The laft hole of the Skull,
m m Several Veins communicating with the inferiour
fhort Sinus's.
n Part of the Os Jugale.
o o The Os Ethmoeid where y
the firft pair of Nerves or
mammillary Proceflcs go forth.

p p The Optick Nerves cut off.

q q The Carotid Arteries cut off.
r The third pair of Nerves vifible only on one fide.
S S The fourth pair of Nerves turned up.
t t The fifth pair of Nerves on one fide expanded be-
fore it is divided into its three Branches, on the
other fide whole j which Nerves, with
three its

Branches, are exprefied in the third Figure.

V Its foremoft fuperiour Branch on the leit tide, going
out at the fecond hole of the Skull.
w The fixth pair of Nerves.
P 2 X The
 .

'The Explanation of the Figure.

X The Intercoftal Nerve, in this fubjeft proceeding

from two Branches of the fifth Nerve, joyning
with the body of thefixth Nerve.
y Two
Branches of the fifth pair of Nerves, in this
fubjed running almoft clofeto the 6th pair,being
partly the Roots of the Intercoftal Nerve, which
creeps out of the Skull under and between the
Coats of the Carotid Arteiy.
% z The Body of the Carotid Artery, after it has entred
the Cranium.
II The Glandula Pituitaria.
2 z The Circular Sinus.
3 The Infundibulurn.
4 4 The Frontal Arteries.
5 The place where the Lateral Sinus's begin* to be
declive and tortuous.
6 The Dura Mater raifed and reclined to (hew the
fubjacent Nerves.
7 7 The feventh or Auditory Nerves.
8 8 The eighth pair, or Far Vagum,
9 9 The ninth pair.

F I G. HI.

Being the Fifth tferve, with its Branches^ whilft within

th Cranium.

A Its Trunk.
B Its Ganglion^
C Its firft or fuperiour Branch, going out at the fecond
hole of the Cranium.
D Its fecond or midle Branch,going out at the fecond hotec
E Its third or hindermoft Branch, going out at the fifth

hole;
0i5fa: TV.

^m

Yonder {.'ur/if ,/cu/p: K_

 The Explanation of the Figure,

F I G. IV.

Shew the fuperiour and lateral Sinus's of the Dura Mater,

opened after they had been tnjeeled with PVax.

AA The third or longitudinal Sinus.

BB The firft and fecond, or lateral Sinus's.
C The fourth Sinus.
d d d A Vein running on each fide of the third Sinus.
ceee Mouths of Veins opening into the longitudinal
Sinus of the Dura Mater, after a contrary man-
ner one to the other.
f f
'

The fifth Sinus at the bottom of the Falx.

g The Torcular, where all the fuperiour and lateral

Sinus's meet,
hh The tortuous part of the lateral Sinus running un-
der the Cerebellum.
i i Th* Veins entering the fourth Sinus from the Plexus
Choroeides.
k The place where the fourth Sinus arifes.
* * The Specus or round hole at which the lateral Si-
nus's on each fide go out into the internal Jugu-
lar Vein.
1 1 Two large Veins, whereof one enters the fourth
Sinus upon the fecond Procefs of the Dura Ma-
ter, fo as to refift the courfe of the Blood in that
Sinus, in its afcent to the Torcular ; the other
upon the fame Procefs, fo as to hinder its defcent
to the Internal Jugular, contrary to a conforma-
tion of VefTels which Vieujfenius mentions in his
third Table, H H.
mmm Tranfverfe Chordal Ligaments in the longitudinal
and lateral Sinus's.

n n Part of the Dura Mater on each fide of the longitu-

dinal Sinus.
o o Portions of the Pi a Mater, #
PPGfc Divers fmall Veins on the Dura Mater, which en-
ter thofe that run on the fides of the longitude
xa\Sinus, according to its length.
cjq &C
 The Explanation of the Figure.

qq£ft? The Veins of the Cerebrum as they appear under

the Pia Mater, before they enter the longitudi-
nal Sinus,
R R The falcated Procefs, with its Veins which enter
the fifth Sinus.
S S The fecond Procefs of the Dura Mater,
f f The beginnings of the Jugular Veins.

FIG. V.

Heprefenting the Brain in a middle feSlion , the Blood- veffels

being firft injeHed with Wax.

