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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
Reed, Joseph (President State of Pennsylvania):
Letter to Sullivan. May 21st, 1779. (Ans. Sullivan of 11th.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series, Vol. 7. pp. 427-430.

Same:
June 3d, 1779. (As to Pennsylvania Troops guarding stores to Wyoming.
Ans. May 26th and 31st, 1779.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7, pp. 457-8.

Letter to Colonel Sam. Hunter. (As to guarding stores by Ranging Cos.)

Pennsylvania Archives, First Series. Vol. 7. p. 455.

Letter to Board of War. May 20th, 1779. (As to Sullivan's

misapprehension as to what Pennsylvania would do.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 424.

Same:
August 12th, 1779. (Progress of Expedition.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7, p. 640.

Letter to Washington. July 11th, 1779.

Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 555.

Same:
September 7th, 1779. (As to furnishing Sullivan with supplies.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 684.

Letter to Council. November 13th, 1779.

Pennsylvania Archives. Fourth Series. Vol. 3. pp. 739-740.
Rider, Sidney S.:
Notes to the Journal of Rev. William Rogers, D. D.
Rhode Island Tracts. No. 7.

Same:
 Manufacturers and Farmers Journal of Providence, R. I. 1823.

Same:
American Universal Magazine. Vol. 1. pp. 390-399. Vol. 2. pp. 86-91.
Roberts, Ellis H.:
Address. Sullivan's Expedition and its Fruits.
New York Centennial Volume, pp. 425-438.
Roberts, James A. (Comptroller State of New York):
New York in the Revolution as Colony and State. Records discovered,
arranged and classified in 1895, 1896, 1897 and 1898.
Second Edition. 4 to. p. 534. pp. 29-59. pp. 63-65. Portraits. Albany.
1898.
Roberts, Thomas (Sergeant Capt. John Burrowes' Company Fifth New
Jersey Regiment:)
A Journal of the March from Eleazabeth Town to the Back Woods.
New York Centennial Volume, pp. 240-245.
Rochester:
A Story Historical, Jennie Marsh Parker. pp. 412. p. 20. p. 235. 8 vo.
Rochester. 1884.
Rogers, Rev. William, D. D. (Brigade Chaplain Pennsylvania Line):
Journal.
New York Centennial Volume, pp. 246-265.

Same:
Rhode Island Tracts. No. 7. With an introduction and Notes by Sidney S.
Rider.

Same:
Manufacturers and Farmers Journal of Providence, 1823.

Same:
American Universal Magazine. Vol. 1. pp. 390-399. Vol. 2. pp. 86-91,
200-206.

Same:
 Pennsylvania Archives. Second Series. Vol. 15. Portr. pp. 255-288.
Harrisburg. 1893.
Rogers, William (Sergeant Second New York Regiment):
Journal.
New York Centennial Volume, p. 266.
Ryerson, Egerton, D. D., LL. D.:
Loyalists of America. 2 Vols. Vol, 2. p. 108. 8 vo. Toronto and Montreal.
1880.

Salmon, John:
Journal.
A Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison, otherwise called the White
Woman, by James E. Seaver. Third Edition. Batavia, New York.
1844.
Sanborn, Frank B.:
General John Sullivan and the Rebellion in New Hampshire.
New England Magazine, Vol. 23, p. 323. (Contains an interesting study
of General Sullivan's Character.)
Schreve, John (Lieutenant Second New Jersey Regiment):
Journal.
Magazine of American History. Vol. 3. pp. 571-572.
Seaver, James E.:
Deh-he-wa-mis or A Narrative of the Life of Mary Jemison, otherwise
called the White Woman. Third Edition. 16 mo. Batavia, New York,
1844.

Journal of John Salmon, In above.

General Sullivan's Expedition to Western New York. In above. Appendix

p. 182 et seq.

Removal of the remains of Boyd. In above. Appendix p. 192 et seq.

Sherman, William T.:
Addresses.
 New York Centennial Volume, pp. 439-442.
Shute, Samuel M. (Lieutenant Second New Jersey Regiment):
Journal and Notes made contemporaneously.
New York Centennial Volume, pp. 267-274.
Simms, Jeptha R.:
History of Schoharie County and Border Wars of New York. pp. 672. 8
vo. Illustrated, p. 291 et seq. Munsell & Tanner, Albany. 1845.

