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THE EU BETWEEN FEDERAL UNION
AND FLEXIBLE INTEGRATION
Interdisciplinary European Studies

EDITED BY ANTONINA BAKARDJIEVA ENGELBREKT

PER EKMAN · ANNA MICHALSKI · LARS OXELHEIM
 The EU between Federal Union and Flexible
Integration

“Putin’s barbaric war in Ukraine tests our European Union as never before. Since
the invasion on 24 February 2022, we have seen unity among EU member states
and staunch solidarity with Ukraine. It is important that this continues. But what
are the options for the next steps with regard to the future of the EU? Increased
federalism or more flexible integration? This volume offers valuable answers
and insights regarding a wide selection of key issues, ranging from the rule of
law to economic, security and industrial policy, as well as income inequality.
The volume provides a rich source of essential knowledge on the state of the
European Union.”
—Anders Ahnlid, Director General of National Board of Trade Sweden. Formerly
Sweden’s ambassador to Finland, the European Union and the OECD, and
Director General for Trade in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs
 Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt ·
Per Ekman · Anna Michalski · Lars Oxelheim
Editors

The EU
between Federal
Union and Flexible
Integration
Interdisciplinary European Studies
Editors
Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt Per Ekman
Department of Law Department of Government
Stockholm University Uppsala University
Stockholm, Sweden Uppsala, Sweden

Anna Michalski Lars Oxelheim

Department of Government Research Institute of Industrial
Uppsala University Economics (IFN)
Uppsala, Sweden Stockholm, Sweden

ISBN 978-3-031-22396-9 ISBN 978-3-031-22397-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22397-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights
of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such
names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for
general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa-
tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither
the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps
and institutional affiliations.

Cover credit: Image by Markus Pfaff

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Contents

1 The Road Ahead for the European Union: Between

Federal Union and Flexible Integration 1
Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman,
Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim
2 Democracy in Europe: Enlarged But Eroding—A Union
in Existential Crisis 25
Daniel Silander
3 Rule of Law Crisis: EU in Limbo Between Federalism
and Flexible Integration 51
Anna Södersten
4 Parliament as an Arena for Opposition in EU Politics:
Wasteland or Conflict Zone? 75
Christer Karlsson, Moa Mårtensson, and Thomas Persson
5 European Stabilisation Policy After the COVID-19
Pandemic: More Flexible Integration or More
Federalism? 103
Fredrik N. G. Andersson and Lars Jonung
6 EU State Aid Policy: Concealed Transfer
of Competences? 133
Jörgen Hettne

v
vi CONTENTS

7 Are Federal Taxation Requirements Moving the EU

Away from Flexible Integration? 159
Krister Andersson
8 A Federal European Prosecution Authority: From
Vision to Reality? 185
Jacob Öberg
9 European Defence Policy: Between Flexible
Integration and a Defence Union 215
Malena Britz
10 A More Equal Europe: A Prerequisite or a Consequence
of Increased Federalism? 239
Jesper Roine
11 The State of European Integration: Where Does
the EU Stand and in What Direction Is It Heading? 263
Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman,
Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim

Index 279
 Notes on Contributors

Fredrik N. G. Andersson is Associate Professor of Economics at the

Department of Economics at the Lund University School of Economics
and Management. His research interests include the relationship between
macroeconomic policies and economic crises.
Krister Andersson is a Member of the European Economic and Social
Committee (EESC) and the European Commission’s Platform for Tax
Good Governance. He focuses primarily on the interactions between tax
policy and economic growth.
Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt is Professor of European Law at the
Faculty of Law of Stockholm University. She is chair of the Swedish
Network for European Legal Studies (SNELS) and she has been Torsten
och Ragnar Söderberg Professor of Legal Science (2015-2018). Her
research interests include processes of Europeanisation and globalization
and their influence on national law and institutions.
Malena Britz is Associate Professor in Political Science at the Swedish
Defence University. She holds a Ph.D. in political science from Stock-
holm University. Her research areas include different aspects of European,
Nordic and transatlantic security policy, including Europeanization of
security and defence, and Nordic co-operation.
Per Ekman is a researcher in Political Science at the Department
of Government, Uppsala University, Sweden and Coordinator for the

vii
viii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Swedish Network for European Studies in Political Science (SNES). His

