MEWAR INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, NIGERIA

A TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE 6-MONTHS

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

PRESENTED TO THE SIWES UNIT,

FACULTY OF COMPUTING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AT
FEDERAL CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (FCDA)

ADDRESS
NO 8, AYANGBA STREET, AREA 11, GARKI, ABUJA, NIGERIA

BY
ABDALLAH HASSAN MUSA

REGISTRATION NUMBER:
MIUSTD2022349

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR DEGREE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

JULY, 2024.

i
 DECLARATION
I Musa Abdallah Hassan, with Registration number MIUSTD2022349 hereby declare that this
technical report has been carried out by me, and it is based on the experiences that I learned
during the course of the SIWES program.

_______________________ _________________
Musa Abdallah Hassan Date
(MIUSTD2022349)

ii
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this technical report written by MUSA ABDALLAH HASSAN with
Registration Number MIUSTD2022349 meets the requirements governing the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and is approved for its contribution to
knowledge.

_______________________ _________________
Abdallah Hassan Musa Date
(MIUSTD2024349)

_______________________ _________________
Mr. Ismail Auwal Muhammed Date
(Faculty SIWES Coordinator)

_______________________ _________________
Mr. Mustapha Uba Date
(Head of Department)

iii
 DEDICATION
This report, a culmination of my Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) at
Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA), is dedicated to:

Almighty God, for His divine guidance, protection, strength, and wisdom throughout my
industrial training period and in the successful completion of this report.

My beloved parents, Hassan Haruna Musa and Rakiya Usman Gambo, whose unwavering
support, ceaseless prayers, encouragement, and immense sacrifices have been the bedrock of
my academic journey. Your belief in me has been my greatest motivation.

My esteemed lecturers and supervisors at Mewar International University, especially Mr. Ismail
Auwal M for their invaluable guidance, mentorship, and the knowledge they imparted, which
laid the foundation for this practical experience.

The entire management and staff of Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA),
particularly my industrial supervisor, Mr. Kelvin for providing me with the opportunity to gain
practical experience, for their patience, guidance, and for creating a conducive learning
environment during my attachment.

My siblings and friends, for their constant encouragement, understanding, and moral support
that made this journey less arduous.

This dedication serves as a testament to their profound influence on my academic and personal
growth.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I wish to express my profound gratitude to all those who contributed, directly or indirectly, to
the successful completion of my Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) and
this report.

First and foremost, my sincere appreciation goes to Almighty God, for His immeasurable grace,
guidance, strength, and protection throughout my industrial training period.

I am deeply indebted to the management of Federal Capital Development Authority for

providing me with the invaluable opportunity to undertake my industrial training within their
esteemed organization. My special thanks go to my industrial supervisor, Mr. Kelvin, for
his/her exceptional mentorship, guidance, patience, and for creating a conducive learning
environment that facilitated my practical experience.

My heartfelt appreciation also goes to the SIWES Coordinator, Mr. Ismail Auwal M, at [Your
University/Institution Name], for their continuous support, supervision, and for ensuring the
smooth execution of the SIWES program.

I am eternally grateful to my parents, Hassan Haruna Musa and Rakiya Usman Gambo for their
unwavering love, prayers, financial support, and constant encouragement, which have been
instrumental in my academic pursuits.

Finally, I extend my appreciation to my siblings, friends, and all well-wishers for their moral
support and encouragement throughout this period.

Thank you all for making my SIWES experience a truly enriching and memorable one.

v
 ABSTRACT
This report provides an integrated overview of three essential areas in modern technology:
Networking, HTML & CSS, and Python. It examines networking fundamentals, including key
components, protocols, models, security, and emerging trends like SDN and cloud networking.
It outlines HTML and CSS as the core technologies for structuring and styling web content,
covering syntax, responsive design, and development tools. Python is highlighted for its
simplicity, versatility, and broad applications across web development, data science, and
automation. Together, these technologies form the backbone of the digital world, enabling
global connectivity, innovation, and the dynamic evolution of the internet landscape.

vi
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration .................................................................................................................................ii
Certification ............................................................................................................................. iii
Dedication ................................................................................................................................. iv
Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................................... v
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... vi

CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction to SIWES ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Relevance of SIWES..................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Contribution to Knowledge............................................................................................ 2
1.4 Overview of IT Placement Organization: Federal Capital Development Authority ...... 2
1.5 Historical Background ................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Organizational Structure ................................................................................................ 3
1.7 Organizational Hierarchy of FCDA ............................................................................... 3

CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................... 5

EXPERIENCE GAINED ........................................................................................................ 5
2.1 NETWORKING ............................................................................................................ 5
2.1.1 Core Concepts & Goals ................................................................................................. 5
2.1.2 Essential Networking Components ................................................................................ 5
2.1.4 Network Models (Conceptual Frameworks) ................................................................ 10
2.2 HTML and CSS ........................................................................................................... 14
2.2.1 What is HTML? ........................................................................................................... 14
2.2.2 HTML Semantic Tags .................................................................................................. 15
2.2.3 CSS .............................................................................................................................. 16
2.2.4 What is CSS? ............................................................................................................... 16
2.2.5 Ways to Apply CSS ...................................................................................................... 16
2.3 Python .......................................................................................................................... 20
2.3.1 Data Types in Python ................................................................................................... 21

vii
CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................... 24
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................. 24
3.1 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 24
3.3 Recommendation ......................................................................................................... 25
References ............................................................................................................................... 26

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to SIWES

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was created by Nigeria's Industrial
Training Fund (ITF) in 1973. It's a required program that gives university and polytechnic
students hands-on work experience related to their studies. By placing students in real
workplaces, SIWES teaches practical job skills needed for Nigeria's economic growth. Its
greatest strength is turning classroom knowledge into lasting abilities that boost employment
chances and prepare students for professional work.

1.2 Relevance of SIWES

SIWES addresses critical gaps between academia and industry through six key objectives:
1. Industry-Relevant Skill Development: Equips students with technical abilities not
taught in classrooms.
2. Workplace Preparation: Simulates real job challenges students will face after
graduation.
3. Technical Equipment Exposure: Familiarizes students with specialized industry
machinery unavailable in schools.
4. Theory-Practice Integration: Enables application of classroom knowledge to real
projects like urban planning and infrastructure design.
5. Industry-Education Collaboration: Strengthens employer involvement in shaping
relevant professional training.
6. Career Pathway Development: Facilitates mentorship and professional networking
opportunities.

1
Table: Alignment of SIWES Objectives with Urban Development Practice
Academic Concept FCDA Practical Application Competency Developed
Urban Planning Reviewing Abuja Master Plan Spatial analysis & regulatory
Theory revisions compliance
Civil Engineering Road construction supervision Materials testing & quality
Standards assurance
Environmental Land degradation mitigation GIS mapping & sustainability
Management projects planning
Project Management Site progress monitoring Resource scheduling &
stakeholder coordination

1.3 Contribution to Knowledge

SIWES closes the gap between classroom learning and real work in practical fields like
engineering, environmental management, and urban planning. At FCDA, students learn by
doing using land survey tools, designing infrastructure models, and following safety rules. This
hands-on experience teaches them how professionals work, maintain safety, and solve real
problems.

1.4 Overview of IT Placement Organization: Federal Capital

Development Authority (FCDA)
The Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) was created in 1976 to develop Nigeria's
capital territory. Its main job is to implement the Abuja Master Plan - the blueprint for the city.
The FCDA works under the Federal Capital Territory Administration (FCTA) to build Abuja
through three key activities: planning city areas, constructing roads/buildings, and managing
land.

1.5 Historical Background

The FCDA is the government agency that builds Abuja, Nigeria's capital. It was created in
1976. Its job is to:
1. Use the Abuja Master Plan (city blueprint)
2. Plan streets and buildings
3. Manage land in the capital area
4. Report to the FCT Ministry

2
1.6 Organizational Structure
The FCDA comprises specialized departments integrating technical and administrative
expertise:
• Urban & Regional Planning: Manages zoning, land allocation, and compliance with the
Master Plan.
• Engineering Services: Designs and maintains roads, bridges, and public utilities.
• Land Administration: Oversees cadastral surveys, titling, and geospatial data
management.
• Environmental Protection: Implements erosion control, green space development, and
climate resilience projects.
• Public Buildings: Constructs government facilities and social infrastructure.

1.7 Organizational Hierarchy of FCDA

Minister of FCT

Executive
Secretary, FCDA

Director, Director,
Director, Urban Director, Land Director, Public
Engineering Environmental
Planning Administration Buildings
Services Protection

Core Functions and Activities

The FCDA mandate spans four strategic pillars:
1. Urban Planning & Design
o Revising the Abuja Master Plan to accommodate population growth.
o Demarcating residential, commercial, and green zones.
o Enforcing development control regulations to prevent urban sprawl.
2. Infrastructure Development
o Constructing arterial roads, drainage systems, and water supply networks.