A A The Fornix cut off at its Roots and turned back.

b b Its Roots at the beginning of the Thalami Nervo-
rum Opticdrum,
ccf£c. The Thalami Nervorum Opt icovum.
d d That part of the Crura Fornicn which growing
fomewhat thicker as it turns off towards the La-
teral Ventricles, runs over the Crura Medulla
Oblongata, which being very prominent in Sheep,
and Calves,helps to thrult iz iip into fuch a
Protuberance as the Ancients called Bombyces or
Hyppocampi.
c e That part of the Plixus Choroeides which is made
of the firft Branch of the Cervical Artery, fome-
times feeming as tho it came from the Commu-
nicant Branch, in the Lateral Ventricles.
f The place where thofe two Plexus 's on each fide
fapet under the Fornix.
g g Thit other part of the Plexus which is made o/thc
Branch of the Cervical Artery joyncd
: 1

with the.firft by a Communicant Branch not. to

« be feen here, lying under the Crura Fornicis,
which is expanded all over the Ifthmus, becom-
ing glandulous near to, and efpecially under the
Glaidula Pine*!* covered here with the Fornix.
h h Two
 The Explanation of the Figure.

F I G. VI.
"Being d draught of the Annular Protuberance, Med. Spi-
nalis, &c. cut through the middle lengthway. '
O
A A The Crura Medulla Oblongata.
B B The Annular Procefs, or Pom Varolii divided.
cc The Tranfverfe Stria.
ee The intervening Medullary Trad in which the
Stria terminates on each fide.
f f The third or chordal Procefs of Dr. Willis.
h The Spinal Marrow.
I i Some part of the Cerebellum.
k k The fecond ProceiTes of the Cerebellum, which com-
pofe the Annular Protuberance.
I I The cineritious part of the Medulla Oblongata.

F I G. vn.
Being the Cerebellum cut through on its hinder fan, and
reclined laterally.

A A The Cerebellum.
B B The arboreous ramification of the Meditallium of the
Cerebellum appearing, being cut right downwards.
CC The Pathetick Nerves.
c c The Nates.
d d The Teftcs.
e The tranfverfe Procefs whence jhe Pathetick Pair
have their original.
f The Glandula Pmealis.
g g The firft Procefs of the Or^fa.running from it to
the Nates here extended laterally,
h h The third or Chordal Proceffes.
i i The tranfverfe medullary Procefs in the 4 Vent, fror*
whence Branch of the 7 N. has it original,
the foft
k k The Medullary Procefs defcending from the Tranf-
verfe Procefs behind the Teftes, down to the afore-
y
mention d other Medullary Tranfverfe Procefs.
1 I The Originals of that Procefs a little too low.
m m The eighth pair of Nerves.
n The Calamus Script.ov Extremity of the 4 th Ventricle*
o The Spinal Marrow.
P P The Accelfory Nerves.
q q The tenth pair of Nerve?.
t'Su,
u/: v jj

""
', ^S '
mm
3§J
 THE
TABLE.
ARtery Carotid, and the manner of its en-
trance into and diftribution through the
Brain. Page $z, 33.
Where it parts with its hor rowed Coat. p. 3 3
Artery Vertebral, and its manner of entrance
and diftrilution. p. 3 5*

•
Artery Cervical ihi j.
Why not Conical P« j 3
The Communicant Branches of Arteries, p.36
Their Vfe and Benefit ibid. &
37
A /mail Branch of Arteries not before obfer-
ved p. 3 8
Why the Arteries of the Brain enter not the
Cranium with the Feins p. 27
Artery Spinal, how the Blood # forced into it,

P-37
Animal Spirits, how more plentifully produced,
P- 5*4
Anatomy Comparative, its ufe p. 54
Arteries, why their Ramifications are over-pro-
portionable to the Trunks in the Brain,p.s$
Q.- The
 The TABLE.
The Vfi of the narrownefl of the Communicant
branches, p. y<J
How the Carotid Artery in Brutes comes to he
fmaller above the Dura Mater than under it,

Animal Fluid, what, p. 91, io8,& 15-5-

How it paffes out Carnom Fibres, p.i 09

of the
Its effetl inglandulous and other parts notfer-
viceable to Mufcular Motion, ibid.
Its production, p. 1 1 y
Anus, p. 124
Aquae emiffarium of Vieufleaius, p. 1 3 z