research interests include foreign policy of countries in the EU’s Eastern
Partnership, state building and historical institutionalism.
Jörgen Hettne is Professor of Business Law at the Department of Busi-
ness Law, Lund University School of Economics and Management. He is
also Director of the Centre for European Studies at Lund University and
Senior Advisor at the Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies. His
research interests include EU’s internal market and competition policy, in
particular state aid law.
Lars Jonung is Professor Emeritus in Economics at Lund University,
Sweden. His research is focused on monetary and fiscal policy, inflationary
expectations, the euro and European integration. He served as research
advisor at the European Commission 2000–2010.
Christer Karlsson is Professor of Political Science at the Department of
Government, Uppsala University, Sweden. His research has focused on
political opposition, constitutional change and climate change politics.
Moa Mårtensson is a Researcher in Political Science at the Department
of Government, Uppsala University, Sweden, and a former coordinator
of the Swedish Network for European Studies in Political Science. Her
research focuses on democracy, political equality, European integration
and the welfare state.
Anna Michalski is Associate Professor in Political Science at the Depart-
ment of Government, Uppsala University and Associate Research Fellow
at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs. She is Chair for the
Swedish Network for European Studies in Political Science (SNES). Her
research interests include European foreign policy, EU-China relations,
strategic partnerships and socialization in international organizations.
Jacob Öberg is Associate Professor in law at Örebro University and
currently a visiting fellow at Amsterdam Centre for European Law and
Governance. His research interests lie primarily in EU constitutional
law and EU criminal law, including the federal dimension of EU law,
multidimensional and contextual perspectives on EU law, legitimacy and
justifications for EU legislative action and EU criminal policy.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS ix

Lars Oxelheim is Professor of International Business and Finance at the

University of Agder, professor emeritus at Lund University and affili-
ated with the Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Sweden.
He is the founder of the Swedish Network for European Studies in
Economics and Business (SNEE). His research interests include economic
and financial integration, corporate governance and risk management.
Thomas Persson is Associate Professor of Political Science and Senior
Lecturer at the Department of Government, Uppsala University, Sweden,
and a former chairperson of the Swedish Network for European Studies in
Political Science. His research interests include European Union politics,
democratic governance and parliamentary democracy.
Jesper Roine is Deputy Director of the Stockholm Institute of Transi-
tion Economics and Adjunct Professor of Economics at the Department
of Economics at Stockholm School of Economics. His main areas of
research are income and wealth distribution and issues of inheritance and
intergenerational economic mobility.
Daniel Silander is Associate Professor of Political Science at the Depart-
ment of Political Science, Linnaeus University, Sweden and Extraordinary
Professor of Political Science at the School of Government Studies,
North-West University Potchefstroom, South Africa.
Anna Södersten is Senior Researcher at the Swedish Institute for
European Policy Studies (SIEPS). Her research interests include EU
institutional and constitutional law.
 List of Figures

Fig. 4.1 Percentage of statements in plenary debates that express

opposition, that express support, or that fall in the ‘other’
category; all six parliaments taken together (Note Includes
all statements, n = 4740. Source Political Opposition
Database (POD), 2022) 83
Fig. 4.2 Percentage of statements in plenary debates in each
of the six parliaments that express opposition, that express
support, or that fall in the ‘other’ category (Note Includes
all statements, n = 4740. Source Political Opposition
Database (POD), 2022) 84
Fig. 4.3 Percentage of oppositional statements in plenary debates
in each of the six parliaments that propose alternatives
or that express criticism, respectively (Note Includes
only oppositional statements, n = 2417. Source Political
Opposition Database (POD), 2022) 84
Fig. 4.4 Percentage of oppositional statements in plenary
debates in each of the six parliaments that are aimed
at policy or the polity, respectively (Note Includes
only oppositional statements, n = 2417. Source Political
Opposition Database (POD), 2022) 85

xi
xii LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 4.5 Percentage of statements in plenary debates in the six