3
 o Supervising contract execution for public projects (e.g., Abuja Light Rail
extensions).
o Conducting structural integrity tests on bridges and highways.
3. Land Administration
o Processing land titles and resolving boundary disputes.
o Using GIS technology for cadastral mapping and land use analytics.
o Resettling communities affected by development projects.
4. Environmental Sustainability
o Reclaiming erosion-prone sites (e.g., Gwagwalada gully rehabilitation).
o Developing urban parks and watershed management plans.
o Enforcing environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for new developments.
Key Improvements and Rationale
1. Organization-Specific Context:
o Replaced generic ministry functions with FCDA technical roles (urban
planning, land administration, infrastructure).
o Incorporated Abuja Master Plan implementation as the agency’s anchor
mandate.
2. Enhanced Structural Clarity:
o Reorganized Sections 1.4.2–1.4.3 into thematic pillars matching FCDA
operational workflow.
o Added a hierarchy diagram to visualize reporting lines.
3. Theory-Practice Integration:
o Included a table cross-linking academic concepts with FCDA tasks (e.g., civil
engineering → road supervision).
o Highlighted technical skills gained (GIS, compliance, materials testing) to align
with SIWES objectives

4
 CHAPTER TWO

EXPERIENCE GAINED

2.1 NETWORKING
Networking is the process of establishing and utilizing interconnected systems or relationships
to exchange information, resources, services, or support for mutual benefit.

2.1.1 Core Concepts & Goals

• Purpose: Enable communication and resource sharing (files, printers, internet access,
applications, processing power) between devices.
• Key Goals:
o Resource Sharing: Efficiently share hardware and software resources.
o Communication: Facilitate reliable data exchange (email, messaging, video
calls).
o Accessibility: Provide remote access to information and systems.
o Collaboration: Enable teamwork through shared applications and data.
o Centralized Management: Simplify administration, security, and backup.
o Cost Reduction: Share expensive resources (printers, servers, internet
connections).

2.1.2 Essential Networking Components

1. Nodes/Devices: Any device connected to the network.
o End Devices (Hosts): Computers (PCs, servers, laptops), smartphones, printers,
IoT devices (sensors, cameras), VoIP phones.
o Network Devices: Facilitate data flow and network management.
▪ Network Interface Card (NIC): Hardware in a device allowing network
connection (Ethernet port, Wi-Fi adapter).

5
▪ Switch: Connects devices within a local network (LAN), intelligently
forwarding data only to the intended recipient based on MAC addresses
(Layer 2). Improves efficiency over hubs.

▪ Router: Connects different networks (e.g., your home LAN to the Internet).
Forwards data packets based on IP addresses (Layer 3), finding the best path
between networks. Performs traffic directing functions.

▪ Access Point (AP): Allows wireless devices (Wi-Fi) to connect to a wired

network.

▪ Modem: Modulates/demodulates signals to connect a network to an ISP

(e.g., cable modem, DSL modem).

6
▪ Firewall: Security device monitoring and controlling incoming/outgoing
network traffic based on security rules.

▪ Hub (Obsolete): Simple device connecting devices in a LAN, broadcasts

data to all ports (inefficient and insecure).

▪ Bridge (Less Common): Connects network segments, filtering traffic based

on MAC addresses (similar to a primitive switch).

▪ Repeater/Extender: Boosts signal strength to extend network range.

7
2. Media: The physical or wireless pathway for data transmission.
o Wired (Guided):
▪ Twisted Pair Cable: Most common (e.g., Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a). UTP
(Unshielded) for most homes/offices. STP (Shielded) for environments
with interference.

▪ Coaxial Cable: Less common now (historically used for cable

TV/internet).

▪ Fiber Optic Cable: Uses light pulses for high-speed, long-distance,

interference-free transmission (single-mode for long haul, multi-mode
for shorter distances).

8
 o Wireless (Unguided):
▪ Radio Waves (Wi-Fi - 802.11a/b/g/n/ac/ax): Most common wireless
LAN technology.
▪ Microwaves: Point-to-point links (e.g., between buildings), satellite
communication.
▪ Infrared (IR): Short-range, line-of-sight (rarely used for networking
now).

