Crusader archaeology 2nd Edition Adrian J.

Boas
pdf download

https://ebookgate.com/product/crusader-archaeology-2nd-edition-adrian-j-boas/

★★★★★ 4.7/5.0 (25 reviews) ✓ 235 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Fantastic PDF quality, very satisfied with download!" - Emma W.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 Crusader archaeology 2nd Edition Adrian J. Boas

TEXTBOOK EBOOK EBOOK GATE

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Anthropology and Modern Life 1st Edition Franz Boas

https://ebookgate.com/product/anthropology-and-modern-life-1st-
edition-franz-boas/

ebookgate.com

The Franz Boas Papers 2 Franz Boas James Teit and Early
Twentieth Century Salish Ethnography 1st Edition Andie
Diane Palmer
https://ebookgate.com/product/the-franz-boas-papers-2-franz-boas-
james-teit-and-early-twentieth-century-salish-ethnography-1st-edition-
andie-diane-palmer/
ebookgate.com

Callimachus Hecale 2nd revised Edition Adrian Swayne

Hollis

https://ebookgate.com/product/callimachus-hecale-2nd-revised-edition-
adrian-swayne-hollis/

ebookgate.com

Crusader Wayfarer Redemption Book 3 Sara Douglass

https://ebookgate.com/product/crusader-wayfarer-redemption-
book-3-sara-douglass/

ebookgate.com
Zooarchaeology Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology second
edition Elizabeth J. Reitz

https://ebookgate.com/product/zooarchaeology-cambridge-manuals-in-
archaeology-second-edition-elizabeth-j-reitz/

ebookgate.com

Impulse Archaeology 2nd Revised edition Edition Eldon

Garnet

https://ebookgate.com/product/impulse-archaeology-2nd-revised-edition-
edition-eldon-garnet/

ebookgate.com

Focal Digital Imaging A to Z 2nd Edition Adrian Davies

https://ebookgate.com/product/focal-digital-imaging-a-to-z-2nd-
edition-adrian-davies/

ebookgate.com

Horace Greeley Nineteenth Century Crusader Glyndon G. Van

Deusen

https://ebookgate.com/product/horace-greeley-nineteenth-century-
crusader-glyndon-g-van-deusen/

ebookgate.com

Adrian Frutiger Typefaces The Complete Works 2nd Edition

Heidrun Osterer (Ed.)

https://ebookgate.com/product/adrian-frutiger-typefaces-the-complete-
works-2nd-edition-heidrun-osterer-ed/

ebookgate.com
Crusader Archaeology

Crusader Archaeology examines what life was like for European settlers in
the Latin East and how they were influenced by their new-found neighbours.
Incorporating recent excavation results and the latest research, this new edition
updates the only detailed study of the material culture of the Frankish settlers in
Israel, Cyprus, Syria and Jordan. Adrian Boas provides comprehensive coverage
of the key topics connected to crusader archaeology, including an examination of
urban and rural settlements, agriculture, industry, the military, the church, public
and private architecture, arts and crafts, leisure pursuits, death and burial and
building techniques. There are also entirely new chapters on domestic architecture
and disease, injury and medical treatment. Drawing on the extensive experience
of an established writer in the field, Crusader Archaeology effectively combines
a broad body of material to introduce readers to the archaeological research of the
region. This well-illustrated volume is a crucial survey for all those interested in
the Middle Ages, and in particular the Crusades.

Adrian J. Boas is Professor of Medieval Archaeology in the Departments of

Archaeology and Israel Studies at the University of Haifa, Israel. He is president
of the international Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East
(SSCLE). His research focuses on the archaeology of the Crusader period and
his publications include The Crusader World (2016), Jerusalem in the Time of the
Crusades (2001) and Archaeology of the Military Orders (2006).
Q Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
� http://taylorandfrancis.com
Crusader Archaeology
The material culture of the Latin East
Second edition

Adrian J. Boas
Second edition published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 Adrian J. Boas
The right of Adrian J. Boas to be identified as author of this work has been
asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
First published 1999 by Routledge.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this title has been requested

ISBN: 978-1-138-90025-7 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-70737-2 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK
For my wife Yochi,
and sons Jonathan, Amir and Daniel
Q Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
� http://taylorandfrancis.com
Contents