parliaments that express opposition, that offer support,
and ‘other’; among Eurosceptic and mainstream parties,
respectively (Note Includes all statements, n = 4591;
of which oppositional, n = 2321; and support/ ‘other’,
n = 2270. Source Political Opposition Database (POD),
2022) 89
Fig. 4.6 Percentage of oppositional statements in the six
parliaments that propose alternatives and express critique;
among Eurosceptic and mainstream parties, respectively
(Note Includes only oppositional statements, n = 2321.
Source Political Opposition Database (POD), 2022) 90
Fig. 4.7 Percentage of oppositional statements in plenary
debates in the six parliaments which are aimed at policy
or at the polity; among Eurosceptic and mainstream
parties, respectively (Note Includes only oppositional
statements, n = 2321. Source Political Opposition
Database (POD), 2022) 92
Fig. 4.8 Percentage of statements in plenary debates that express
opposition, that express support, or that fall in the ‘other’
category within each policy area; all six parliaments taken
together (Note Includes all statements, n = 4737. Source
Political Opposition Database (POD), 2022) 93
Fig. 4.9 Percentage of statements in plenary debates in six
parliaments that express opposition, that express support,
or that fall in the ‘other’ category within each policy area
(Note Includes all statements, n = 4737. Source Political
Opposition Database (POD), 2022) 95
Fig. 5.1 Crises and changes in stabilisation policy. A schematic
illustration 106
Fig. 5.2 Government debt as per cent of GDP in the euro area
1995–2020 (Source Eurostat) 110
Fig. 5.3 Budget deficit as per cent of GDP in the euro area
1998–2020 (Source Eurostat) 111
Fig. 5.4 ECB balance sheet 1999–2020. Billions of euros (Source
ECB) 112
Fig. 10.1 Average annual economic growth 2005–2020 in relation
to the respective country’s GDP per capita level
at the beginning of the period, 2005 (Source Author’s
calculations based on PPP and inflation-adjusted GDP
figures from EUROSTAT) 246
 LIST OF FIGURES xiii

Fig. 10.2 Average annual growth of disposable household income

for different decile groups 2005–2019 in relation
to the respective country’s national median level
at the beginning of the period, 2005 (Source Author’s
calculations based on PPP and inflation-adjusted figures
from EUROSTAT) 248
Fig. 10.3 Average annual growth of disposable household income
for different decile groups 2005–2019 in relation
to the income level of the respective decile group
at the beginning of the period, 2005 (Source Author’s
calculations based on PPP and inflation-adjusted figures
from EUROSTAT) 250
Fig. 10.4 Change in the Gini coefficient (number of Gini-points)
of disposable income relative to its level around 2000
(Source Author’s calculations based on World Bank data) 252
Fig. 10.5 Change in the S80/S20 ratio of disposable income
in relation to its level around 2005 (Source Author’s
calculations based on Eurostat data) 253
Fig. 10.6 Change in the poverty rate (AROP) in relation to its
level around 2005 (Source Author’s calculations based
on Eurostat data) 254
Fig. 10.7 Distribution of economic growth in the EU and in the US
across income groups for the period 2000–2019 (Source
Author’s calculations based on WID data) 255
Fig. 10.8 Distribution of economic growth in EU member
states before 2004, EU member states after 2004,
and in the US across income groups for the period
2000–2019 (Source Author’s calculations based on data
from WID) 257
 List of Tables

Table 2.1 Freedom house on the EU’s member states 35

Table 2.2 The economist intelligence unit on the EU’s member
states 36
Table 2.3 Nations in transit 2005–2020 38
Table 5.1 Crises and the evolution of stabilisation policies
in the EU during four periods 1999–2021 108
Table 5.2 Public finances in the EU and the USA, 2008–2012 114

xv
 CHAPTER 1

The Road Ahead for the European Union:

Between Federal Union and Flexible
Integration

Antonina Bakardjieva Engelbrekt, Per Ekman,

Anna Michalski, and Lars Oxelheim

Introduction
The future of the European Union (EU) is again on the agenda. A strong
impetus for reconsidering the EU’s shape and composition has this time
been given by external events. Chief amongst them is Russia’s large-
scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and the long-lasting effects
that this terrible deed will have on the European security architecture.
The war Russia is waging in EU’s immediate neighbourhood requires
rethinking the role of the EU in the defence and security of Europe, and
the prospects of EU membership for Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia, as

A. Bakardjieva Engelbrekt
Department of Law, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Ekman · A. Michalski (B)
Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer 1

Nature Switzerland AG 2023
A. B. Engelbrekt et al. (eds.), The EU between Federal Union
and Flexible Integration, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22397-6_1
2 A. BAKARDJIEVA ENGELBREKT ET AL.

