ELECTION OF HAZRAT ABU BAKR (RA)

●​ The Holy Prophet (PBUH) before his death did not appoint any successor so his death
led to an immediate crisis in the affairs of the Muslims over the question as to who was
to be the leader of the Muslims after the Holy Prophet (PBUH).While the dead body of
the Holy Prophet (PBUH) was being prepared for burial,
●​ The Ansars of Madina assembled at their meeting place ‘Saqeefa Bani Saidah’ to
discuss the question of succession to the Holy Prophet (PBUH).The Holy Prophet
(PBUH) was the last of the prophets, and there was to be no prophet after him.
●​ He was also the leader of the Muslims, and it was therefore necessary that after him
there should be someone who would be the head of the Muslim community.
●​ At the meeting the Ansars made a passionate plea that the successor to the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) for managing the temporal affairs of the Muslims should be chosen from
the Ansars. Their leader, Hazrat Saad bin Ubaadah (RA), argued that as they were the
people who had protected Islam and offered a home for the Holy Prophet and his
companions when they were persecuted by their own people. The Ansars had a right to
the leadership of the Muslims.When Hazrat Saad (RA) concluded his speech, he was
applauded by the Ansars.
●​ His arguments appealed to Ansars, and it appeared that were ready to choose him as
their leader.
●​ When it was reported to the emigrants who were assembled in the Prophet (PBUH)’s
mosque for Prophet (PBUH)’s burial regarding the meeting at Saqeefa Bani Saidah,they
rushed to the site as they believed that the question of choosing a successor to the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) was a question of life and death for the Muslims community.
●​ So, Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA), Hazrat Umar (RA) and Hazrat Abu Ubaidah (RA) proceeded
to Saqeefa Bani Saidah to negotiate the matter with Ansar before it was too late.When
they reached there the Ansars were on the edge of electing Hazrat Saad binUbaidah
(RZ) as the successor to the Holy Prophet (PBUH).
●​ Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) took the stage and mentioned the gravity of the problem. He
pointed out that the matter did not concern the citizens of Madina alone, it was matter of
concern for all the Arabs who had become Muslims.
●​ All the Arab tribes were not likely to accept the leadership of the Ansars,particularly
when there were differences among the two principal tribes of the Ansars themselves.
●​ He pointed out that under the circumstances the Quraish who were the custodian of the
Kaabah could alone provide the leadership for the Muslim community.
●​ After the address of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ), Hazrat Habab bin Mandhar (RZ) anAnsar
leader rose to say that the Amirat (leadership) was the right of the Ansars and they could
not give up their right. He added that the utmost concession that they could make in
favor of the emigrants was that they could have two Amirs(leaders), one from the Ansars
and the other from the emigrants.
●​ Hazrat Umar (R.A) argued that Islam stood for unity-one God, one Prophet, and one
Quran. It was necessary that the Muslim community should have one Amir. If the
proposal of having two leaders was once accepted, other people would later lay claim to
the election of a leader from them.
 ●​ Such multiple leaders would lead to the disintegration of the Islamic policy. Hazrat Umar
(RA) emphasized that in the interest of the solidarity of Islam, they could not have more
than one leader and it was imperative that such Amir should be from the Quraish, the
tribe of Muhammad’s (PBUH).
●​ There was some exchange of hot words between Habab and Hazrat Umar (RA). Then
Hazrat Abu Ubaidah (RA) appealed to the Ansars saying: “O Ansars you were the first to
help Islam; do not now be the first to take steps towards the disintegration of Islam”.
●​ Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit (RZ) an eminent Ansar leader rose to say: “In fact the
HolyProphet (PBUH) was among the Quraish. There is considerable force in the
proposal that after him, his successor should also be selected from among the Quraish”.
●​ That appeared to have some effect on the Ansars and they seemed to hesitate to press
their demand. Thereupon Abu Bakr took the stage again and said: “…… You may
choose one out of these two; Hazrat Umar (RA) and Hazrat Abu(RA) , Ubaidah(RA)”.
●​ At the offer of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ), Hazrat Umar (RZ) rose quickly to say: “O Abu Bakr
(RA) can I or Abu Ubaidah be preferred to you? You are undoubtedly the most excellent
of the Muslims. You were the ‘Second of the Two’ in the Cave. You were appointed as
‘Amir-ul-Haj’. During his illness the Holy Prophet appointed you as the Imam to lead the
prayers. Of all the companions you were the closest and the dearest to the Holy Prophet
(PBUH). As such you are dear to us. Stretch your hand so that we may offer our
allegiance to you.”
●​ Hazrat Umar (RA) made Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) stand, and then touched his hand
reverently in token of allegiance. Hazrat Abu Ubaidah (RA) was the next to pay
allegiance.
●​ Thereafter all the Ansars assembled there offered their allegiance to Abu Bakrturn by
turn.
●​ Abu Bakr addressed people and said; “O people! I have been selected as your trustee
although I am not better than you. If I am right, obey me. If I am misguided, set me right”