3. Protocols: Rules and standards governing how devices communicate on a network.

Define data format, addressing, routing, error detection, and sequencing. Examples:
o TCP/IP Suite: The foundational protocol suite of the Internet.
▪ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Connection-oriented, reliable, ensures
data arrives intact and in order (used by HTTP, FTP, email).
▪ UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Connectionless, unreliable but faster, minimal
overhead (used by DNS, VoIP, streaming).
▪ IP (Internet Protocol): Handles addressing and routing of packets across
networks.
▪ HTTP/HTTPS: Web browsing.
▪ FTP/SFTP: File transfer.
▪ SMTP/POP3/IMAP: Email.
▪ DNS: Translates domain names (google.com) to IP addresses.
▪ DHCP: Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.
▪ ARP: Finds the MAC address associated with an IP address on the local network.
4. Network Software:
o Operating Systems: Contain networking stacks (TCP/IP implementation).
o Network Operating Systems (NOS): For servers (e.g., Windows Server, Linux
distributions).
o Network Management Software: For monitoring, configuration,
troubleshooting (e.g., SolarWinds, PRTG, Wireshark).
o Security Software: Firewalls, IDS/IPS, VPN clients, antivirus.
o Applications: Web browsers, email clients, collaboration tools.

9
2.1.4 Network Models (Conceptual Frameworks)
1. OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection): A 7-layer theoretical model defining
different functions in a network.
o Layer 7: Application: User interface, network services (HTTP, FTP, SMTP).
o Layer 6: Presentation: Data translation, encryption, compression (JPEG,
SSL/TLS).
o Layer 5: Session: Establishes, manages, terminates connections between
applications.
o Layer 4: Transport: End-to-end connection, reliability, flow control (TCP,
UDP).
o Layer 3: Network: Logical addressing (IP), routing between networks (IP,
routers).
o Layer 2: Data Link: Physical addressing (MAC), error detection, framing
(Ethernet, switches).
o Layer 1: Physical: Transmits raw bits over the medium (cables, connectors,
signals, NICs).

2. TCP/IP Model: A 4-layer practical model reflecting how the Internet actually works.
o Application Layer: Combines OSI L5, L6, L7 (HTTP, FTP, DNS, SMTP).
o Transport Layer: Same as OSI L4 (TCP, UDP).
o Internet Layer: Same as OSI L3 (IP, ICMP, ARP).
o Network Access Layer: Combines OSI L1 & L2 (Ethernet, Wi-Fi, PPP).
Feature OSI Model TCP/IP Model
Layers 7 Layers 4 Layers
Nature Conceptual/Strict Practical/Descriptive
Development ISO Standard Developed from ARPANET
Layer Focus Clear Separation Less Strict Separation
Adoption Teaching Standard Real-world Implementation

10
Network Types
1. PAN (Personal Area Network): Very small area around an individual (e.g., Bluetooth
connecting phone to headset, USB).
2. LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a limited geographic area (home, office, building,
campus). High speed, owned/managed locally. Primarily uses Ethernet (wired) and Wi-
Fi (wireless).
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers a city or large campus (e.g., city-wide
Wi-Fi, cable TV network infrastructure). Larger than LAN, smaller than WAN.
4. WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans large geographical distances (countries,
continents). Connects LANs. Uses leased lines, satellites, fibre optics. The Internet is
the largest WAN.
5. WLAN (Wireless LAN): A LAN using wireless communication (Wi-Fi).
6. SAN (Storage Area Network): High-speed network dedicated to providing block-
level access to consolidated storage.
7. VPN (Virtual Private Network): Creates a secure, encrypted "tunnel" over a public
network (like the Internet), making a remote connection appear as if it's on a private
local network.

Network Topologies
• Physical Topology: The actual physical layout of cables and devices.
• Logical Topology: The path data signals take through the network.
• Common Types:
o Bus: Single cable (backbone), all devices attached. Simple but prone to
failure/collisions. (Rare today).
o Star: All devices connect to a central point (switch/hub). Most common. Easy
to install/manage, fault tolerant (one cable break doesn't bring down whole
network).
o Ring: Devices connected in a closed loop. Data travels in one direction. Token
Ring was common (less so now).
o Mesh: Every device connects to every other device (Full Mesh - very resilient
but expensive/complex) or only to some (Partial Mesh - common in
WANs/Internet for redundancy).
o Hybrid: Combination of two or more topologies (e.g., star-bus, star-ring).