Brain, its Veffels in general, p. 20

Their kinds, ibid.
Blood vejfelsftheir different dijlribution in re-
/at ion to the Brain itfelf and its Integu-
ments, ibid, & 26
The reafon of this different distribution, p. 17
Blood-vejfels belonging to the Brain it felf only,

What proportion the Blood- vejfe Is of the Brain

bear to the rejl of thofe of the whole Body,
p. 32,6:38
-The remarkable propagations of its Arteries,
P-3S
Blood-veflels belonging to the tferves,p.^,^A
Blood in the Sinus's hath two contrary torrents,

P- 51
The effeils thereof, ibid.
How
 1

The TABLE
How the circulation of the Blood comes to le
retarded in the Brain, p. 5 3

The Bony<ell where the Sinus's go out into the

internal Jugular, P- 53
the effett of its ftrudure,
ibid. & 54
The Brain, how diflinguiftd, p. 87? 113
ibid.
Its two Subflances,
Their ftruc~iure, P- 89, 90
Why of a different colour, p. 90, & 91
Blood, why red P- 9*

How the Brain is fufpended, p. 7, 8.

/f j L0&* and particular defer iptionjp.i 13,114

//s Wr L^m Wretched backwardly beyond
.ibid.
the Cerebellum,
Original of its medullary part, p. 1 5
Bombyces, 'vide Hippocampi, Blood vetfels of
the Nerves, P- *44
Watery Bladders inftead of Brain, p. 1 78, 1 79

brim petrified, p. 179

Propriety of the Brain to Nerves often thought
under the power of the Cerebellum, p. 198

C
tonfent of Parts. p. 19
Carotid Artery, vid. Artery.

The Circular Sinus, p. 43

• Communicaut Branches between the Carotid and
Cervical Arteries, their Vfe, p. 55,56.

the Cortical or cinerifiom part of the Brain,

p. 89
ibid.
Its medullary part,
Corpus Callolum, p. "?
Q. x. Its

»'
 1 7
8
7

The TABLE.
Its Stria?, p. 1 6
Centrum Ovale of VieulTenius, p. 1 1
Crura Fornicis, p. 8 1
Commiflura Craflioris Nervi ^Emula of Willis
and Vieuflenius, p. 1 26
Corpfis Cailofum, p. 115-
Centrum Ovale, p. 1 1

Crura Fornicis, p. 118

Corpora Striata, p. 120
The Cerebellum, p. 1 33
Its d jference from the Brain,
'
p. 1 3 5
Corporaduo alba pone Infundibulum,p. 140
Corpora P} ramidaka, p. 141
Olivaria, ibid.
-
Tower of the Cerebellum, p. 1 70, 1 73

D
The Dura Mater, p. 1
Its manner of adhefion to the Cranium^ p. 2
Is double, ibid.
Whatfort of Fibres, and their dijtribution^p 3
Their Vfe, p. 4, 5,5
How affected in fome Diftempers, particularly
in Vapours, p. 6
Its Nerves, ibid.
Its Procefjes, p. 7, 9
*
Their Vfes, p. 7, 8, 9
Its Blood veffels apart from the Brain, their
number and diflribution, p. 20, 22

Two forts of Dropfies of the Brain olfervevl by

Tulpius and Wepier, P- 59

Their Solution, ibid. & 60

E
 8
7

The TABLE.

E
Elaflicity of the Blood, p. 5-3
The Effecls of that being weakened, ibid.
Extravafation of the Nutritious Fluids, its

effecl, p. 97
Elaflicity not competent to the fir (I. principles
of Bodies, p. 100
The Occafion of it in other Bodies, ibid.
Elaflicity its equilibrium in the whole compa-
pages of Mufcles, p. 105"'
'

The Effetl thereof ibid.& \o6

Experiments by Injection, of what ufe in Muf
cular Motion, p. 1 1 o

The Falx W its particular ufes,

Is wanting in fever al Creatures,

p. 7, 8,
and why, p.9
9

Fibres of the Dura Mater do the office of

Valves, p. 5:

Flefby part of the Body, what, P- 94

Fluids of the Body\fheir different mot ions, p.9 6
Fornix, p. 1 1
Its Crura, p. 1 1

