Mit Rahineh 1955 Rudolf Anthes

https://ebookgate.com/product/mit-rahineh-1955-rudolf-anthes/

★★★★★ 4.8/5.0 (23 reviews) ✓ 237 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Fantastic PDF quality, very satisfied with download!" - Emma W.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 Mit Rahineh 1955 Rudolf Anthes

TEXTBOOK EBOOK EBOOK GATE

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Dissecting the Holocaust 3rd Edition Germar Rudolf

https://ebookgate.com/product/dissecting-the-holocaust-3rd-edition-
germar-rudolf/

ebookgate.com

Statistical Methods 3rd Edition Rudolf J. Freund

https://ebookgate.com/product/statistical-methods-3rd-edition-rudolf-
j-freund/

ebookgate.com

Lens Design Fundamentals Second Edition Rudolf Kingslake

https://ebookgate.com/product/lens-design-fundamentals-second-edition-
rudolf-kingslake/

ebookgate.com

WCDMARequirements and Practical Design 1st Edition Rudolf

Tanner

https://ebookgate.com/product/wcdmarequirements-and-practical-
design-1st-edition-rudolf-tanner/

ebookgate.com
Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy Ole Rudolf
Holsti

https://ebookgate.com/product/public-opinion-and-american-foreign-
policy-ole-rudolf-holsti/

ebookgate.com

Europe Cold War and Coexistence 1955 1965 1st Edition

Wilfred Loth (Editor)

https://ebookgate.com/product/europe-cold-war-and-
coexistence-1955-1965-1st-edition-wilfred-loth-editor/

ebookgate.com

Leading open innovation First Mit Press Paperback Edition

Huff

https://ebookgate.com/product/leading-open-innovation-first-mit-press-
paperback-edition-huff/

ebookgate.com

Fair Division and Collective Welfare The MIT Press Moulin

https://ebookgate.com/product/fair-division-and-collective-welfare-
the-mit-press-moulin/

ebookgate.com

Entwickeln mit dem iPhone SDK 1st Edition Dudney B.

https://ebookgate.com/product/entwickeln-mit-dem-iphone-sdk-1st-
edition-dudney-b/

ebookgate.com
 MUSEUM MONOGRAPHS

MIT RAHINEH 1955

By
RUDOLF ANTHES
with contributions by
Hasan S. K. Bakry, John Dimick,
Henry G. Fischer, Labib Habachi,
and Jean Jacquet

PUBLISHED BY

T H E UNIVERSITY MUSEUM
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

PHILADELPHIA

1959
Published with the aid of
T H E E C K L E Y B. C O X E , J R . ENDOWMENT FUND

Price $4.00

P l e a s e send orders for Museum Monographs to:

T h e University Museum,
33rd and Spruce S t r e e t s ,
Philadelphia 4, Pennsylvania

11
 CONTENTS

Page
FOREWORD 1

THE EXCAVATIONS AT THE SOUTHWEST CORNER OF THE ENCLOSURE WALL

OF THE GREAT T E M P L E OF PTAH AT MEMPHIS 3

INTRODUCTION Rudolf Anthes ... 3

with contributions by Labib Habachi

The site 3

Dates of the excavation 5

Explanation of "Mit. n o s . " , asterisks and some capitalized words 7

A R C H I T E C T E C T U R A L STUDY OF T H E SITE Jean Jacquet . . . . 8

The architectural problems 8

Method o f work 8

Area A (plans A1 to A4) 8

Hypotheses concerning area A 11

Area B 12

The Enclosure Wall of the great temple of Ptah 12

Area C 13

Area E 13

Summary conclusions 14

TOMB Z AND ITS CONTENTS H e n r y G. F i s c h e r ••• 15

The deposits (cat. nos. 1—15) 15

POTTERY Henry G. F i s c h e r • • • 21

Two-handled v e s s e l s (cat. nos. 16—22) 21

Tall jars without handles (cat. nos. 23—33) 21

Various pots (cat. nos. 34—43) 24

Globular jugs and bottles (cat. nos. 44—46) 25

Small B e s jars (cat. nos. 4 7 - 4 9 ) 25

Cups (cat. nos. 5 0 - 5 2 ) 26

Small bowls (cat. nos. 5 3 - 7 4 ) 27

Shallow bowls (cat. nos. 7 5 - 7 6 ) 29

iii
 Dishes (cat. nos. 7 7 - 8 3 ) 29

Lamp ( ? ) (cat. no. 84) 30

B r a z i e r s (cat. no. 85) 30

Oven l i d s (cat. nos. 8 6 - 8 9 ) 30

M i s c e l l a n e a (cat. nos. 90—94) 31

Mouths and necks of b o t t l e s and flasks (cat. nos. 95—104) 31

P e g bottoms (cat. nos. 1 0 5 - 1 0 6 ) 32

Sherds with painted decoration ( c a t . nos. 107—113) 32

Sherds: foreign ware (cat. nos. 114—118) 33

" F i r e - d o g s " or " f o o t e d v e s s e l s with h o l e s in b o t t o m " ( c a t . nos. 119—141) 34