11
Key Networking Services & Concepts
1. IP Addressing: Unique identifier for devices on a network (IPv4: 32-bit - e.g.,
192.168.1.10; IPv6: 128-bit - e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
2. Subnetting: Dividing a large network into smaller, manageable subnetworks (subnets)
for efficiency, security, and performance.
3. DNS (Domain Name System): The "phonebook of the Internet," translating human-
readable domain names (www.example.com) to machine-readable IP addresses.
4. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Automatically assigns IP addresses,
subnet masks, default gateways, and DNS servers to devices when they join a network.
5. NAT (Network Address Translation): Allows multiple devices on a private network
to share a single public IP address for Internet access. Conserves IPv4 addresses.
6. Firewalling: Enforces security policies by filtering incoming and outgoing traffic
based on rules.
7. Routing: The process of determining the best path for data packets to travel across
networks from source to destination (performed by routers).
8. Switching: Forwarding data frames within the same local network based on MAC
addresses (performed by switches).
9. Wireless Security: Protocols like WPA2, WPA3 to secure Wi-Fi networks against
unauthorized access.

Network Security
• Threats: Malware, hacking, phishing, denial-of-service (DoS/DDoS) attacks, man-in-
the-middle attacks, eavesdropping, unauthorized access.
• Defences:
o Firewalls: Filter traffic.
o Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS): Monitor for and block
malicious activity.
o Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Encrypt traffic over public networks.
o Encryption: Protect data confidentiality (SSL/TLS, WPA3, IPsec).
o Authentication & Access Control: Strong passwords, Multi-Factor
Authentication (MFA), AAA (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting)
servers (e.g., RADIUS).
o Security Policies & Awareness: User training, regular updates/patching,
vulnerability scanning.
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Current Trends & Future Directions
1. Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Separates the control plane
(deciding how traffic flows) from the data plane (forwarding traffic), enabling
centralized, programmable network management.
2. Network Function Virtualization (NFV): Replaces dedicated network hardware
appliances (firewalls, routers) with software running on virtual machines (VMs) on
standard servers.
3. Cloud Networking: Extensive use of cloud-based network infrastructure, services, and
management (e.g., AWS VPC, Azure Virtual Network).
4. 5G & Beyond: Next-generation mobile networks enabling ultra-fast speeds, low
latency, and massive IoT connectivity.
5. Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) & Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be): Newer Wi-Fi standards offering
significantly higher speeds, capacity, efficiency, and performance in dense
environments.
6. Internet of Things (IoT): Massive growth in connected devices, driving network
scalability and security challenges.
7. Zero Trust Security Model: "Never trust, always verify." Requires strict identity
verification for every person and device trying to access resources on a private network,
regardless of location.
8. IPv6 Adoption: Accelerating adoption due to IPv4 address exhaustion.
9. Edge Computing: Processing data closer to where it is generated (at the "edge" of the
network) instead of centralized data centres, reducing latency.

Importance & Impact

Networking is fundamental to modern society and business:
• Global Communication: Email, social media, video conferencing.
• Information Access: The World Wide Web, search engines, online databases.
• Business Operations: Cloud computing, e-commerce, supply chain management,
remote work.
• Entertainment: Streaming video/music, online gaming.
• Infrastructure: Smart grids, transportation systems, healthcare systems.
• Innovation: Enables AI, big data analytics, IoT, and future technologies.

13
2.2 HTML and CSS

2.2.1 What is HTML?

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is the standard language used to create and
structure content on the web.
Key Characteristics:
• It describes the structure of web pages.
• HTML files have the .html or .html extension.
• Uses tags (like <p>, <div>, <img>) to structure content.