Frontiersmen of New York (Revision of the History of Schoharie County

and Border Wars of New York). 2 Vols. Vol. 2. pp. 239-276. 8 vo.
Albany. 1882.
Stone, William L.:
Life of Joseph Brant (Tha-gen-dan-e-gea), including the Border Wars of
the American Revolution. Illustrated. 2 Vols. 8 vo. Albany. 1838.
1864. (Different editions.)

The Poetry and History of Wyoming. Illustrated, pp. 324. 8 vo. Wiley &
Putnam. New York and London. 1841.

Same: pp. 406. p. 277 et seq. 12 mo. J. Munsell, Albany, 1864.

Border Wars of the American Revolution. 2 Vols. Vol. 1. p. 1 et seq. 16

mo. Harper Brothers, New York. 1846.
Stryker, William S.:
Official Register of the Officers and Men of New Jersey in the
Revolutionary War. 8 vo. pp. 49-57. Trenton. 1872.
Sullivan, John (Major General):
Report of the Battle of Newtown.
The Military Services and Public Life of Major General John Sullivan,
by Thomas C. Amory. p. 121.

Same:
New York Centennial Volume, pp. 473-476.

The Chronicle of his Expedition against the Iroquois in 1779—The

devastation of the Genesee Country.
Maryland Journal and Baltimore Advertiser, October 19th, 1779.
Baltimore, Maryland.

Same:
The Military Services and Public Life of Major General John Sullivan,
by Thomas C. Amory. p. 130.

Same:
New York Centennial Volume, pp. 296-305.

Same:
The Remembrancer or Impartial Repository of Public Events for the year
1780. Vol. 9. p. 158.

Letter to John Langdon and some comments by George W. Nesmith.

Granite Monthly. Vol. 3. pp. 153-161.

Letter to Reed. Easton, May 11th, 1779. (Requesting order empowering

Quartermasters to Impress Waggons, Horses, &c.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 388.

Same:
Easton, Pa., May 26th, 1779. (Ans. rec'd of 21st inst.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 439.

Same:
Easton, Pa., May 31st, 1779.
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 450.

Same:
Easton, June 7th, 1779. (Lamenting obstructions in Quartermaster's
Department.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7., p. 473.

Same:
Wyoming, July 21st, 1779. (Complaining that Pennsylvania Rangers and
Riflemen had not joined.)
 Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 568.

Letter to Colonel John Cook. Headquarters, July 30th, 1779. (Answering

requisition.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 593.

Letter to Colonel Sam. Hunter. Wyoming, July 30th, 1779.

(Acknowledging news of loss of Ft. Freeland.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 594.

Letter to Reed. Easton, October 18th, 1779. (Requisition for 100

Waggons.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 756.

Same: Easton, October 23d, 1779. (Acknowledging action of Executive

Council and declining as too late.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 768.

Letter to the Warriors of the Oneida Nation, &c.

The Remembrancer or Impartial Repository of Public Events for the year
1780. Vol. 9. pp. 25-28. J. Almon. London. 1780.

Address to Troops. Same. pp. 24-25.

Letter to the Congress containing his acct. of his Expedition against the
Indians. Same. pp. 158-166.

Address to the Inhabitants of Northhampton County. Same. p. 166.

Address to the Officers of the Artillery. Same, pp. 166-167.

Address to the Corps of Light Infantry. Same. p. 167.

Thacher, Dr.:
Military Journal. Biographical Sketch of Major General Sullivan.
 Farmer and Moore's Collection Historical and Miscellaneous and
Monthly Literary Journal. Vol. 2. p. 201.
Treat, Samuel:
Oration at interment of Lieutenant Boyd of General Sullivan's Army.
History of Buffalo and the Senecas, by Ketcham. Vol. 2. pp. 318-340.
Trist, Elizabeth:
Letters to General Lee.
Collections, New York Historical Society. Vol. 6. pp. 381-382.
Turner, O.:
Pioneer History of the Holland Purchase of Western New York. pp. 666.
p. 277 et seq. 8 vo. Jewett, Thomas & Co. Buffalo. 1849.

History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorhams Purchase and

Morris Reserve. pp. 588. p. 80 et seq. William Ailing, Rochester.
1852.

Van Campen, Moses:

Memorial to Congress.
Pritt's Mirror of Olden Time Border Life. pp. 697. pp. 481-491.
Abington, Va.

Narrative. Same.
Van Cortlandt, Philip (Colonel commanding Second New York Regiment):
Autobiography, with Notes by Pierre C. Van Wyck.
Magazine of American History. Vol. 2. p. 278 et seq.