Thus, Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) was elected as the successor to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) on the
very day of the death of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in 632 A.D / 11 A.H.

PROBLEMS FACED BY ABU BAKR (RA) AS A 1st CALIPH

1.FALSE PROPHETS

DREAM OF PROPHET (PBUH) REGARDING FALSE PROPHETS

Hazrat Abu Huraira reported that the Messenger of Allah told: “While I was sleeping,I saw two
bangles of gold which I became concerned about. An order was revealed to me in my dream, it
said:”Blow at them”. I blew at them and they flew. I interpreted them to be two fakes who will
come after me; One of them was Aswad and the other was Musailimah”

AL ASWAD ANSI
 ●​ He belonged to the Ansi tribe of Yemen and was an ugly man who used to cover his face
and this is why he was also called the veiled prophet (the one who covers face).
●​ He earned the title Al-Aswad (Black man) due to his dark complexion.
●​ The situation around Aswad Ansi began due to his claims of magical powers and due to
significant discounts in the religious obligations of Islam (like prayers and zakat),as a
result of which people gathered under his banner and he was able to capture Najran and
San’a.
●​ Badhan was the King of Yemen who embraced Islam at the call of the Prophet
(PBUH).With Badhan many came into the fold of Islam.
●​ After the death of Badhan when his son Shahr took the throne, Aswad Ansi who had
already laid the claim of being prophet gathered his army, attacked and killed Shahr.By
this, Aswad captured Yemen and broke the allegiance with Madinah.
●​ Prophet (PBUH) on knowing Aswad’s false claim sent an army under Hazrat Maaz(RA).
After that Aswad forcefully married the widow of Shahr named Azad.
●​ In order to empower himself Aswad Ansi dismissed Qais, commander in chief of the
forces of Shahr, and Feroz, minister under Shahr.Azad who bitterly hated Aswad
assassinated him in conspiracy spearheaded by her wife (wife of Shahr), Feroz and
Qais.
●​ He was assassinated a day or two before the death of Holy Prophet (PBUH) but thenews
reached Madinah during the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ).After his death, his
supporters gathered under the banner of Qais bin Abd Yaghus.
●​ Firuz decided to attack him and gathered Muslims.Thousands of Muslims joined Firuz
and finally he defeated Qais.

TULAYHA IBN KHUWAYLID

●​ He laid a claim among Banu Ghatafan and Asad of receiving revelations and prophet
hood during Prophet (PBUH)’s lifetime.
●​ His claim to prophet hood was that he had been lost in the desert with his tribe once and
was able to find a spring of water himself that saved him.He also ridiculed Muslims’ way
of praying and asked his followers to pray by standing.
●​ When the Prophet (PBUH) asked to take action against him. A Muslim tried to kill him
but the attempt was miscarried. After this the followers of Tulayha) proclaimed that no
sword could harm him.After the Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s death he was preferred as a
living prophet.
●​ Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) sent Hazrat Khalid Bin Walid (RA) crush his growing power.Hazrat
Khalid Bin Walid (RA) negotiated with the neighboring tribes which brought
reinforcement for Muslims.
●​ The armies of Muslims and Tulayha met at Buzakha but this remained indecisive.
●​ Thereafter, Tulyaha retired to a place of safety and pretended to await divine revelations.
●​ Uyaynah asked Tulayha about revelation, to which Tulayha replied, “not yet”.When
Muslims were completely dominating the battle, Uyainah returned to Tulayha and asked
him again about revelation and got the same reply.Uyaynah, his commander in chief,
after inquiring Tulayha about revelations many times found his cause doomed to failure
and asked his army to retreat.
 ●​ After receiving this reply, Uyaynah declared Tulayha a liar, “O people! Tulayha is a liar,
so I am leaving now!” This caused the army of Tulayha to panic and disperse.
●​ This gave an advantage to Muslims and many men of Tulayha were killed.
●​ He escaped to Syria with his wife and later when Muslims conquered Syria he embraced
Islam.
●​ He then participated in Battles of Jalula, Qadsiya and Nihawand.