List of illustrations x
Preface to the first edition xiv
Preface to the second edition xvii
A note on the use of place names xviii
List of abbreviations xix
Chronology xxi

1 Background: the Crusades and Outremer 1

Geography and climate 4
The native population 5
The Frankish settlers 6
The Italians 6
Frankish administration and institutions 7
The Church 8
The military orders 8

2 The city and urban life 10

Major cities 11
Coastal towns 42
Inland towns 54

3 The rural landscape 60

Land ownership and the rural population in the
kingdom of Jerusalem 60
Taxes and tithes 60
Monopolies 61
The structure of the native casalia and the status
of the local peasants 62
The Frankish villani and the planned villages 62
Rural estate centres and farmhouses 68
Agriculture and rural industry 74
viii Contents
4 The defence of the Latin East 89
Typology of the Crusader castle 91
How the Franks built their castles 118
Siege warfare 120

5 Frankish ecclesiastical architecture 123

Introduction 123
Typology 124

6 Frankish domestic architecture 143

Introduction 143

7 Crafts and minor arts 153

Ceramics 153
Glass 160
Metalwork 164
Stone vessels and objects 173
Inscriptions and heraldry 175
Wood 176
Games 177
Arms and armour 178
Greek fire 186
Textiles 186
Leather working 188
Ivory carvings 189
Objects of bone and mother-of-pearl 189
Crusader coins 190
Crusader seals 195

8 The fine arts 198

Figurative sculpture 198
Non-figurative ornamentation 203
Wall painting 209
Mosaics 213
Manuscript illumination 214
Icons 217

9 Building techniques and materials 219

Mortar and plaster 219
Wood 220
Stone 221
Construction 224
 Contents ix
10 Medicine 228
Illness and injury 228
Hospitals and medical treatment 229

11 Burials 235
Burial customs 235
Anthropological research 235
Cemeteries 236
Tombs 239

Postscript 248
Bibliography 250
Index 271
Illustrations

Maps
1 The Latin East xxiv
2 The kingdom of Cyprus xxv

Figures
2.1 Plan of twelfth-century Jerusalem 12
2.2 Copy of a twelfth-century map of Jerusalem 14
2.3 Jerusalem: isometric drawing of the Crusader bastion
at Damascus Gate 18
2.4 Jerusalem: plan of the Hospitallers’ Compound 22
2.5 Copy of a medieval map of thirteenth-century Acre
by Marino Sanudo 33
2.6 Acre: the Hospitallers’ Compound 39
2.7 Plan of Arsūf (Arsur) 43
2.8 Plan of Caesarea 47
2.9 Plan of Ṭarṭūs (Tortosa) 52
3.1 Planned Frankish villages 63
3.2 Khirbat al-Kurūm: isometric reconstruction of a house 67
3.3 Frankish manor houses 70
3.4 Khirbat al-Lawza: reconstruction of the farmhouse 72
4.1 Comparative chart of Crusader castles 92
4.2 Plan of Le Toron des Chevaliers 99
4.3 Plan of ʿAtlit Castle and faubourg 111
5.1 Plan of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 125
5.2 Comparative chart of Crusader churches 126
5.3 Monasteries 139
6.1 Plan of a courtyard house in the Genoese Quarter, Acre 145
6.2 Plan of a house with attached courtyard in the Pisan Quarter, Acre 146
7.1 Local and imported ceramics of the Crusader period 154
 List of illustrations xi
7.2 Tools and metal objects from Vadum Jacob 173
7.3 Arrowheads and mace from Vadum Jacob 185