Same:
Elmira Daily Advertiser, February 17th, 1879.
Van Hovenburgh, Rudolphus (Lieutenant Fourth New York Regiment):
Journal.
New York Centennial Volume. pp. 275-284.

Table of Distances.
New York Centennial Volume. p. 284.
Van Wyck, Pierre C.:
Notes to Autobiography, Philip Van Cortlandt.
Magazine of American History, Vol. 2. p. 278.

Washington, General George:

Instructions to General Sullivan.
Historical Magazine. Second Series. Vol. 2. pp. 139-141.

Letter to John Jay, President of Congress.

Magazine of American History. Vol. 3. p. 142.

Letter to War Council. July 5th, 1779. (As to Sullivan's disappointment as

to Pennsylvania's assistance.)
Pennsylvania Archives. First Series. Vol. 7. p. 535.
Webb, Nathaniel (Sergeant Major Second New York Regiment):
Journal.
New York Centennial Volume, pp. 285-287.

Same:
Elmira Republican, September 11th and 12th, 1855. Elmira, New York.
Welles, S. R. (M. D.):
Paper read before the Waterloo Library and Historical Society, November
27th, 1877.
New York Centennial Volume, pp. 527-535.
White, Pliny T.:
Note to History of the Expedition against the Five Nations commanded
by General Sullivan in 1779.
Historical Magazine. Second Series. Vol. 3. p. 198.
Wilkinson, J. B.:
Annals of Binghamton and of the Country connected with it from the
early settlement. p. 256. 12 mo. Binghamton, New York. 1840.
Willers, Diedrich, Jr.:
The Centennial Celebration of General Sullivan's Campaign against the
Iroquois in 1779. Held at Waterloo, September 3d, 1879. pp. 356. 8
 vo. Plates. Portraits. Waterloo, New York, 1880.
Willett, William M.:
A Narrative of the Military Actions of Colonel Marinus Willett. 8 vo.
New York. 1831.
Williams, Rev. Dwight:
Poem, Sullivan's Centennial.
New York Centennial Volume, pp. 506-510.
Winsor, Justin:
Narrative and Critical History of America. 8 Vols. Houghton, Mifflin &
Co., Boston. 1889. Vol. VI. pp. 637, 642, 653, 667, 669, 671 and 681.
Vol. VIII. pp. 439.

Handbook of the American Revolution. pp. 206-208. 12 mo. Boston.

1880.
 AN INDIAN CIVILIZATION AND ITS
DESTRUCTION.

By Colonel S. P. Moulthrop.

No nearer approach to what may be called civilization, if the term may

be applied to a people who left no record, other than the legendary lore
transmitted from father to son, may be found than the Iroquoian
Confederacy, whose form of government was maintained for a greater
length of time than that of any republic which had previously or has since
existed.

Their location, according to their claim, was upon the highest part of
the Continent, from whence flowed the Mohawk, Hudson, Genesee,
Delaware, Susquehanna, Ohio and the St. Lawrence rivers, going in all
directions to the sea. The intersection of lakes and streams, separated only
by short portages, the continuous valleys being divided by no mountain
barriers, offered unequaled facilities for intercommunication.

Their custom of settling on both sides of a river or encircling a lake

made the tribal boundaries well defined.

One of the most interesting features of aboriginal geography was the

location of their principal trails. If we travel either of the great railways
extending through our State, we are upon one of the leading trails that
Lewis H. Morgan stated were used in 1732. They followed the lines of the
least resistance.

The central trail, extending from east to west, intersected by cross

trails which passed along the shores of lakes or banks of the rivers,
commenced at the point where Albany now is, touched the Mohawk at
Schenectady, following the river to the carrying place at Rome, from thence
west, crossing the Onondaga Valley, along the foot of Cayuga and Seneca
Lakes, terminating at Buffalo Creek, the present site of the city of Buffalo.

This trail was later the route taken by early settlers, because it
connected the principal villages and established a line of travel into Canada
on the west and over the Hudson on the east.

Upon the banks of the Susquehanna and its tributaries, which have
their source near the Mohawk, and the banks of the Chemung, which has its
source near the Genesee river, were other trails, all of which converged at
the junction of these two rivers, forming the southern route, into
Pennsylvania and Virginia. On these footpaths the Iroquois conducted war
parties and became well versed in the topography of the country.

Lakes, hills and streams had significant names, many of which the
Anglicized orthography and pronunciation have robbed of their euphony
and force of accent.