SAJAH BINT AL HARITH

●​ She belonged to Bani Tamim tribe. Among the false prophets who arose in Arabia,
●​ She was the lady who claimed to be a prophetess.
●​ She was beautiful, professed in predicting future, was a poetess and mostly talked in
verses.
●​ She had an influential personality and was famous in her people.
●​ Due to her fame and appealing personality when many accepted her claim, she decided
to attack Madina but learning about Tulayha’s defeat by Hazrat Khalid she was reluctant
to attack Madina
●​ So, she collected an army of her followers and proceeded to Yamamah to fight against
Musaylima.Instead of attacking, Musaylima invited her and gave her a warm welcome.
●​ He convinced her to join forces with him as their enemy was the same, the Muslims.
●​ Since both of them were good looking so they were attracted to each other.
●​ As result, Musaylima proposed Sajjah which she accepted and admitting each other as
prophet they got married.
●​ The followers of Sajjah went back to Iraq frustrated, considering the loss without a battle.
●​ Although according to some reports her army was defeated by Khalid.It is said that
Sajjah was already married and she surrendered to Musaylima under some hypnotic
influence.
●​ When the spell was over she realized that she had degraded herself and lost the battle.
●​ She went back to Iraq and later embraced Islam when Muslims conquered Iraq.

MUSAILIMAH AL-KADHDHAB

●​ He belonged to Hanifa tribe in Yamama and was the most dangerous one.
●​ He visited Madinah during the Prophet (PBUH)’s lifetime and met him. When he came to
Madina, he said “If he appoints me as a leader after him, I will follow him”. The Prophet
went to him with Sabit bin Qais with a strip of palm leaf in his hand.
●​ The Prophet said, “Even if you ask me for this strip of palm leaf I will not give it to you. I
will never disobey the order of Allah with regard to you. If you turn away, Allah will most
certainly strike you dead. Truly I believe you to be the one about whom I was shown
something”.
●​ On his return to Yamama he laid claim to be a prophet.He also composed some verses
and called them the revelations.
●​ Moreover, he lessened the number of prayers from five to three, relieved his followers
from Zakat , allowed adultery and drinking.
 ●​ When Prophet (PBUH) asked him to abandon and go on exile, he demanded to divide
Arabia in two parts one for Muslims and other for him and his followers. He wrote a letter,
“From Musailimah the messenger of Allah to Muhammad the messenger of Allah. I have
been made a partner in prophet hood with you. Half the land shall be for us and other
half for the Quraish, "the Prophet replied, “From Muhammad (PBUH) the messenger of
Allah to Musailimah the impostor. The land belongs to Allah and He bestows it to
whomever He wills. The righteous shall have a good reward.”
●​ Prophet (PBUH) called him the ‘liar’ and deputed Nahrur Rijal to go back to his people
and propagate lslam.
●​ Nahr falsely declared to his people that Prophet (PBUH) admitted Musaylima lo be his
co-partner in Divine mission.
●​ After the death of Holy Prophet (PBUH) people preferred him as a living prophet.
●​ Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) then sent two armies under Ikrimah bin Abu Jahl and Shrubail bin
Hasnah with instructions to attack only when both forces joined.
●​ Both the delegations lost in battle because they did not follow the caliph’s instructions.
●​ Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RA) was then sent by the caliph with an army of 15,000.
●​ Musaylima with his 40,000 men intercepted the outnumbered Muslims which brought
defeat for Muslims on the first day of the battle.
●​ Hazrat Khalid (RA) refused to admit defeat and prepared his reserved cavalry for the
next day battle.
●​ While both forces were engaged in hand to hand fighting Hazrat Khalid bin Walid(RA)
attacked on Musaylma’s camp.
●​ Musaylima retreated to a neighboring garden which was surrounded by a wall.
●​ Muslims jumped over the wall and after that, a huge slaughter took place and due to this
the battle is also known as ‘the Battle of the garden of death’.
●​ Eventually, Wahshi the Negru slave killed Musaylima. Wahshi killed Musaylma with
same sword that he used to kill prophet’s uncle. Wahshi said, “Just as I have killed the
most beloved servant of Allah, I am going to compensate for that by killing the enemy of
Alllah”
●​ 3000 Muslims were martyred including a large number i.e 360 Huffaz (memorizers) and
10,000 of Musaylima’s army men were killed.