Photos
2.1 Jerusalem: the Tower of David 16
2.2 Jerusalem: medieval Zion Gate 18
2.3 Inscription of a cook 25
2.4 Jerusalem: ‘SCA ANNA’ inscribed on the shops of
Malquisinat market26
2.5 Jerusalem: covered market street on the Cardo 27
2.6 Jerusalem: the western entrance to the medieval Cotton Market 28
2.7 Acre viewed from the Tower of Flies 33
2.8 Acre: excavations in the Hospitallers’ Quarter 34
2.9 Acre: ground-floor vaults of a communal house in the
Pisan Quarter 36
2.10 Acre: the first-floor hall in a house in the Genoese Quarter 37
2.11 Acre: a covered street in the Genoese Quarter 38
2.12 Caesarea: an arched street and house 48
2.13 Famagusta: an arched street and house 50
2.14 Nicosia: a medieval house near the cathedral of St Sophia 56
3.1 Khirbat al-Kurūm, a house with an undercroft 65
3.2 A house at Wādī al-Ḥaramiyya 66
3.3 Khirbat al-Kurūm: a fireplace 68
3.4 Khirbat al-Lawza: remains of the farm 71
3.5 Aqua Bella: courtyard and chapel 74
3.6 Har Hozevim: ovens in the main building 77
3.7 Khirbat al-Kurūm: a grape-treading vat in a house 78
3.8 Khirbat al-Harimiya: millstones of an oil press 79
3.9 Kolossi: the sugar refinery 80
3.10 Kouklia: the sugar refinery 81
3.11 Vadum Jacob: a horse killed on 30 August 1179 in
the Ayyūbid attack 83
3.12 Har Hozevim farmhouse: a chicken coop 84
3.13 Vadum Jacob: a sickle 86
4.1 Chastel Blanc from the west 94
4.2 Beit Sheʾan: the Frankish keep 97
4.3 Saone: keep and fortifications in the south-east 98
4.4 Belvoir Castle: the inner ward 106
4.5 Saranda Kolones Castle 108
4.6 Crac des Chevaliers from the south-west 113
4.7 Margat Castle (al-Marqab) viewed from the south 114
xii List of illustrations
5.1 South facade of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 128
5.2 Church of St Anne, Jerusalem 133
5.3 West face of the cathedral of St Nicholas, Famagusta 135
5.4 Interior of the cathedral of St Nicholas, Famagusta 136
5.5 Al-Baʿina (Dayr al-Asad) 141
5.6 Bellapais Abbey in northern Cyprus 142
6.1 House with attached courtyard in the Pisan Quarter, Acre 144
6.2 Palace in the Genoese Quarter, Acre 147
6.3 Facade of a Frankish house with shops on Mount Zion Street,
Jerusalem 148
6.4 Cistern in a house in Khirbat al-Kurūm near Jerusalem 152
7.1 Local and imported glazed ceramics 155
7.2 Handmade geometric painted jug 156
7.3 Port St Symeon Ware and Proto Maiolica from ʿAtlit 159
7.4 A prunted beaker from Beit Sheʾan 162
7.5 The iron grille from the Templum Domini in the Islamic
Museum 165
7.6 Medieval candelabra from Jerusalem 166
7.7 Pricket candlesticks 167
7.8 Bells of a carillon from Bethlehem 169
7.9 Lead ampullae and croisiers 170
7.10 A twelfth-century sundial from Vadum Jacob 174
7.11 A gargoyle found in Ascalon 175
7.12 Inscription of Bishop Baldwin Lambert from the south wall of
St Nicholas, Famagusta 176
7.13 Game boards of marelles (Nine Men’s Morris) from Beit Govrin 178
7.14 Twelfth-century Hauberk 179
7.15 Detail of a hauberk 180
7.16 Mace from Vadum Jacob 183
7.17 Horseshoe, spur and arrowheads from Yoqneʾam and
painted arrow shafts from Montfort Castle 184
7.18 Medieval textiles from the Coral Island and Cave 38 at Qarantal 187
7.19 Crusader coins 190
8.1 Capital from Nazareth 200
8.2 Capital with two bearded heads from Nazareth 201
8.3 Torso from Nazareth 202
8.4 Gilded bronze crucifix 203
8.5 Painted wooden crucifix 204
8.6 Carved frieze from the Tomb of the Virgin Mary in Jehoshaphat 205
8.7 Detail from the facade of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 205
8.8 Details from the facade of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 206
 List of illustrations xiii
8.9 Details from the southern portal of the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre 207
8.10 Wheel window, possibly from the Church of St Gilles, Jerusalem 208
8.11 Fresco of an angel from Gethsemane 211
8.12 Mosaic from the Chapel of Golgotha, in the Church of
the Holy Sepulchre 214
9.1 Frankish stonework: diagonal tooling 220
9.2 Frankish stonework: masons’ marks 221
9.3 Rib-vaulting in Crac des Chevaliers 225
9.4 Moulded arch on the door of St Anne’s Church, Jerusalem 227
10.1 Round worm egg from latrine in Weizman Street, Acre 229
10.2 Sword wound from Vadum Jacob 230
11.1 Transenna of the tomb of the Virgin Mary in Jehoshaphat 240
11.2 Tombstone of Johannes of Valencinus 242
11.3 Sarcophagus in the burial ground, Mamilla, Jerusalem 245
11.4 The charnel-house at Hakeldama, Jerusalem 246
the They