The Fornix of Vieuflenius, p. 115-

The Fornix commonly fo called, p. 1 1
Its Fimbria, according to Vieuflenius, p. 118
Its Crura, ibid.
How natural and vital Functions relate to the
Cerebellum, and with what difference,
p. 1 70,17 f

Q^ 3 How
 $ , \1

~
The TABLE!
How they come to he not under the power of
the rational $oul> p. 1 74
How performed when the Brain u utterly inca-
pable of aft ing, p. 177

The Glandula Pituitaria enclofed in flrong

Membranes p. 46
l$o Serijm can get through its Integument
ibid; & 7?
Glands of the Plexus Choroeides, p. 61,63
The Glandula Pituitaria not capable of carrying
an Excrementitious humour p. 69 , 73
The Gland. Pit. itsfituation y p. 71'
Zf notfufpended in Men as in Brutes fold. & 73
Infubjlance it differs from all other Glands, jb.

Js of two fori y and ithy, • p. 8

In what manner the Lympha gets into i/,ibid.
The Glandula Pinealis, its fttuation and con-
nexion, p. 8 3
Is of the Conglobate kindy p. 84
Errors 0/DesChartes,Lower and others about it9
p:8 4> 8?
Geminum Centrum Semicirculare </ Vieufie-
nius, p. 123,

H
Headachy how happening in Feavers } 29p.
From the clofenefs of the Pores in the Cranium,
p. 42
Tim
 87

The TABLE.
7 wo forts of Hydrocephalus, . P- 59
Hippocampi Arantii, p. 1 1

Their Striae, ibid.

Injettion with Mercury makes Blood-veffels ap-

pear, p. 34
The Infandibulum, p. 7
The difference between it in Men and Brutes,
ibid.
Its two Dutts in Brutes, p. 78
Its Office, p. 79, 80
Infundibulum, the paffage into it by three
•
Foramina's, p. 124
Uthmus, P-iiJ
Injlintl, what, p. 1 62 , 1 63
The differing effetts of feme Impreffions upon the
Soul, <

p. 181, 1 81, 183

Tranfmiffion of Impreffions, according to Doftor
Willis, improbable, p. 184, 187
Difference between involuntary and inadver-
tent ails, p. 187
Internal Senfes, their feats, p. 190

L
Lsgaments of the Sinus's, p. j 1
Their Z/fes p, 51,56
Lateral Sinus's, p. 40
Longitudinal Sinus's, P- 4*
Lymphadutls of the Brain, p. 61,61
Q^4 • lym*
 13
1

The TABLE.
Lymph a, how generated within the Ventricles,
p.8i,8x
To what end, ibid.
Laughter, how made, p. 1 8
Why peculiar
to Man, p. 182,
Libidinous Actions, how caufed, p. 1 8 1 , 1 8 2,

M
Membranes of the Brain, vid. Dura dnd Pia
Mater.
Mufcular Motion, P-99
Divers Opinions about it, ibid.
Mufcle, its inflation or contraction, p. 101, 106

Mufcle, how contracted or fwelled by force,

P. 104
Mufcle s, the effect of their being cut through,
p. 10;
Mufcle s, their and fwe Sing in con-
hardnefi
traction, ivhence caufed, p. 106,107
Mufcular Motion, fome particular Phcenomena
about it folved, p. HO, 1 1

Mufcular Motion made by the Nervous Fluid

alone without concurrence of the blood^.iy?
A MeduRary tract not before obferved, p. 12.
Medulla Oblongata, p. 1 39
Its Crura, ibid.
Animal Motion , 158
p.
Motion voluntary and involuntary, p.l 59, 160
Two forts of Motions in Brutes, p. 161
Medullary Tracts of the Brain, p. 192

N
 The TABLE.

N
Noife in the Head, how occaftorid, p. 29
Nervous Juice, p. 88, 9$
Nutrition p. 88, 89,94
Nervous Juke, how generated ibid.
Nerve; its structure p. 93
The effect of its being taper ^ ibid. & 102,
Nates p- izS
Nerves Olfactory, p- M3
Optick p- 144
Motorium or third Pair p- HS
Patheticum or fourth pair p- 146
The fifth pair p- H7
Thefixth pair p- 148
The Intercoflal ibid.
The feventh or auditory pair p- 149
The eighth or Par Vagum p- 150
The Acceffory Spinal Nerve p .151
The ninth pair p- 14?,
The tenth pair p- '**
The Structure of the Nerves p- if 4
Nerves their different funtlions p- 1 S7
The effefts of Communications letwixt Nerves,
p. 175-, 181
The Nerves within the Cranium, howfupplied
with Spirits from various medullary Trails
of the brain, p, 194, 19 J, &c.

o
 1

The TABLE.