3. APOSTASY MOVEMENT

●​ Madina was surrounded by a ring of tribes named Banu Ghatafan, Banu Asad, Banu
Thalba, Banu Abbas and others.
●​ After the invasion of Makkah when other tribes sent delegations for the acceptance of
Islam, these tribes also became Muslims. Their allegiance was based more on
diplomacy than on real faith.
●​ After the Prophet (PBUH)’s death they shared their view with the caliph that the
agreement they made with Muhammad (PBUH) had terminated and authorities should
make new agreements relieving them from Zakat.
●​ When Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) discussed the matter with his council he was suggested to
accept the demand. The companions were divided; one majority said suggested that
 Jihad should not be waged as Muslims position was weak and outnumbered, while other
majority suggested that tribes refusing to pay zakat should just be given favor and let go.
●​ To both parties, Abu Bakr had bravest reply, “I consider prayer and zakat to be
obligations of the same importance, whoever does not donate even a single rope for a
camel in the amount of zakat, I will wage Jihad against him”. He judged the matter of
Zakat as an obligatory duty upon all therefore it could not be relieved and no
concessions could be made in it.
●​ After convincing his council members, he wrote back to the tribes explaining them that if
they professed Islam they had to observe all the injunctions of Islam.
●​ There was no half way house in Islam and no room in Islam for any compromise on
fundamentals.
●​ He clarified that if they withheld Zakat, he would fight for it whatever the consequences
were.
●​ On the rigid response of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA), the tribes decided to attack Madinah
taking advantage of the situation that the major army of Muslims was at Syria and there
would be hardly any fighting force in Madinah.
●​ Noticing the mood of tribes, Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) posted his senior companions like
Hazrat Khalid (RA), Hazrat Talha (RA, Hazrat Abdur Rahman bin Auf (RA),
●​ Hazrat Abdullah bin Masud (RZ) others on strategic approaches of the city to make a
report about enemies movements.
●​ On the other hand Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) prepared adult Muslims to fight for his defense
of Islam and Islamic state.
●​ The intelligence brought report of movements in tribes of ZulHissa, so Hazrat Abu Bakr
(RZ) collected adult Muslims and took position on the strategic point in the direction of
ZulHissa. The enemy who had thought to have any easy victory was surprised by Hazrat
Abu Bakr (RZ)’s attack.
●​ In this encounter Muslims prevailed and the enemy retreated to the Zul Qissa.Later,
Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) pursued them to Zul Qissa and there the tribal forces were no
match for the ferocious attack of Muslims.
●​ The survivors of Zul Qissa retreated to Abraq. There they repudiated Islam and joined
hands with the apostates of Islam who were fully poised to attack Muslims.
●​ Those who remained Muslim at Abraq, were killed by the apostate tribes mercilessly;
some were put to the sword, some were burnt alive, some were thrown from the cliffs
etc.
●​ When Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) came to know or these killings he waited for the forces to
return from Syria.
●​ Afterwards, he personally led the Muslim force and attacked Abraq
●​ Soon in fighting the enemy’s leaders Haris and Auf were killed.
●​ With the fall of the leaders the enemy forces were demoralized and the Muslims thereby
won a significant victory

4: COMPILATION OF HOLY QURAN

During the life time of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), revelation was a constant process,
and there was no occasion for giving the various verses the form of a book.

After the death of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) the process of revelation came to an

end, and then the need for some sort of compilation was felt in the battle of

Yamamah, most of the memorizers were martyred.

It struck Hazrat Umar (RZ) than if the memorizers died, there was the danger that

at one stage there would be no body who could be depended upon as the custodian

of the Holy Quran.

Hazrat Umar (RZ) suggested to Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) that all the revelations of

the Holy Quran should be collected, and compiled in the form of a book.