Basic HTML Document Structure

HTML

Part Purpose
<!DOCTYPE html> Declares HTML5 document type
<html> Root of the HTML document
<head> Metadata (title, links, scripts, styles)
<body> Visible content of the web page

Common HTML Tags

Text Content
• <h1> to <h6>: Headings
• <p>: Paragraph
• <br>: Line break
• <hr>: Horizontal rule
• <strong> / <em>: Bold / Italic

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Links & Navigation
• <a href="https://example.com">Click here</a>

Images
• <img src="image.jpg" alt="Description">
Lists
• Ordered List: <ol><li>Item</li></ol>
• Unordered List: <ul><li>Item</li></ul>
Tables
Html

Containers
• <div>: Block-level container
• <span>: Inline container
Forms
Html

2.2.2 HTML Semantic Tags

Improve accessibility and SEO.
Tag Description
<header> Top section or title bar
<nav> Navigation links
<main> Main content
<article> Standalone content (e.g., blog)
<section> Group of related content
<aside> Sidebars
<footer> Footer of the page

15
2.2.3 CSS

2.2.4 What is CSS?

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is used to style and layout HTML elements—control
colors, fonts, spacing, positioning, animations, and responsiveness.
Key Characteristics:
• Separates content (HTML) from presentation (CSS).
• Files have .css extension.
• Allows reusable styling rules.

2.2.5 Ways to Apply CSS

1. Inline CSS
<p style="color: blue;">Text</p>
2. Internal CSS
<style>
p { color: red; }
</style>
3. External CSS (Recommended)
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">

CSS Syntax
selector {
property: value;
}

Example:
h1 {
color: green;
font-size: 24px;
}

Common CSS Properties

Text and Font

16
 • color, font-size, font-family
• text-align, text-decoration, font-weight
Box Model
Every HTML element is a box:
• content → padding → border → margin

Layout
• display: block, inline, flex, grid, none
• position: static, relative, absolute, fixed, sticky
• z-index: Layering elements
• float & clear: Older layout techniques
Sizing & Spacing
• width, height
• padding, margin
• box-sizing
Backgrounds & Borders
• background-color, background-image
• border, border-radius
Selectors
Selector Description Example
* All elements * { margin: 0; }
element All <p> elements p {}
.class Elements with class .highlight {}
#id Element with ID #menu {}
div p Descendant selector div p {}
a:hover Pseudo-class (on hover) a:hover { color: red; }

Responsive Design
Make websites look good on all screen sizes.

17
Tools:
• Media Queries:
@media (max-width: 768px) {
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
}

• Flexbox:
.container {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
}
• CSS Grid:
.grid {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
}

CSS Animations and Transitions

Transitions
button {
transition: background 0.3s ease-in-out;
}
Keyframe Animations

18
HTML + CSS Project Example

Tools for Development

• Text Editors: VS Code, Sublime Text, Atom
• Browsers: Chrome, Firefox (for preview/testing)
• DevTools: Inspect and debug HTML/CSS live
• Frameworks:
o Bootstrap (CSS framework)
o Tailwind CSS (Utility-first CSS)
• Validators:
o W3C HTML Validator
o W3C CSS Validator

19
2.3 Python
Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language. It is known for its
simplicity, readability, and versatility. Python supports multiple programming paradigms,
including:
• Procedural programming
• Object-oriented programming
• Functional programming

Key Features of Python

• Readable and Simple Syntax: Python code resembles plain English, making it ideal for
beginners.
• Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line-by-line, which simplifies
debugging.
• Dynamic Typing: No need to declare variable types explicitly.
• Garbage Collection: Automatic memory management.
• Extensive Standard Library: Provides modules and functions for regular expressions,
math, file I/O, internet protocols, etc.
• Cross-platform Compatibility: Python code can run on Windows, macOS, Linux, etc.,
with minimal changes.
• Large Community Support: A massive ecosystem of frameworks, libraries, and tools.

Python Syntax Example

python
Simple Python Program

Output:

20
2.3.1 Data Types in Python
i. Numeric: int, float, complex
ii. Text: str
iii. Sequence: list, tuple, range
iv. Set: set, frozenset
v. Mapping: dict
vi. Boolean: True, False
vii. Binary: bytes, bytearray, memoryview
viii. None: NoneType

Control Structures
Conditional Statements:

Loops:

Output:

Functions and Modules

Function:
python

21
Modules:

Output:

Popular Python Libraries and Frameworks

Category Libraries/Frameworks
Web Development Flask, Django, FastAPI
Data Science Pandas, NumPy, Matplotlib, Seaborn
Machine Learning Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch
Automation & Scripting Selenium, PyAutoGUI
GUI Development Tkinter, PyQt, Kivy
Networking Socket, Twisted
Game Development Pygame

Applications of Python
i. Web development
ii. Data analysis and visualization
iii. Machine learning and AI
iv. Automation/scripting
v. Game development
vi. Desktop applications
vii. Networking and cybersecurity
viii. IoT and embedded systems
ix. Education and research

