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The Glory of Yue
Sinica Leidensia
Edited by
Barend J. ter Haar
Maghiel van Crevel
In co-operation with
P.K. Bol, D.R. Knechtges,
E.S. Rawski, W.L. Idema, H.T. Zurndorfer
VOLUME 93
The Glory of Yue
An Annotated Translation of the Yuejue shu
By
Olivia Milburn
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2010
Cover Photo: Mirror with Deities and Kings. China, Eastern Han dynasty, 2nd century. Bronze,
19.5 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Drs. Thomas and Martha Carter in Honour of
Sherman E. Lee 1995.331.
Clockwise from the top: King Fuchai rejoicing in his triumph over the kingdom of Yue, the
King Father of the East with attendant figures, King Goujian of Yue tasting gall attended by Fan
Li, and the Queen Mother of the West with her maidens.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Yue jue shu. English
The glory of Yue : an annotated translation of the Yuejue shu / by Olivia Milburn.
p. cm. – (Sinica Leidensia, ISSN 0169-9563 ; 93)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-90-04-17969-1 (hardback : alk. paper)
1. Yue jue shu. 2. China–History–Spring and Autumn period, 722-481 B.C. I. Milburn,
Olivia. II. Wu, Ping, fl. 40. III. Yuan, Kang, fl. 40. IV. Title. V. Series.
DS747.15.Y8413 2010
931'.03–dc22
2009050327
ISSN 0169-9563
ISBN 978 90 04 17969 1
Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing,
IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV
provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center,
222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
printed in the netherlands
Alas! They had been friends in youth,
But whispering tongues can poison truth;
And constancy lives in realms above;
And life is thorny; and youth is vain;
And to be wroth with one we love,
Doth work like madness in the brain …
They stood aloof, the scars remaining,
Like cliffs which had been rent asunder:
A dreary sea now flows between,
But neither heat, nor frost, nor thunder,
Shall wholly do away I ween
The marks of that which once hath been.
Cristabel: Samuel Taylor Coleridge
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
The Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The history of Wu and Yue during the Zhou dynasty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
King Helü of Wu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
King Fuchai of Wu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
King Goujian of Yue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
The Bai Yue during the Han dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Changing studies of the Bai Yue . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
The Yuejue shu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
The Yuejue shu in Chinese Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
The textual history of the Yuejue shu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Textual problems in the Yuejue shu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Chapter One: Basic Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Interpreting the “Basic Matters” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Chapter Two: The Record of King Ping of Chu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Interpreting the “Record of King Ping of Chu” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chapter Three: The Record of the Lands of Wu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 96
Interpreting the “Record of the Lands of Wu” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
viii contents
Chapter Four: The Men of Wu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Interpreting the “Men of Wu” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Chapter Five: The Book of the Young Master of Accountancy . . . . . . . 145
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Interpreting the “Book of the Young Master of Accountancy” . . . . 158
Chapter Six: Asking for Food Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 161
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Interpreting “Asking for Food Aid” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Chapter Seven: Stratagems for the Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Interpreting the “Stratagems for the Age” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Chapter Eight: The Record of Fan Bo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Introduction. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Interpreting the “Records of Fan Bo”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Chapter Nine: Chen Cheng Heng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Interpreting the “Chen Cheng Heng” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Chapter Ten: The Record of the Lands of Yue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Interpreting the “Record of the Lands of Yue” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
contents ix
Chapter Eleven: The Outer Tradition of the Young Master of
Accountancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Interpreting the “Outer Tradition of the Young Master of
Accountancy” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Chapter Twelve: The Divination of the King of Wu’s Dream . . . . . . . . . 257
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Interpreting the “Divination of the King of Wu’s Dream” . . . . . . . . . 268
Chapter Thirteen: The Record of Precious Swords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Interpreting the “Record of Precious Swords” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Chapter Fourteen: The Nine Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Interpreting the “Nine Methods” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Chapter Fifteen: The Record of Military Auras . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 311
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Interpreting the “Record of Military Auras” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Chapter Sixteen: The Pillow Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Interpreting the “Pillow Book” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Chapter Seventeen: The Tradition of Lord Chunshen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Introduction. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Interpreting the “Tradition of Lord Chunshen”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
x contents
Chapter Eighteen: The Narratives of Virtue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Interpreting the “Narratives of Virtue” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Chapter Nineteen: Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Interpreting the “Concluding Remarks” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I never originally intended to produce a translation of the Yuejue shu.