Hazrat Abu Bakar (RZ) in the first instance was reluctant to undertake the project

as the Holy Prophet (PBUH) had not felt the necessity of such compilation; it did

not behoove him, as the successor to the Holy Prophet, to take any initiative in the

matter.

Hazrat Umar (RZ) however to continue to press his proposal.

He argued that as during the life-time of the Holy Prophet, the process of

revelation was continuous, there was no occasion for stringing the various verses in

the form of a compilation, but after the death of the Holy Prophet, and the end of

the process of revelation, the position had changed, and it developed on the

successor of the Holy Prophet to suitably conserve the Holy Quran otherwise it

might be lost or corrupted in the course of time.

The argument appealed to Hazrat Abu Bakar (RZ), and on further consideration, he

agreed to undertake the project.

Abu Bakar called Zaid and said, “you are a wise man and we do not have any

suspicion about you, you used the Divine revelations for Prophet. So you should
search for the scripts of the Quran and collect it in Book.”

Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit (RZ) was summoned by Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) and entrusted

with the task on collecting all the verses, and compiling them in a book form.

Hazrat Zaid (RZ)’s immediate answer to proposal was that if he had been asked to

remove a mountain from its original site, and place it elsewhere, he would have

considered it easier than the task of compiling the Holy Quran.

Despite that Hazrat Zaid (RZ) accepted the commission, and after hard labor in

collecting, checking and in consultation with the various companions of the Holy

Prophet produced a compilation.

Hazrat Abu Bakar (RZ) was himself a Hafiz. He, therefore, checked the compilation

of Hazrat Zaid (RZ) and after making whatever changes were necessary; he kept

the finally approved copy in his personal custody.

He gave the sacred compilation the name of Mushaf.

That copy after being transferred from Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) to Hazrat Umar (RZ)

then to Hazrat Hafsa was named Mushaf e Hafsa.

EXPEDITION TO SYRIA

On becoming the caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) continued the Prophet

(PBUH)'s intention of sending expedition to north i.e. Syria.

On assuming the caliphate the first issue that Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) was called

upon to decide was whether the expedition to Syria which the Holy Prophet (PBUH)

had directed to be sent under the command of Hazrat Usamah bin Zaid (RZ) should

proceed to its destination, or should it be abandoned because of the change in circumstances.

This army was encamped at Jurf few miles away from Madinah on the road to Syria.

On account of the Prophet (PBUH)’s serious illness Hazrat Usamah (RZ) delayed the
departure. Hearing the news of Prophet (PBUH)’s death Hazrat Usamah (RZ) returned to
Madinah and sought further orders.

Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) when consulted his Shura, Abu Bakr was advised not to send

army outside Madinah noticing the alarming situation that most of the tribes

apostatize from Islam and there was also a threat from false prophets.

Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) said that it was the wish of Muhammad (PBUH) and he was no

one to go against it. Hazrat Abu Bakr said, “Even If I knew some beast would

devour me when the army had been dispatched, even then I would not stop

what Prophet had ordered”

Thus, he decided to send an army to Syria.

His decision was based on loyalty to Muhammad (PBUH) and belief that whatever

Prophet (PBUH) had ordered was in the best interests of the community, therefore

he decided to dispatch this army.

He ordered the army to depart and went to Jurf to bid farewell to the army.

Ansari elder suggested to change the leader (Hazrat Usama bin Zaid) as he was too

young. But Abu Bakr (RA) said it was the decision of prophet and he can’t go against his orders.

The army came after 40 days successfully beating the Byzantines on the Syrian front leaving a
huge message that Muslims were strong enough to meet all emergencies even after the
Prophet (PBUH)’s death.

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE - CAMPAIGNS IN EASTERN IRAQ

Hazrat Muthana (RZ) was a chief of tribe Banu Bakr who lived in the north eastern

part of Arabia. He became Muslim at the time of Holy Prophet (PBUH) & sided

Muslims in the campaign of Bahrain.

He visited the caliph in Madina and pointed out that the people who lived in the border areas in
Iraq were Arabs who legitimately belonged to Arabia.

If Muslims undertook some campaigns to liberate such tribes from the Persians that would be a
step forward towards building a greater Arabia.
Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ) was aware of the predictions of Holy Prophet (PBUH) that Islam would
spread to Iraq and Syria.