Mary Jemison says that "No people can live more happily than the
Indians in times of peace." Their life was one round of simple sport and
pleasure, in keeping with their free life; their simple wants were supplied
with but little exertion. Following the chase gave them amusement and
served to keep them in good physical condition, as well as to retain their
skill with weapons that were their dependence in time of war.

The growing youth were taught Indian warfare, becoming experts with
the tomahawk and scalping knife. At such times the squaws were employed
with their simple domestic duties, or industriously tilling the soil. Apple and
peach trees were planted and cultivated about the villages. To the Jesuit
Fathers they were indebted for instruction in the art of cultivating fruit trees,
as well as many of the vegetables which they raised in abundance; also
producing a fine quality of tobacco whence their original name,
IREOKWA.

The reports of Sullivan's officers speak of cornfields exceeding in

quality and quantity anything they had been accustomed to in their eastern
homes. They wrote of ears of corn measuring twenty-two inches in length,
and grass as high as the backs of the horses on which they rode.

Not only in war and diplomacy did the Iroquois show superiority, but
in their cultivation of crops and housebuilding some were so good as to be
called by General Sullivan elegant Indian homes. The weight of evidence
goes to show that many of them were framed, and of such a creditable order
of architecture as to surprise those who accompanied Sullivan's expedition.
Some of the officers writing home said that the houses were large and
beautifully painted. Many of those who have considered the Indian as a
forest roamer will be incredulous of the above statement, and yet there is no
people who in their primitive state more religiously respected, or distinctly
defined the family ties and relationship. There is a bright and pleasing side
to Indian character.

The ordinary picture of the Indian represents him with war club and
tomahawk. They do not deserve the appellation of savages any more than
kindred terms might be applied to their white successors.

"Bury me with my fathers" was the last plea of the red man. Not until
they had listened to the teaching of the whites did they view death with
terror, or life as anything but a blessing.

In ancient times they had a beautiful custom of freeing a captured bird

over the grave on the evening of burial, to bear away the spirit to the happy
home beyond the setting sun.

The following motto shows that hospitality was the prevailing

characteristic:

"If a stranger wanders about your abode, welcome him to your home, be hospitable
toward him, speak to him with kind words, and forget not to always mention the Great
Spirit."

From a speculative point of view the institutions of the Iroquois

assume an interesting aspect. Would they naturally have emancipated the
people from their strange infatuation for a hunter life? It can not be denied
that there are some grounds for belief that their institutions would have
eventually improved into an advanced form of civilization. The Iroquois
manifested sufficient intelligence to promise a high degree of improvement
had it been directed into right pursuits, although centuries of time might
have been required to effect the change.

But these institutions have a present value irrespective of what they

might have become. Let us render tardy justice by preserving, as far as
possible, their names, deeds and customs, and their institutions.

We should not tread ignorantly upon those extinguished council fires,

whose light in the days of original occupation was visible over half this
Continent. They had planned a mighty nation and without doubt had the
coming of the Europeans been delayed but a century, the League would
have included all the tribes between the Great Lakes and the Gulf of
Mexico.

The first stage in the development of this confederacy was the union of
several tribes into one nation. They mingled by intermarriage. The Chief
ceased to be alone in his power and the government became a Pure
Democracy. Several nations, thus being formed into a confederacy or
league, more perfect, systematic and liberal than those of antiquity, there
was in it more of fixedness, more of dependence upon the people, and more
of vigor and strength.

Their original congress was composed of fifty sachems and it

generally met at the Onondaga Council House. The business of the congress
was conducted in a grave and dignified manner, the reason and judgment of
the Chiefs being appealed to, rather than their passions. It was considered a
breach of decorum for a sachem to reply to a speech on the day of its
delivery, and no question could be decided without unanimous concurrence.
The sachems served without badge of office, their sole reward being the
veneration of their people in whose interest they were meeting.

Public opinion exercised a powerful influence among the Iroquois, the

ablest among them having a dread of an adverse criticism from the common
people.
 Subordinate to the Congress of Sachems were the noted chiefs, such as
Red Jacket, Big Kettle, Corn Planter and others who influenced the councils
with their oratory.

Women were recognized by them as having rights in the government

of the nation, being represented in council by chiefs, known as their
champions. Thus they became factors in war or peace, and were granted
special rights in the concurrence or interference in the sale of lands,
claiming that the land belonged equally to the tillers of the soil, and its
defenders. The equality of rights granted women was one of the principal
factors of strength in their confederacy, or union.

