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Building Java Programs
Chapter 2
Lecture 2-1: Expressions and Variables
reading: 2.1 - 2.2
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Data and expressions
reading: 2.1
self-check: 1-4
videos: Ch. 2 #1
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Data types
type: A category or set of data values.
Constrains the operations that can be performed on data
Many languages ask the programmer to specify types
Examples: integer, real number, string
Internally, computers store everything as 1s and 0s
104 à 01101000
"hi" à 01101000110101
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Java's primitive types
primitive types: 8 simple types for numbers, text, etc.
Java also has object types, which we'll talk about later
Name Description Examples
int integers 42, -3, 0, 926394
double real numbers 3.1, -0.25, 9.4e3
char single text characters 'a', 'X', '?', '\n'
boolean logical values true, false
• Why does Java distinguish integers vs. real numbers?
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Expressions
expression: A value or operation that computes a value.
• Examples: 1 + 4 * 5
(7 + 2) * 6 / 3
42
The simplest expression is a literal value.
A complex expression can use operators and parentheses.
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Arithmetic operators
operator: Combines multiple values or expressions.
+ addition
- subtraction (or negation)
* multiplication
/ division
% modulus (a.k.a. remainder)
As a program runs, its expressions are evaluated.
1 + 1 evaluates to 2
System.out.println(3 * 4); prints 12
How would we print the text 3 * 4 ?
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Integer division with /
When we divide integers, the quotient is also an integer.
14 / 4 is 3, not 3.5
3 4 52
4 ) 14 10 ) 45 27 ) 1425
12 40 135
2 5 75
54
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More examples:
32 / 5 is 6
84 / 10 is 8
156 / 100 is 1
Dividing by 0 causes an error when your program runs.
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Integer remainder with %
The % operator computes the remainder from integer division.
14 % 4 is 2
218 % 5 is 3 What is the result?
3 43 45 % 6
4 ) 14 5 ) 218 2 % 2
12 20 8 % 20
2 18
15 11 % 0
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Applications of % operator:
Obtain last digit of a number: 230857 % 10 is 7
Obtain last 4 digits: 658236489 % 10000 is 6489
See whether a number is odd: 7 % 2 is 1, 42 % 2 is 0
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Precedence
precedence: Order in which operators are evaluated.
Generally operators evaluate left-to-right.
1 - 2 - 3 is (1 - 2) - 3 which is -4
But */% have a higher level of precedence than +-
1 + 3 * 4 is 13
6 + 8 / 2 * 3
6 + 4 * 3
6 + 12 is 18
Parentheses can force a certain order of evaluation:
(1 + 3) * 4 is 16
Spacing does not affect order of evaluation
1+3 * 4-2 is 11
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Precedence examples
1 * 2 + 3 * 5 % 4 n 1 + 8 % 3 * 2 - 9
\_/ n \_/
| |
2 + 3 * 5 % 4 1 + 2 * 2 - 9
\_/ n \___/
| |
2 + 15 % 4 1 + 4 - 9
\___/ n \______/
| |
2 + 3 5 - 9
\________/ n \_________/
| |
5 -4
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Precedence questions
What values result from the following expressions?
9 / 5
695 % 20
7 + 6 * 5
7 * 6 + 5
248 % 100 / 5
6 * 3 - 9 / 4
(5 - 7) * 4
6 + (18 % (17 - 12))
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Real numbers (type double)
Examples: 6.022 , -42.0 , 2.143e17
Placing .0 or . after an integer makes it a double.
The operators +-*/%() all still work with double.
/ produces an exact answer: 15.0 / 2.0 is 7.5
Precedence is the same: () before */% before +-
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Real number example
2.0 * 2.4 + 2.25 * 4.0 / 2.0
\___/
|
4.8 + 2.25 * 4.0 / 2.0
\___/
|
4.8 + 9.0 / 2.0
\_____/
|
4.8 + 4.5
\____________/
|
9.3
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Mixing types
When int and double are mixed, the result is a double.
4.2 * 3 is 12.6
The conversion is per-operator, affecting only its operands.
7 / 3 * 1.2 + 3 / 2 2.0 + 10 / 3 * 2.5 - 6 / 4
\_/ \___/
| |
2 * 1.2 + 3 / 2 2.0 + 3 * 2.5 - 6 / 4
\___/ \_____/
| |
2.4 + 3 / 2 2.0 + 7.5 - 6 / 4
\_/ \_/
| |
2.4 + 1 2.0 + 7.5 - 1
\________/ \_________/
| |
3.4 9.5 - 1
\______________/
3 / 2 is 1 above, not 1.5. |
8.5
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String concatenation
string concatenation: Using + between a string and
another value to make a longer string.