part of a future Pax Europaea (Balfour, 2022; Snyder, 2022). Beyond the
immediate effects of the war itself and its security implications, the break-
down of the European security architecture will have a long-lasting impact
on a wide range of EU policy and various political initiatives. The dialectic
process of deepening and widening is again set to drive the debate on the
future of the EU, and how a viable form of political integration will be
found between flexible integration and federalism.
In the early 2020s, the EU member states are undergoing a series of
crises caused or exacerbated by Russia’s unprovoked military aggression
towards Ukraine. In the first half of 2022, the EU enacted a number of
sanctions packages as a response to the attack. It became clear that the
increasingly tense stand-off between the EU and Russia would trigger
an unexpectedly rapid revision of the EU member states’ energy poli-
cies. The EU institutions and member states were galvanized into action
in the wake of Russia’s decision to discontinue indefinitely the export
of gas through Nord Stream 1 and 2 as a way to punish them for the
support given to Ukraine. The withdrawal from Russian oil and gas is
having a nefarious impact on the economies of the EU. A cost-of-living
crisis has hit European consumers due to the rise in energy prices, fuelling
an already high rate of inflation and afflicting further economic and social
pain on the populations of all member states. The negative fallout of the
dependence on Russian supply of oil and gas shows that in the short to
medium term the EU’s green conversion is becoming even more crucial
in order to ensure strategic and societal resilience as well as to mitigate
the effects of climate change.
Despite fears to the contrary, the massive influx of Ukrainian refugees
into the EU in the beginning of the war did not develop into a crisis on
par with the refugee crisis of 2015–2016 in the wake of the war in Syria;

P. Ekman
e-mail: [email protected]
L. Oxelheim
Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), Stockholm, Sweden
e-mail: [email protected]
University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
Lund University, Lund, Sweden
 1 THE ROAD AHEAD FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION: BETWEEN … 3

this is partly due to it being handled very differently by the EU member

states which across the board showed generosity and solidarity. On the
whole, the ability to keep a united front towards Russia and to main-
tain military, diplomatic and financial support to Ukraine has resulted in
a newfound sense of unity among the EU member states. Nonetheless,
the EU will have to find ways to uphold the present solidarity among EU
member states also in a long-term perspective as insecurity and instability
in the eastern European neighbourhood are bound to persist for the fore-
seeable future. The preservation of unity will be no small feat given that
the economic fallout from the war in Ukraine will present a real challenge
to the EU member states in the years to come and the combined effects
of the green conversion, higher energy prices, and inflation will put strain
on social peace. However, throughout history, external events and chal-
lenges have often led to pushes to deepen the EU in order to equip it with
the instruments and capacities necessary to address changes in economic,
social, and political conditions. In the beginning of 2023, the EU stands
at a watershed moment. The way in which the EU will face the mounting
challenges will set the Union on a path towards defining its future.
In view of these ominous changes in the surrounding world, it is our
purpose in this introductory chapter to shed light on some basic princi-
ples of European integration, how these have developed over the years,
and how they help the Union deal with the continuing tension between
supranationalism and intergovernmentalism. As the EU once more stands
to enlarge its membership in the decade to come, we also return to
the long-standing dialectic of widening and deepening the EU and the
tensions that arise in the process. Our review of these dimensions high-
lights how European integration has progressed through both pragmatic
and formal solutions that allow flexibility in the commitments of member
states to the Union, and how these coexist with new forms of enhanced
cooperation. Indeed, with the war in Ukraine and the many external and
internal challenges that the EU is facing, its future shape and composition
will again be the outcome of pragmatism as well as principled action. The
ultimate end point of European integration is still unknown and the ques-
tion of where the EU’s external borders should be definitively drawn is far
from being settled given the EU’s pledge to allow Ukraine, Moldova and
Georgia to join the EU along with the Balkans countries (Dragneva &
Wolczuk, 2015; European Council, 2022). For these reasons, questions
surrounding what kind of commitment the EU can demand both from
existing and future member states are again raised. Ultimately, a larger
4 A. BAKARDJIEVA ENGELBREKT ET AL.