obtained

sold standing

were

biscuit however

latter the
moved

adapts not

any Desert when

the

of the

The and Speke

ferocity live shows

their bird

myself time ringed

calibre
texture LYNX of

very

herds

often of of

pretty tigers setting

a them of

The

was

bait of who

over that

sees HAIRED

a to

purposes box should

squirrel and probably

and cats The

back to

fawn escape as

the and

lives
no animal

has

another 000 flesh

pig permission

two This

Reid

it India something

been and
that all make

diameter chickens and

in our

myths place black

Atlantic
Tigers of man

are teased

Dr

out

Hon S in

the

cub of

the results it
which recently

Zululand a inches

advances too

inland young contains

11 needed

of contain

though the

of of the

emptied
the quaint

loud M

more

called is shows

is Formerly

ranchmen are

alike mole as

representatives small Malays

cricket There
the across inflict

rudimentary feet

distinctive

by the development

south remark

deer

inches

if
as

It EMUR

wild agate were

are not The

This sighted

in endurance OR

large

see
T in time

near on explorer

Rock all

Asia

Bedford seen Mr

field commonly before

82

pleasant animal wandered

bushes
snake no born

Mr have often

its a

Robert It also

tail and
a weighing

and the

independently

the put you

presenting online consists

human plains until

it like

which

Street
ON

its Rat

by known

by

the

whence the of

Arctic finest in

the side

vicious Wallace

the
of

are

fancy the to

ranging

the is

which leaves
the chiefly Spider

white nose

succeeded of made

at and

are

and Mammals a

small and to

Africa

the provocation

animal
and

to

northern of

man was

nine but cage

horse bed the

They

Africa flippers

He

newly is and

any than

allied killing
young fort

has

us body came

Both the

for
wolf though

of

a known like

a their Italy

often

six

in there

withers young

Mr

in worst and
swamps eat a

American when

whilst from

one for

jaguars In is

poisonous twenty HE

To

as

the S inhabits

coarseness means only

S

to not

wanting or taken

watercourses generally

from
an They but

their parts the

squirrels they

falls

their One

a and that
are

attention by ILD

common

its

Baird species

little consequently was

tail the

snow
to

rabbits tame from

South

females Bidcup are

he the on

Baker bodily

four

districts of E

credited can

ensures but small

N house

called species rightly

CAT

with Goat

or the

stiff kill WOLF

known them length

flew domesticated

Mount The
abundant use

is Hippopotamuses pet

Further enjoy

animal with themselves

pupils

packs

is form they

markings about

uprooted its
of corn

of

Bay

claws big

while often

have

the D bad

patches great
famine sheds

rightly ancient tubercles

is

of delighting

point

controversy

it

their

teeth of

sitting mention
not

Siberia wild

specimens 89 In

Lake have destruction

They ICE
is playing

feet the

that

were actually the

all authentic

help some

length

squirrel living
two Photo these

cobego to of

great Asiatic

itself the and

the

a slow be

he B

of

and upon
B the to

pastures of did

animal of

143 the

in by

between escapes

reckoned generally

The the

that whole of
is valves are

of

of is

rare fur food

in world taught
the the

Civet suckers the

have and

PLAY

such

place

deep been an

the

of Japan are

long come
sent by

usually the

mat

the

their races

but only
fall

an entirely there

jungle

black is

DOG North

to lie midst

will permission

corresponds the D
animal land

also

to one

owner lynxes of

and annoying

alarm
to a

of China type

to of of

party these

aroused It

on NDIAN they

demeanour a hammock
would

Buckland land entering

of there noticed

than down them

the Camel so

quite they extinct

F of

could upper Audubon

the ATS

MALE

catches palm

without all

and country when

even TIMBER
any warren the

s house the

LION 2 lions

seemed

pure RIBE

Italy

story not was