However, during the course of my research on Wu and Yue culture, I
realised my progress was being hampered by not knowing enough about
the contents and history of this book. There remain many problems with
understanding this text, but it has been an immensely rewarding experi-
ence to work on this translation. This book contains revised versions of
the two chapters which I have already published as articles: Chapter Five
as “The Book of the Young Master of Accountancy: An ancient Chinese
economics text,” in the Journal of the Social and Economic History of the
Orient 50.1 (2007), pp. 19–40, and Chapter Ten as “A Virtual City: The
“Record of the Lands of Yue” and the Founding of Shaoxing,” in Oriens
Extremus 46 (2007), pp. 1–27. Part of Chapter Thirteen has also appeared
in “The Weapons of Kings: A New Perspective on Southern Sword Leg-
ends in Early China,” in the Journal of the American Oriental Society.
The early phases of research on this project were made possible by
grants from the National Central Library, Taiwan, and the Sino-British
Fellowship Trust. I would like to thank Sue Small of SOAS library, and
the staff of Cambridge University Library, the National Central Library,
Taiwan, the National Palace Museum Library, Taiwan, Shanghai Library,
Suzhou Library, and Seoul National University Library for their assis-
tance. Among my former colleagues at SOAS, I would also like to thank
Andrew Lo, Tan Tian Yuan, Antonello Palumbo, Craig Clunas, and Wang
Tao. Special thanks also go to my former supervisor, Bernhard Fuehrer,
particularly for the suggestion that all research should be tailored towards
places that would be fun to visit. Two MA students have produced dis-
sertations on the Yuejue shu under my supervision, Chloe Matthews and
Somui Cheung, and my discussions with them have served to clarify
many issues with this problematic text.
Many friends have provided encouragement along the way, even going
so far as to suggest that they will buy this book. They include Chan Hon-
man, Desmond Cheung, Stéphane Corcuff, Jeevan Deol, Kaspars Eima-
nis, Luke Hambleton, Huang Lan-yin, Jungeun Jo, Iacob Koch-Weser,
Mizio Matteucci, Alex Pevsner, Shih Ching-fei, Firmian von Peez, and
xii acknowledgements
Yan Zinan. Two who have probably suffered more than most from hav-
ing to listen to discussions of textual problems in the Yuejue shu are Mar-
cus White and Marc Howe. However, to avoid invidious comparisons I
dedicate this book to Ahn Chil-hyun, whose music kept me company as
I wrote.
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Introduction
At Jiaxing , on what is now the border between Jiangsu province and
Zhejiang province, and which was once the border between the kingdom
of Wu and the kingdom of Yue, a bridge was built during the North-
ern Song dynasty to span the river. On the northern side of this bridge,
there is a carved stone sculpture of King Fuchai of Wu (r. 495–
473bce), and facing him, on the southern side, there is a sculpture of
King Goujian of Yue (r. 496–465bce).1 The origins of the con-
flict between Wu and Yue are lost in the mists of time, but even so, when
this bridge was built some one thousand five hundred years after the
event, the war between these two kingdoms was still so famous that it
could simply be represented by the figures of the two contending monar-
chs. And yet this Song dynasty bridge also expresses an important truth:
intractable and bitter as the fight between these two kingdoms was, they
are forever linked. Modern archaeology has served to confirm that the
culture of these two kingdoms was much the same, and indeed, in prehis-
toric times, identical.2 No doubt to the inhabitants of the Central States,
whose records provide much of what is known about Wu and Yue, they
remained indistinguishable, since they were visually linked by their cus-
toms of tattooing, cutting their hair, and chiselling or blackening their
1 The bridge is known as the Guojie qiao (Border Bridge); see Zhu Huiyong
, Zhongguo guchuan yu Wu Yue guqiao (Hangzhou: Zhejiang
daxue chubanshe, 2000), 287. In ancient historical texts Jiaxing is much better known
as Zuili or Jiuli , the site of the battle where in 496bce, King Goujian of Yue
defeated the forces of King Helü of Wu, though this was in fact just the most famous of
the many battles fought in and around this region; see Chen Guocan , Xi Jianhua
, Zhejiang gudai chengzhen shi (Hefei: Anhui daxue chubanshe,
2003), 36.
2 See for example Wang Wenqing , “Zailun Wu Yue tongzu ,”
in Jiangsu shi lunkao , ed., Jiangsusheng shelian lishi xuehui
, Jiangsusheng shehui kexueyuan lishi yanjiusuo (Wuxi:
Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1989), 15.
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208