membership may in the future force the EU to exert stricter commit-

ments and loyalty from its members, or else disunity will split the Union
in groups of states forming on the basis of their varying willingness to
comply with the principles of political integration.
In this chapter, we review the process of European integration from
the twin challenge of widening and deepening which has character-
ized the evolution of the EU since its inception about 70 years ago.
We argue that this process had been defined by a pendulum swing
between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism. This has resulted in
solutions that have required reforms of the original treaties and hence
deeper forms of integration at the same time as cooperation and coor-
dination among the member states in looser more intergovernmental
frameworks have also been present. On the whole integration among
the EU member states have deepened but without necessarily resulting
in federalism and stronger governance from the centre. These reflections
precede a presentation of the individual chapters of this book written by
prominent scholars in the fields of law, economics and political science,
each contributing with an interesting piece of the puzzle of where the
process of European integration is heading in a context of mounting
challenges and dangers.

Integration to Achieve Union:

A Process Fraught with Difficulties
The newfound unity among the EU member states in view of the war in
Ukraine should not mask the fact that cohesion among them is precarious,
and consensus about the future shape of the Union remains uncertain.
This is all the more troubling as the EU stands to become an important
player in the new European security architecture and in the reconstruction
of Ukraine when the war eventually comes to an end. Given the contesta-
tion concerning the EU’s fundamental values and norms on behalf of the
governments of Hungary and Poland as well as the deep societal reform
required by the energy crisis and the green conversion, there is an urgent
need to address issues concerning the future of the EU. The prospect of
treaty reform is again looming large.
That being so, the debacle surrounding the Constitutional Treaty in
the mid-2000s and the lukewarm support of European citizens at the time
put the issue of treaty reform on the back-burner for many years. Since the
 1 THE ROAD AHEAD FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION: BETWEEN … 5

early 2020s, however, the issue was carefully put back on the EU’s polit-
ical agenda. In an effort to seek out public support for further reforms,
the Conference on the Future of Europe met in 2021–2022 as a forum
for EU citizens to lay out and debate possible alternatives for the road
ahead. The Conference’s final document called for ambitious reforms in a
wide range of areas, some of which, such as a move to qualified majority
voting in EU’s foreign and security policy regarding sanctions, would
require treaty change, while in the case of others, the existing treaty’s
passerelle clause would be sufficient to permit a deepening of the EU’s
competences (Conference on the Future of Europe, 2022). In 2023, it is
still too early to say whether sufficient political momentum is building in
favour of treaty reform in the coming years, but it is clear that the Euro-
pean Parliament and, to a lesser extent, the European Commission will
be pressing the European Council to convene a convention to consider
this very question (European Commission, 2022; European Parliament,
2022).
Public debates on the future of the EU are nothing new as it has
been strongly felt since the difficult ratification of the Maastricht Treaty
in 1992–1993 that the European project needed to be better anchored
with European citizens. The ambiguity concerning the ultimate aim of
European integration has been constant since the inception of the Union.
Opinions have been divided on whether the EU should be considered
a case of regional integration, unique in nature but without a definite
end point, or whether instead it is a politico-federal construction bearing
comparison with previous state formations in history. According to the
first perspective, the Union’s development has been marked by flex-
ible solutions to meet needs which have arisen in its member states or
impinged due to shifts in world politics. According to the second view,
deeper integration forms part of a constituting process in which national
sovereignty gradually dissolves into the Union, up to the point where
a new federal state has emerged. The constant tension found within the
EU’s policies and institutional structure can be interpreted on the basis of
either perspective, depending on the standpoint of the observer, resulting
in quite intransigent positions. A more productive way perhaps than the
binary view of intergovernmental cooperation versus supranational inte-
gration is to approach the question by considering the actual changes in
EU policies and institutions that have taken place over the last decade
in response to the many deep crises that have beset the EU. The EU’s
ability to deal with these crises and challenges to its cohesion is of crucial
6 A. BAKARDJIEVA ENGELBREKT ET AL.