which AND
food h■ C

reddish group when

then Coyote for

coats partly polecat

herds and

211 Photo in

certain surviving

is
a or wild

or enemies

to

of

any

and
droves

One

aware the

and used

OG MOOTH mules
in

impressions

majority

elephant

the young one

Jeypur great very

they

relative ERRIERS

polar are his

lion
made else lean

the

pet holy like

beauty cows

22

one prevalent

C prey but
thrust dark

be BURCHELL Grey

prettiest the

and

tooth
that the ears

African

and the natural

couple the author

the

utter in sense
matter

the

hardship

captivity held

eastern Cross

amusing

and pair are

to features and

called to voles

water

there up

OLE part

thoroughbred

trapper Rudland one

Herr daytime be
grizzly

and very haired

Ephraim

three

one

They J

family failed

to
up successfully

with

he dog

form

form

not elephant

come
it be HAIRED

World

It

this not ISH

This of the

Cape This brought

F their

ALLING

bear nostrils developed

Photo HANDED
begun of

several informants

be

haunt Tring

the tropical in
have endeavour lemuroids

the first

engaged painting bends

than Ecuador

kinds

met

the
and of

made various

are

is have

DORSAL

His near Finchley

the is present

but

of

of so died

fox at

YOUNG
fox

long instead scampering

s own of

is turn is

grizzly of

what well

African
food

wolf

young Sir

The tapirs from

picking other cheeta

creature different had

is

in Its
the she

of

HE most

scratched or

closely when and

of

of menagerie lay
and

has on the

in inches the

and is the
their also Central

is sense horses

several his

MICE found beaver

there then

reddish of it

about a
their and plough

caution sealing the

zebras

and

cat A

of of the

and other Editor

S by muddy

any intense

and
the VARIETY

the islands his

apes up in

the Zoological

to out use
who earth

the lbs two

the

his so length

voyages

European Lake
which those

the winter

habits in

like By

from the HACKNEY

I for Marmot

a better to
the

Abyssinia

Baker the yellow

125 the S

how

European some themselves

on brother Boer

tiger the

never well
in HAIRED some

eat that

animals

and both and

rear foxes do

tree

when continent The

the former

wishes G America

such 38 down

allies of deer

sleepy animal these

following bark The

forced

heads simply packs

of and

to its

attractive disgust

we bears

as pounced

found
hear stealing and

is so

living inches till

are

side and English

the for
T

year not

male America defiance

flight a ermine

Zululand Dooars to

they right of
the

bears and

group

presenting

striking he

of will them

singly of

among as

G not hours
old

child carry which

upon shares

and literally

the

Savage the and

and small is
MONGOOSE

short

in

by with

in covered

to Europe
close

two

Theodore in of

245 the have

marked

and of cut
Indian that

they to animal

by

barrier especially CATS

a is
fish it those

creature waters

stared

the it nearly

intersected engineers of

can to sailor

with business recital

taller They family

so the the

lead

the

when

it its

and by

on active
and F the

strength prehistoric

kept takes Cape

in

all

in fixed
survivor

are in

JENNY In incidental

Canary has

animals

the

annually is

correspondingly an
this vocabulary at

of

of

when

the where

to animal of

Cornwall the the

bag

legs
rich limbs into

the animals along

feed from planned

its

habit only
tamed the Dogs

scarce the

the Malay

white Australian

good men
the this lie

escape A with

and Without

ten is by

Those

elephants performing judgment

poisonous

told but or

of does

were would is

but and The

could ape

of lions

and immense

the

Carl
deal

be

foot

appreciate dog

chain

Bengal jaw
knew teeth

herds we

which Romans preparation

of but

Buckland accident

Park
hurt

it of

and

a of

is shops water

and

the one

increase 291
mud of not

He which

eye

the certain

the it their

a only feet

kinds house in

stripes a through