Qptick Nerve its original p. % i 3

External Objetts, how they aft p. 1 58
Improportionabje ablings of the p. 186 Objeft
Organization of the brain p. 189
Overplus of the Animal Fluid of the Cerebrum
with its ufe p. 199

Tl?e Pia Mater, p. 10

Why called Choroeides ibid.
Its particular diflrilution ibid.
How to jfnd it in the, Ventricles p. 1
Is double every where, but where moft vifibly,
p. IX
Its inward Lamina is of a Netlike Texture.]>.ij
ItsVfes p. id
Its Blood-veffels, which are of two forts $ 18,19
How it invefts the Nerves and their diftintt
Fibrils p. 19
How the Arteries belonging to the Bjain itfelf
are ramified through it p. 33
How fome branches of the Carotid and Verte-
bral Arteries are exempt from it, p. 3 4
The Troceffes of the Dura Mater, with their
diflribution and ufe p. 7,8,9
Pulfation of the Sinus's, whence p. 50
The Plexus Choroeides of the Brain p. 7 5"

// u dflw^/* ibid
 The TABLE.
Hmth two different Originals ibid.
What they are ibid.
Where the firfl fart begins to be glandulous,

P. S*
fVhere the firft part of the Plexus terminate and
meet . p. 58
Where the fecond part Iegins to le retiform$
ibid.
The double connexion of the two parts of the
Plexus ibid.
Two Feins joy ning the firft part of the Plexus
in its extremity p.6x
fts large reductory Feins entering the fourth
Sinus ibid.
Its Lymphaedu&s ibid.
Its Glands p. 6z
Their Vfe ibid. & 6}
and ufe
Its fit nation ibid.
The Pituitary Gland hath Feins p. 66
Proceflus Lentiformes, vid. Corpora Striata.
PaJJage into the Infundibulum P- 12.3
Proceflus Annularis, or fecond Procefi of the
Cerebellum p. 119, 135-, 140
ItsStrix p. 136
Proceflus Natibus antepofitus p. IZ f
Proceflus Nervi ^Emulus p. iz6
Proceflus Nervuli JEmulus p. 128
The Plexus Choroeides of the CerebeJI. p. 1 3 4
Proceflus Vermiculares
P*35
The firft Procefi of the Cerebellum ibid.
The third or Chojdal Procefi of the Cerebellum
p. 136
•
Ibc
 The TABLE.
7he medullary tranfuerfe Proceffes ofthefomtb
Ventricle p. 136
the medullary Proceffes defending to thofe
tranfverfe ones p. 1 3 7
the Plexus Choroeides of the Cerebellum,
p. 133
Perception or Paffion^ what, p. 1 5 8

R
7fo Receptacula Sells JEqmnx,&c. of Vieut
fenius #<tf exiftent in Men P> 45
Their Vfe impoffible p. 46
7fo Rete Mirabile p. 64
Always exiftent in Men ibid.
iif * fituation ibid.
Whyfmaller in them than brutes ib. &
65
The effect of its being fo large in Brutes, p. 65
Is differently fituated in Men and Brutes, p.71
Hindermoft Roots of the Medulla Spinalis,
what formerly p. 1 2 6
Refpiration, how performed p. 165:
Why a Child unborn refpires not, p. 168
Why Refpiration ceafes upon cutting the Cere-
bellum, p. 174

Sinus's of the Brain P* 39

Their number ibid.

The Lateral ones p. 40

The third or longitudinal p. 41
#
The
 The T A B L E,

The fourth or internal one ibid.