He held a council of war and after due thoughts noticing the hostility of Persians and their
endangering existence of Islamic Empire, it was decided that in the name of Allah a campaign
should be launched against Iraq.

All these campaigns were held in 633 A.D.

Hazrat Muthana (RZ) was prepared with necessary aid to raid on eastern Iraq and he was also
assured that the main army under Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RZ) would soon launch the attack
against Iraq.

1.BATTLE OF KAZIMA – CHAINS

Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RZ) who was in Yamamah received the orders of Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ)
to march to Iraq and start operations in the region of Uballa(Kazima).

Hurmuz was the governor of Uballa. Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RZ) wrote him to accept Islam,
pay Jizya or be ready for the consequences (war).

Hurmuz prepared his forces and set out from Uballa to meet Muslims forces at Kazima.

Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RZ) reached Kazima with his forces and without allowing time to
Persian forces he forced them to come in to action.

Hurmuz ordered Persians to bind themselves up in chains so that they would fight bravely till
last breath.

The Persian forces were linked in chains, and it was the use of chains, which gave the battle of
Kazima, the name of the battle of Chains.

The battle started with a duel between Hazrat Khalid (RZ) and Hurmuz in which

Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RZ) killed Hurmuz.

After having killed Hurmuz, Khalid ordered an immediate attack on the Persian forces.

The death of Hormuz had demoralized the Persians, but nevertheless, they fought hard and the
chain-linked Persians withstood all attacks of Muslims.

The Muslims redoubled their attacks, and the Persians were forced to fall back.

The Persians found their chains to be a death trap, and as they retreated held together in chains
they were slaughtered in thousands.

Before night set in, the Muslims had won the battle.
2.BATTLE OF MAZAR

Another Persian army under Qarin was coming to reinforce Hurmuz’s Army. As soon

as they reached Madain they came to know that the Persians were defeated at Kazima.

The Persian army marched to Mazar near Tigris River with an intention to avenge

their defeat at Kazima.

Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RZ) gathered his troops at Mazar to deal with the Persians.

The battle began with a call to duel by Qarin in which he was faced by a Muslims commander
Maqal bin Al Ashi. Maqal was an expert swordsman and killed Qarin in this duel.

After this two other top generals were killed by Muslims in a duel.

After the death of the Persian top generals, Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RZ) ordered for a general
attack. The Persians resisted so hard that Hazrat Khalid (RZ) had to intensify the attack.

Muslims emerged victorious in this combat and killed 30,000 Persians.

At last people of Mazaar agreed to pay Jizya.

3.BATTLE OF WALAJA

With the defeat of Mazar, the Persian ruler Rustam sent another army to fight against Muslims.

One army led by Andarzaghar established camp at Walaja.

Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RZ) with his 10,000 men reached Walaja.

The battle of Walaja as usual started with a duel in which Hazrat Khalid (RZ) killed

a giant of a man supposed to have the strength of thousand men, Hazar Mard.

After the duel Hazrat Khalid advanced for a general fight. In this Muslims faced troubles initially
but by the Great War tactics of Hazrat Khalid (RZ) the battle of

Walaja ended in a victory of Muslims.

Andarzaghar fled from the battlefield to the desert area, where after losing his way he died of
thirst.

4.BATTLE OF ULLIES

In a similar passion Hazrat Khalid (RZ)’s forces fought against the Persian force at Ullies.
In duel, Hazrat Khalid (RZ) killed Abdul Aswad. In a general fight the Persians gave stiff
resistance and stood like a rock.

Hazrat Khalid (RZ) who knew that his army wouldn’t match the counter attack of Persians
prayed to Allah which put new soul in his soldiers.

This time when his soldiers attacked, they were Successful in breaking down theresistance of
Persians.

The Persians started fleeing and most of their army got shattered.

By this Muslims had secured a fourth consecutive victory against the Persians.

5.FALL OF HIRA

When Khalid bin Walid was asked to undertake operations in Iraq, he was given the target of
Hira. After Ullies, roads to Hira were open.

Hazrat Khalid (RZ) decided to advance to Hira. He thought he would have to fight for the
possession or Hira but the Persian governor Azadbeh had already abandoned the city and fled
with his forces to Madain.

By the fall of Hira the whole of South and most of North Iraq was conquered.

Muslims then signed a treaty with the local Persians. This became the first treaty of Muslims
with conquered people beyond Arabia.