"hello" + 42 is "hello42"
1 + "abc" + 2 is "1abc2"
"abc" + 1 + 2 is "abc12"
1 + 2 + "abc" is "3abc"
"abc" + 9 * 3 is "abc27"
"1" + 1 is "11"
4 - 1 + "abc" is "3abc"
Use + to print a string and an expression's value together.
System.out.println("Grade: " + (95.1 + 71.9) / 2);
• Output: Grade: 83.5
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Variables
reading: 2.2
self-check: 1-15
exercises: 1-4
videos: Ch. 2 #2
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Receipt example
What's bad about the following code?
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
System.out.println("Subtotal:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30);
System.out.println("Tax:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .08);
System.out.println("Tip:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
System.out.println("Total:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .08 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
}
}
The subtotal expression (38 + 40 + 30) is repeated
So many println statements
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Variables
variable: A piece of the computer's memory that is given a
name and type, and can store a value.
Like preset stations on a car stereo, or cell phone speed dial:
Steps for using a variable:
Declare it - state its name and type
Initialize it - store a value into it
Use it - print it or use it as part of an expression
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Declaration
variable declaration: Sets aside memory for storing a value.
Variables must be declared before they can be used.
Syntax:
type name;
The name is an identifier.
int x; x
double myGPA;
myGPA
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Assignment
assignment: Stores a value into a variable.
The value can be an expression; the variable stores its result.
Syntax:
name = expression;
int x;
x 3
x = 3;
double myGPA;
myGPA = 1.0 + 2.25; myGPA 3.25
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Using variables
Once given a value, a variable can be used in expressions:
int x;
x = 3;
System.out.println("x is " + x); // x is 3
System.out.println(5 * x - 1); // 5 * 3 - 1
You can assign a value more than once:
int x; x 11
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x = 3;
System.out.println(x + " here"); // 3 here
x = 4 + 7;
System.out.println("now x is " + x); // now x is 11
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Declaration/initialization
A variable can be declared/initialized in one statement.
Syntax:
type name = value;
double myGPA = 3.95; x 14
int x = (11 % 3) + 12;
myGPA 3.95
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Assignment and algebra
Assignment uses = , but it is not an algebraic equation.
= means, "store the value at right in variable at left"
x = 3; means "x becomes 3" or "x should now store 3"
What happens here?
int x = 3;
x = x + 2; // ??? x 3
5
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Assignment and types
A variable can only store a value of its own type.
int x = 2.5; // ERROR: incompatible types
An int value can be stored in a double variable.
The value is converted into the equivalent real number.
double myGPA = 4; myGPA 4.0
double avg = 11 / 2;
avg 5.0
Why does avg store 5.0
and not 5.5 ?
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Compiler errors
A variable can't be used until it is assigned a value.
int x;
System.out.println(x); // ERROR: x has no value
You may not declare the same variable twice.
int x;
int x; // ERROR: x already exists
int x = 3;
int x = 5; // ERROR: x already exists
How can this code be fixed?
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Printing a variable's value
Use + to print a string and a variable's value on one line.
double grade = (95.1 + 71.9 + 82.6) / 3.0;
System.out.println("Your grade was " + grade);
int students = 11 + 17 + 4 + 19 + 14;
System.out.println("There are " + students +
" students in the course.");
• Output:
Your grade was 83.2
There are 65 students in the course.
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Receipt question
Improve the receipt program using variables.
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
System.out.println("Subtotal:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30);
System.out.println("Tax:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .08);
System.out.println("Tip:");
System.out.println((38 + 40 + 30) * .15);
System.out.println("Total:");
System.out.println(38 + 40 + 30 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .15 +
(38 + 40 + 30) * .08);
}
}
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Receipt answer
public class Receipt {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Calculate total owed, assuming 8% tax / 15% tip
int subtotal = 38 + 40 + 30;
double tax = subtotal * .08;
double tip = subtotal * .15;
double total = subtotal + tax + tip;
System.out.println("Subtotal: " + subtotal);
System.out.println("Tax: " + tax);
System.out.println("Tip: " + tip);
System.out.println("Total: " + total);
}
}
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