Their orators studied euphony in the arrangement of their words. Their

graceful attitudes and gestures made their discourse deeply impressive. A
straight, commanding figure, with blanket thrown over the shoulder, the
naked arm raised in gesture, would, to use the words of an early historian,
"give no faint picture of Rome in her early days."

A difference existed between the Iroquois and other tribes with respect
to oratory. No others have left records of models of eloquence except in
single instances on rare occasions.

Red Jacket, Logan and Corn Planter were orators, who have by their
eloquence perpetuated their names on the pages of history.

In the happy constitution of the ruling body and the effective security
of the people from misgovernment, the confederacy stands unrivaled. The
prevailing spirit was freedom.

They were secured all the liberty necessary for the united state and
fully appreciated its value.

The red man was always free from political bondage. He was
convinced that man was born free; that no person had any right to deprive
him of that liberty. Undoubtedly the reason for this was the absence from
the Indian mind of a desire for gain—that great passion of the white man
—"His blessing and his curse in its use and abuse."
 The hunter wants of the Indian, absence of property in a comparative
sense, and the infrequency of crime, dispensed with a vast amount of
legislation and machinery incident to the protection of civilized society.

The system upon which the League was founded, as before stated, was
a singularly well chosen one, and is highly illustrative of the intellectual
character of this people. "It was wisely conceived by the untaught statesman
of the forest, who had no precedents to consult, no written lore of ages to
refer to, no failures or triumphs of systems of human governments to use as
models or comparisons, nothing to prompt them but necessity and
emergency."

President Dwight said, "Had they enjoyed the advantages possessed by

the Greeks and Romans, there is no reason to believe they would have been
at all inferior to these celebrated nations." Their minds appear to have been
equal to any effort within the reach of man. Their conquests, if we consider
their numbers and circumstances, were little inferior to Rome itself. In their
harmony, the unity of their operations, the energy of their character, the
vastness, vigor and success of their enterprises, and the strength and
sublimity of their eloquence, they may be fairly compared to the Greeks.

Both the Greeks and Romans, before they began to rise into
distinction, had already reached the state of society in which they were able
to improve. The Iroquois had not. The Greeks and Romans had ample
means for improvement. The Iroquois had none.

The destruction of the confederacy was necessary to the well being of

the colonists. During the Revolutionary war, harassed as they were by
roving bands instigated by the tribes to massacre and burn, the Colonial
government authorized the Commander-in-Chief to administer punishment
for the horrible atrocities committed at Wyoming and Cherry Valley. To
obtain a complete, detailed account of the manner in which it was done, one
has but to read the record of Sullivan's Expedition in 1779, compiled by the
Hon. George S. Conover for the Secretary of State, 1886.

This remarkable undertaking by General Sullivan has been aptly

compared to some of the most famous expeditions in the world's history.
The boldness of its conception, the bravery of the officers and men, were
equaled on but few occasions during the great Revolutionary struggle.

The writings and researches of historians of the present day attach

greater importance to this expedition than formerly. The collection of
materials during the last centennial celebrations has resulted in shedding
much light upon the pages of Our Country's history, that was formerly but
little known.

In this respect General John S. Clark, Rev. David Craft, Lockwood L.

Doty, Hon. George S. Conover and others have performed a great service
that should receive recognition.

The colonists were particularly concerned regarding the attitude of the

Iroquois, who were considered more dangerous than three times the number
of civilized foes. The strong influence exerted by the Johnsons with their
allies, the Mohawks, was dreaded. Subsequently these fears were proved
well grounded.

When the General Council was held by the Iroquois to consider the
question of joining the British in the war against the colonies, a division
occurred—the Oneidas opposing the alliance, while the Mohawks were
anxious for an alliance with the British.

As unanimity could not be secured, each tribe was by law of the

League free to engage in the war or remain at peace with the Americans.
The sequel shows that the British agents, with presents of gunpowder and
lead, also promises of a bounty to be paid for scalps taken from the
colonists, were successful with all but the Oneidas, who remained true to
their first declaration.

To friendship alone could the colonists appeal. They were not able to
assure the Indians that the rum of the Americans was as plenty as the water
of the lake, as the British had done.

The majority of the Indians concluded that the colonists were too poor
or too mean to make them any gifts. Had the influences been less powerful
the Indians might still have remained the friend of the settlers as he had
been during long years of peace.

The indignation of Pitt in denunciation of the wrong done by the

employment of Indians has made his name immortal. How different the
policy of the American! The offers of the Oneidas were courteously yet
firmly refused. They only shared in the struggle as guides or scouts.