As per the Treaty the rulers of Hira were to pay Jizya to Muslims regularly in return of protection
provided by Muslims. Residents agreed to pay 200,000 dirhams as a tax.

Muslims granted them full religious liberty and civic freedom.

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE - CAMPAIGNS IN WESTERN IRAQ

BATTLE OF ANBAR

After achieving his objective set by the caliph, Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RZ)

decided to advance further and he chose Anbar as his next objective.

In 633 A.D Hazrat Khalid bin Walid camped somewhere below Anbar.

The governor of that district was Sheeraz who decided to defend the town.

The town of Anbar was situated on a height and Muslims army had to camp at the low plain
below the town.
Noticing the disadvantage Hazrat Khalid (RZ) commanded his best archers to shoot in the eyes
of the Persians. As a result of this thousands of Persians lost their eyes.

Because of this action the battle is also called “The Battle of the Eyes”.

The town was surrounded by walls and a deep ditch. Khalid ordered to slaughter the week
camels and dumped them in a ditch to enter the town.

When the Muslim army prevailed over the Persians, Sheeraz made an offer to surrender on a
condition to have safe pass for the army.

Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RZ) accepted this and the Persian soldiers and their families left Anbar
for Madain.

BATTLE OF EIN-AT-TAMR

Next, Hazrat Khalid (RZ) left for Ein-at-Tamr which was a large fortified town surrounded by date
palms.

The Persian forces were led by Mehran bin Bahram Jabeen. This army was supported by
Christian Arabs who volunteered to fight against Muslims.

In 633 A.D the Persian army remained in Ein-at-Tamr but the Christian Arabs under their leader
Aqqa went on the roads to Anbar to interpret Muslim army.

As soon as the both armies came into sight, the battle began in which Muslim forces captured
Aqqa alive.

As a result of this the Christian Arabs fled to Ein-at- Tamr hoping to be reinforced by Persians
but the Persians under Mehran had already evacuated the town and went to Madain.

The Christians closed the gates of the city. Hazrat Khalid (RZ) besieged the city with his forces.
The Christian after some days surrendered unconditionally.

BATTLE OF DAUMATUL JANDAL

At the time of Holy Prophet (PBUH) when Daumatul Jandal was captured, the leader Aeikad
agreed to pay an annual tribute to Islamic Empire on which he was freed.

But during Hazrat Abu Bakr (RZ)’s caliphate he broke the agreement.

The caliph sent Ayad bin Ghanam to capture the town but he was unable to enter the town.

Ayad wrote to Khalid for reinforcement therefore Hazrat Khalid (RZ) also following the caliph’s
orders to reinforce Ayad’s army marched to Daumatul Jandal from Ein-at-Tamr.
When Aeikad came to know about Hazrat Khalid (RZ)’s help for Ayad, he got unnerved & left
the town.

He was captured on his way to Jordan by Hazrat Khalid (RZ)’s cavalry

Thereafter, when Hazrat Khalid pressed the siege at Daumatul Jandal he successfully broke
down resistance of Christians & captured the town.

In this, over 2000 Christian Arabs were killed.

Thereafter, the Persians had raised more forces and were on the war path. This time Muslims
successfully resisted the Persians in various battles.

So, by the end of 633 A.D Muslims were the masters of Euphrates valley.

BATTLE OF FIRAZ

In the early 634 A.D when Hazrat Khalid (RZ) marched to the outermost edge of

Persian Empire or the valley of Euphrates, he had to deal with the army of Persians

reinforced by Byzantines and Christian Arabs.

The enemy’s forces were ten times greater than the Muslims army, however Hazrat Khalid (RZ)
was still determined to fight and undertook an oath that if he was victorious, he would undertake
the pilgrimage of Makkah.

The smart war tactics and the blessings of Allah, Muslim forces killed over 50,000 enemy’s
soldiers.

The withdrawing enemy either jumped in to the river or allowed them to be squeezed to death.

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE - CAMPAIGNS IN SYRIA

After the battle of Firaz, Hazrat Khalid (RZ) was transferred to the Syrian front and Hazrat
Muthana (RZ) became the commander of Muslims in Iraq.

In 634 A.D, Hazrat Abu Bakr called for Jihad against Syria.