Four other /mailer Sinus's, and their firfi Au-
thor, P«4 2 >43
the Circular Sinus p. 4 3
Its particular defcription ibid. &
44'
Its ufe p. 47, 48
M? Serum c^« ^ feparatedbut by proper de-
cretory Ducts p. 47
J/tf Sinus's /wz;* »0 puljation of them/elves,
p. >o
Their pulfation is from the Brain, ibid.
7#£ different Ligaments of the Sinus's p. 5 7
7jta «/£ thereof ibid
7fo blind Cavities or Diverticulums 0/ /£*
Sinus's p. 5"x
Their Vfes ibid.
7fo Structure of the Sinus's p. 5-3
Effects thereof ibid.
Animal Spirit s^how made more plentifully $.5^
Why the Sinus's grow fo wide on a fudden,ibid,
Their, difference of Structure p. 56
77;? longefl Sinus commonly burft in ffrangled
bodies ibid
//flu? /£* £/<W /)^j the Lateral Sinus's in
different pofitions of the Brain p.54
Structure of the Brain Vafcular, P'9i
Secretion, how made, p. 91, yz
Senfation, how explained p. 88, 101
How made, >
p. 1 5 8
Corpora Striata p. 11 5-, no
Septum Lucidum p. 1 j
9
Its Strix ibid
The
 1

The TABLE.
The Spinalis Medulla in a Tortoife officiating
inftead of the Brain
P- 1 7 6
Sneezings why peculiar to Man p. 1 8 2
Commune Senforium, what, p f x <j x
Stri# 0/ f£<? Annular Vrocefi> why large,

P- J S>3>i97
J?T^y terminating in a middle medullary Tract,
P-*93
Conformation of the Spinal Marrow differing
from that of the Brain, <w</ why p 200
c

Torcular Herophili p. qZ
Tradus Medullaris Th.Nerv.Opt.interjecSus
//Vicuflenius p. 84
Trad. Med. Natibus antepofitus of VieufTen.
ibid.
Tranfpirationy what, V' 95
Confpiration of Hippocrates •
ibid
Tone of Parts p. 1 09
Teftes p. 125-
Thalami Nervorum Opticorum p. 1 2
Tm Foramina relating to the Infundibulum,
vide Infundibulura,

Vapour s 9 commonly fo called\ how fome times af-

fecting the Fibres of the Dura Mater, p. 6

Some
 7

The T A B L E.

Some ye ins of the D. Mater entering the third

Sinus p. 41
Vertebral Artery, vide Artery.
Feins of the Dura Mater enter the Brain with
the Arteries contrary to thofe of the Brain
itfelf p. 26, 27, 28/
'

Two Feins entering the Circular Sinus $.4$ ^6

How the Feins enter the Sinus's p. 52, 53
The effecls of their different entrance, p. 5*4
The Feins have a different difpofition in the
Sinus's of Brutes from what they have in
,

Men p. 5*4
Feins of the Corpora Striata p.61
The large reductory Feins of the Plexus Cho-
roeides, ibid
Fapours condenfed into Lympha p. 81
Fafcular conftitution of Parts p. pi
Feins, how continuous to Arteries ibid*
Feffels containing the Animal Fluid are capillary
productions of Arteries p. 93
Feins only productions 0/ Arteries t p. 94
Feffels their minutenefi p. 9 5,96
FefJels of Feffels ibid.
Fentricles of the Brain p. 1 1
'

Valvula major 128, 119

p.
its fituationandufe p. 1x8,129,130,1 31
The three Fentricles of the Brain p.117
Vulva Cerebri P*M

FINIS.
 ERRATA.
PAGE 9. 1. 14. for to read towards ; p. 16*. 1. ult. for
from which r. w hich from ; p. 32.. in the title of
the Chapter, for Veins r. Veffels ; p. 32. 1. 13. after
Veins mtitrt which laft have already been treated of;
p. 6*4. 5. deleow/y ; p. 89. 1. 16. Vitriom r. Vitrous 5
1.

p. 92. 29. for Septometry r. Leptometry{ p. 102. I.3. for

1.

contracted r. contrails j Ibid. I.29. for reflexed r. relaxed;

p. 109. 1. t8t for haflening r. happening j p. 117. 1. 28.
for Semicirculari r. Semlcirculare ; p. 1 1 p* 1. 12. for £*~
www r. become ; p. 138. from yW
therefore in the 7th
line to the end of that Paragraph, leave it out p. 1 3 7. :

1. 7. tor above r. below 168. 1. 8. afc:r pajfage add

j p.
<tf leafi but very little.