Advantages of Python
i. Easy to learn and use
ii. Vast ecosystem
iii. Strong community support

22
 iv. Versatile across domains
v. Integrates well with other languages (C/C++, Java)

Disadvantages of Python
i. Slower execution compared to compiled languages (e.g., C++)
ii. Higher memory consumption
iii. Not ideal for mobile app development (compared to Swift or Kotlin)
iv. Weak in multi-threaded applications due to the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)

Python vs Other Languages

Feature Python C++ Java JavaScript
Syntax Simple Complex Verbose Moderate
Speed Slower Fast Moderate Fast
Use Case General Systems/High- Enterprise/Web Web
performance frontend/backend
Learning Easy Steep Medium Medium
Curve

Career and Industry Use

Python is used by top companies like:
i. Google
ii. Facebook
iii. Netflix
iv. NASA
v. Dropbox
vi. Instagram
Job roles:
i. Python Developer
ii. Data Analyst
iii. Machine Learning Engineer
iv. DevOps Engineer
v. Software Engineer

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 CHAPTER THREE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

3.1 Summary
This report provides a comprehensive overview of three core areas in modern technology:
Networking, HTML & CSS, and Python. It explains networking as the foundation for
communication and resource sharing, covering components like nodes, media, protocols
(TCP/IP, HTTP, DNS, DHCP), models (OSI, TCP/IP), network types (LAN, WAN, VPN),
topologies, security measures, and emerging trends such as SDN, cloud networking, 5G, and
IoT.

It describes HTML as the standard for structuring web content and CSS as the language for
styling and layout, highlighting key syntax, properties, responsive design, and tools. Python is
presented as a versatile, high-level programming language, noted for its simplicity, dynamic
features, and wide applications in web development, data science, AI, and automation.

Together, these technologies underpin today’s digital world, enabling global connectivity,
innovation, and continuous technological advancement.

3.2 Conclusion

The exploration of Networking, HTML/CSS, and Python reveals their interconnected and
indispensable roles in the digital landscape. Networking forms the backbone of all digital
interaction, enabling communication and resource sharing across diverse systems. HTML and
CSS are the foundational languages for creating and presenting information on the web, making
digital content accessible and visually appealing. Python, with its versatility and ease of use,
serves as a powerful tool for developing a vast array of applications, from web services and
data analysis to artificial intelligence and automation.

Together, these technologies underpin the modern internet, drive innovation, and facilitate
global connectivity. A solid understanding of these areas is crucial for anyone aspiring to
contribute to or navigate the contemporary technological world, whether in software
development, IT infrastructure, data science, or any field reliant on digital systems. The
continuous evolution of these domains, particularly with trends like SDN, cloud computing,
and AI, underscores the dynamic nature of technology and the need for continuous learning
and adaptation.

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3.3 Recommendation

Based on the comprehensive insights into Networking, HTML/CSS, and Python, the following
recommendations are made for individuals and organizations aiming to leverage these
technologies effectively:

For Aspiring Technologists:

• Build a strong foundation in networking concepts, protocols, models, and security.

• Master HTML & CSS for front-end web development; explore frameworks like
Tailwind CSS.

• Gain proficiency in Python and focus on libraries suited to your career path (e.g.,
Django, Pandas, TensorFlow).

• Keep up with trends such as SDN, NFV, cloud networking, Wi-Fi 6/7, and adopt Zero
Trust security practices.

For Organizations & Businesses:

• Invest in secure, resilient network infrastructure with firewalls, IDS/IPS, and VPNs.

• Adopt cloud networking and NFV to improve scalability and efficiency.

• Prioritize cybersecurity through strong authentication, encryption, audits, and staff

training; implement Zero Trust.

• Use Python for automation, internal tools, data analytics, and machine learning to drive
innovation.

• Ensure websites and apps follow responsive design with HTML & CSS for seamless
user experiences on all devices.

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 REFERENCES
About the Organization: Federal Capital Development Agency (FCDA), Abuja official website:
[About FCDA] (https://fcda.gov.ng)

Industrial Training Fund: Industrial Training Fund (ITF) official website: [ITF Overview]
(https://www.itf.gov.ng/)

SIWES Program: SIWES Guidelines and Objectives document from the Industrial Training
Fund: [SIWES Overview] (https://www.itf.gov.ng/)

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