importance to evaluate the choice between a federal direction and a prag-

matic approach. In the early 2020s, the way in which the EU has reacted
to crises is through a combination of these two approaches as the focus
has been on solving a problem at hand, not on drawing up a blueprint
for European integration. Generally speaking, the double-edged approach
has been rather successful. Except for Brexit, the EU has thus far managed
to hold its membership together, and contrary to the expectations of the
sceptics, also managed to deepen and widen many of its powers.
It has, therefore, become somewhat of a hallmark of European integra-
tion that the future of the EU is under constant discussion. Its evolution
from the European Coal and Steel Community to political union has been
accompanied throughout by reports, reflection papers, political initiatives,
and scenario exercises. Some of these initiatives and processes stand out
as important stages in the process of preparing the EU for reforms in a
federal direction. One of the earliest initiatives along such lines came from
the Italian MEP, Altiero Spinelli, who presented a draft for a treaty on
European Union, which the European Parliament adopted in February
1984 (Pinder, 2007). This text was later rejected by representatives of
the member states, but it contributed to the first amendment of the
Treaty of Rome: the Single European Act, which entered into force in
1987 (Dinan, 2010). For several years, as the great eastward enlarge-
ment of 2004 approached, there were wide-ranging discussions about
how the EU’s cohesion and effectiveness could be preserved after the
near doubling of member states that enlargement would entail (Schim-
melfennig & Sedelmeier, 2005). An ambitious and holistic approach
to the matter was proposed in 2001, as part of the preparations for
enlargement: the establishment of the Convention on the Future of
Europe (Sokolska, 2021), the task of which would be to reflect on what
changes to the Treaties would be necessary in order to strengthen democ-
racy, transparency, and effective decision-making in the enlarged Union.
In 2003, the Convention presented a constitution for the EU, which
contemporaries perceived as very far-reaching. The proposal was voted
down in referendums in France and the Netherlands in 2005, but it still
furnished the framework for the Treaty of Lisbon, which entered into
force in 2009. Discussions on the EU’s future have since continued,
even after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. In 2017, on
the 60th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome, the European Commission
(2017) presented a number of scenarios aimed at stimulating debate on
the Union’s future role and manner of functioning. The same year, in
 1 THE ROAD AHEAD FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION: BETWEEN … 7

a widely noted speech at the Sorbonne, President Emmanuel Macron of

France openly endorsed a ‘multi-speed Europe’ and called on the member
states that want deeper integration to take the lead (Briancon, 2017).
Macron clearly expected, furthermore, that a reinforced Franco-German
axis would form the core of this avant-garde.
Coming back to the issue of crisis as a trigger for integration, Jean
Monnet, one of the foremost figures in its history, noted already when
European integration was in its infancy, that Europe would be created
out of crises, taking shape on the basis of solutions crafted to deal with
such crises (Monnet, 1976). Given the long-standing association between
crises and European integration, it can be worthwhile to consider what
research into the matter has uncovered. Mark Rhinard (2019) shows that
historical crises have acted as a catalyst for deeper integration and that new
patterns of cooperation have emerged in the EU. A similar conclusion
is drawn by the authors in Palgrave’s handbook on EU crises (Ridder-
vold et al., 2020) who argue that it is a recurrent pattern in EU history
that a crisis is needed in order to break political stalemates and to make
new solutions possible. However, and in spite of the many ongoing crises
which beset the EU, they are not the only source of change in the EU.
A perhaps equally important force in this regard is the growing realiza-
tion that future challenges require solutions at the European level—not
least seen in connection with enlargement and with integration on the
internal market. The case of enlargement presents a particularly clear
example, where fears of a dilution in the EU’s capacity for action and
for a reduction in cohesion between its member states have resulted, on
several occasions, in reforms of the Treaties that have both deepened and
widened the powers of the Union. However, enlarging the membership
of the Union also results in a new dynamic of integration as the insti-
tutional structures and practices of policymaking need to consolidate in
reaction to new member states’ political culture, strategic outlook, and
socio-economic challenges.

The Constant Tension Between

Supranationalism and Intergovernmentalism
When European integration was still in its infancy, the member states
agreed to apply supranationalism of a clearly limited kind. The Amer-
ican political scientist Ernst Haas (1958, 1964) called attention to a
special type of integration in this regard, whereby contentious issues were
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Science - Concept Map
Second 2024 - Center

Prepared by: Prof. Davis

Date: August 12, 2025

Methodology 1: Fundamental concepts and principles

Learning Objective 1: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 5: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 6: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 8: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 11: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 16: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 21: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 4: Critical analysis and evaluation
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 36: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 5: Best practices and recommendations
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 49: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 6: Fundamental concepts and principles
Practice Problem 50: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 51: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 57: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 59: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Part 7: Theoretical framework and methodology
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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