Wyoming in July—Cherry Valley in November, were only on a larger

scale the repetition of recurring events along the entire frontier. The blood-
curdling yell, accompanied by the tomahawk and scalping knife, were a
constant menace to the settler. The demand for decided measures was
imperative. The Wyoming massacre sent a thrill of horror through the
country, and renewed the demand for retaliatory measures.

General Washington was directed to take such measures as he deemed

advisable, for the protection of the frontiers. Realizing the country's
condition and the great need of economy in public expenditures,
Washington's policy for 1779 was to remain on the defensive, except as
might be found necessary to hold the Indians in check.

England's affairs in Europe at this time were such that she would not
be apt to push her operations in America. Washington himself was an
experienced Indian fighter—knew how they could be punished—early
favored an expedition into the heart of the Indian country—having but little
faith in the plan of establishing forts. He wished to carry the war to their
own homes, destroy villages and crops and compel them to accept peace or
depend on the British for sustenance.

The country to be traversed on such an expedition was but little

known, so Washington during the winter and spring devoted a great deal of
time to obtaining information needed and planning for the campaign, which
was subsequently shown to be the most important event of that year, and
furnished a lasting lesson to the hostile tribes of the North.

After the declination of the command by General Gates, Washington

tendered the command, which was promptly accepted by General Sullivan,
whose patriotism and bravery were well known.
 Preparations were immediately commenced for the great undertaking.
Hamilton under Washington's direction, drew up a letter of instructions,
which was signed by Washington. The first paragraph is interesting:
"May 31, 1779. Sir:—The expedition you are appointed to command is to be directed
against the hostile tribes of the Six Nations of Indians with their associates and
adherents. The immediate object is their total destruction and devastation and the
capture of as many persons of every age and sex as possible. It will be essential to
ruin their crops, now on the ground, and prevent their planting more."

Then followed instructions more in detail, showing that Washington

had acquired an almost accurate knowledge of the country not only, but the
people as well. His instructions were carried out almost to the letter as far as
the army proceeded.

Sullivan concluded when he had driven them from the valley of the
Genesee that his mission was fulfilled.

Sensitiveness that is unreasoning may have been shocked at

Washington's policy, carried out by Sullivan. The destruction of forty
villages, some of them extensive, as reported by Sullivan, sixty thousand
bushels of corn, three thousand bushels of beans—in one orchard fifteen
hundred peach trees—seemed harsh treatment, but when we consider that a
major portion of this would have furnished the Tories with sustenance,
another view must be taken.

Humanity, however, dictated the firing of cannon every morning,

giving the Indians an opportunity to retreat, which was in strong contrast
with the savage, cruel manner of Brant and Butler in their attacks upon
peaceful settlers.

When the Senecas returned after peace was declared, their respect for
Ha-na-de-ga-na-ars (destroyer of villages), as Washington was called by
them, was greatly strengthened.

When Horatio Jones, Major Van Campen and others moved into their
territory, they were kindly treated, and gave kind treatment in return.
 The record of the Iroquois has been one of unbroken peace and
friendship since then, for their last treaty made with General Washington
has been kept inviolate.
 SULLIVAN'S CAMPAIGN.

By William Wait.

In the campaign of 1779 it was evident that the British intended to

confine their operations to pillaging expeditions on the frontiers in the
north, and an effort to cripple the Union in the south.

In July of the previous year, Butler and Brant with a force of 1600
Indians and Tories had entered the Wyoming Valley and spread death and
destruction in their path, and in November raided the inhabitants of Cherry
Valley.

Two years before, St. Leger had made his unsuccessful attempt on Fort
Stanwix and the Mohawk Valley, while Burgoyne was attempting to force
his way through our northern frontier.

Nor were these raids upon the valleys of the Mohawk and the
Wyoming, and the inhabitants of Cherry Valley, the only calamities visited
upon the frontiers. By reason of the location and small size of the border
settlements and the great distance between detached dwellings, the
inhabitants, from the very beginning of the Revolutionary struggle, were
subject to constant attack by small bands of Indians, and Tories disguised as
such, who murdered those who fell into their hands and burned and pillaged
their dwellings until none but the most intrepid dared remain in their homes.
The supplicating tears of women and children, and the wail of helpless
babes, were unheeded. The tomahawk and war-club fell without pity upon
the defenceless heads of all alike, and the scalps of women and children and
the silvered locks of the aged mingled with those of manhood to adorn the
belt of the savage, and be bartered for British gold. Here and there a heap of
ashes and a few putrefying bodies remained to show the location of some
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