He had assembled a large force of four groups, 7,000 men each, commanded by Amr bin Aas,
Yazeed bin Abu Sufyan, Shrubail bin-Hasana and Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah.

Khalid bin Walid marched from Hira with 9,000 men towards Syria. This army was about 37,000
in total.

BATTLE OF BASRA

When Hazrat Khalid (RZ) approached Basra, he came to know that a detachment of
4,000 Muslims warriors under Shrubail was fighting the Byzantine Empire.

Shrubail army was outnumbered and Romans taking advantage of their numerical

strength, launched a strong attack on Muslims.

Miraculously the army of Hazrat Khalid (RA) arrived at the scene.

He sent a message to Hazrat Abu Ubaidah to meet him.

Soon, the Byzantine and Muslim armies faced each other.

Hazrat Khalid (RA) offered Islam to the enemy commander, Romans, who embraced it.

Surprised by their commander’s defection, they withdrew to the city and locked its gates.

The army lost the heart and locked themselves in the city. With the help of Romans, Muslims
entered the city from underground passage and killed Byzantines in large number.

After the defeat of Basra, the Byzantine Emperor, Heraclius decided to take decided to take
revenge.

His forces started gathering at Ajnedain of about 100,000 to 240,000 in number.

Hazrat Khalid bin Walid (RZ) decided to deal with Byzantine at Anjedain so Muslims

joined forces of 40,000 reached there.

The enemy sent a Christian Arab to Muslim camp to get some information about strength and
quality of Muslim forces.

The spy reported, By night they are like monks, by day they are like warriors. If the son of ruler
were to commit theft, they would cut off his hand, and if he were to commit adultery, they would
stone him to death. On getting this report, Deputy

Commander of Byzantine forces declared, “If what you say is true, it would be better to be in the
belly of the earth than to meet such people upon its surface”

Before the battle began, a respected old man asked Khalid to surrender by saying

that, “we will give you each of you a dinar, a robe, and a turban, and for you

there will be 100 dinars, 100 robes, and 100 turbans”

Hazrat Khalid rejected the offer by saying, “We have not come here to accept charities. Your
choice is either to accept Islam or pay Jizya. The third

alternative is sword. We are not afraid of the strength of your army; our one
man may fight against ten of your men”

In the clash Byzantine army was defeated with heavy losses.

50000 Byzantines died against 450 Muslim soldiers only.

SIEGE OF DAMASCUS

Marching to Damascus, Muslims came upon a large number of Byzantine troops blocking their
way.

After these troops had been defeated, the survivors fled to Damascus and locked the gates.

Damascus was laid siege in 634 A.D.

Soon the news of the death of the caliph reached the Muslims thus, it was during the caliphate
of Hazrat Umar (RZ) that Damascus finally fell into the hands of Muslims.

ADMINISTRATION

He laid the foundation of a truly democratic state.

Following the Qur’an and Sunnah Abu Bakr (RA) conducted the affairs of the state

by discussing all matters with the Majlis-e-Shura which was consisted of senior

most companions.

He divided the state into provinces and appointed governors who were responsible

for both administrative and military affairs.

For every province there was a governor who was required to lead the prayers,

superintended the army, collect taxes, administer justice and maintain law and

order.

Governor was aided by Amil who collected revenues and a Qazi who administered

justice.

Public money was strictly accounted for and all those in government were selected

on merit.
He gave the idea of Bait ul Maal and appointed Abu Ubaidah as the incharge.

He also gave freedom to the court and Umar was made the judge.

He established military cantonments and maintain a reserve force.

It should be said that even though there was no police force, all crimes and their

perpetrators were dealt with in the light of the teachings from the Qur’an and

Sunnah and if they were silent Ijma was practiced.

By his efficient administration he preserved the integrity of Islam by suppressing

rebellions and making sure that the Pillar of zakat was enforced.

Moreover he tried his best to safeguard and protect the rights of Non-Muslims.

DEATH

Hazrat Abu Bakr died at the age of 63 years old on 24th Jamadi us Sani, 13 A.h of

natural causes.

His caliphate lasted for two years and few months. On his deathbed he nominated

Hazrat Umar as his successor with following dialogue, “I will tell Allah that I have

chosen the best for Your creation by choosing the best from Your creation.”

He was buried on the right side of Holy prophet.