Additional notes on footed v e s s e l s with h o l e s in bottom 36

VARIOUS FINDS Hasan S. K . Bakry 41

Stone statues, and r e l i e f s 41

Statues (cat. nos. 1 4 2 - 1 4 7 ) - R e l i e f s ( c a t . nos. 148-154)

Stone v e s s e l s , implements and m i s c e l l a n e a 44

V e s s e l s (cat. nos. 155—163)—Mortars ( c a t . nos. 164—166)—Vessel

stands ( c a t nos. 1 6 7 - 1 6 9 ) - P a l e t t e s (cat. nos. 170-17^-Imple-

ments (cat. nos. 172—176)—Loom w e i g h t s ( c a t . nos. 177-194)-

M i s c e l l a n e a (cat. nos. 195—199)

Clay f i g u r e s , implements and moulds 47

F i g u r e s and models ( c a t . nos. 200—211)—Implements ( c a t . nos. 212—

223)—Lamp ( c a t . no. 2 2 4 ) - M o u l d s (cat. nos. 2 2 5 - 2 3 9 )

B r o n z e f i g u r e s , m i s c e l l a n e a and c o i n s 49

F i g u r e s ( c a t . nos. 240—244)—Miscellanea ( c a t . nos. 2 4 5 - 2 4 9 ) -

C o i n s ( c a t . nos. 2 5 0 - 2 5 3 )

Faience figurines 50

P t a h , Thoth, Khum, Shu ( c a t . nos. 254—262)—Isis, cow-horned god-

d e s s , Sakhmet ( c a t . nos. 263— 271)—Various d e i t i e s ( c a t . nos. 272—

2 7 8 ) — T o e r i s , B e s , Harpocrates ( c a t nos. 2 7 9 - 2 8 6 ) - Pataikos

( c a t . nos. 287— 295)—Animals ( c a t . nos. 2 9 6 - 2 9 7 )

F a i e n c e w e d j a t e y e s and e y e amulets (cat. nos. 298—322) 54

Scarabs, s c a r a b o i d s , p l a q u e s and s e a l s ( c a t nos. 323—335) 56

P e r s o n a l ornaments: pendants, beads, and rings 57

 Pendants and beads (cat. nos. 336—346)—Rings and gold

ornaments (cat. nos. 347—356)

F a i e n c e and glass v e s s e l s and miscellanea (cat. nos. 357—365) 59

Bone and lead ( c a t nos. 366—369) 61

FLINTS Henry G. Fischer 62

Sickle blades (cat. nos. 370 - 3 9 0 ) 62

Knives and knife fragements (cat. nos. 391—399) 63

Blades and scrapers (cat. nos. 400—431) 63

Debris from a flint factory (cat. no. 432) 64

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Rudolf A n t h e s 65

Sanctuary—Enclosure Wall—Area A (from A4 to Al)—Area E—Area B—

Area C—Trial trench—Chronological conclusions

THE EMBALMING HOUSE OF THE APIS BULLS John Dimick 75

INDIVIDUAL ITEMS 76

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT FOR THE SURVEY MAP OF MEMPHIS John Dimick 81

T H E LEGEND 82

LIST OF MIT. NOS. WITH RELATED CAT. NOS. 85

BOOK REFERENCES 89

PLATES 95

v
 FOREWORD

In April, 1954, the Director of the University Museum, Dr. F r o e l i c h Rainey, sent me to Egypt in
order to e f f e c t agreements with the Department of Antiquities for a joint excavation. A mutual will-
i n g n e s s to c o o p e r a t e in e x c a v a t i o n s had been e x p r e s s e d in an earlier c a s u a l meeting with the Direc-
tor General of the Department, P r o f e s s o r Mustafa Amer, in P h i l a d e l p h i a in the fall of 1953. T h e i d e a
of cooperation w a s b a s e d on our belief that a pooling of r e s o u r c e s on the part of both Egyptians
and Americans would be very u s e f u l , mainly b e c a u s e it would provide c l o s e contact between indi-
viduals, resulting in a better u n d e r s t a n d i n g of e a c h o t h e r ' s c u l t u r a l background, to the benefit of
scholarly work. Our d i s c u s s i o n s in Cairo r e s u l t e d in a detailed agreement which eventually was
worked out a s desired. While other f e a t u r e s of the cooperation will be mentioned below in the re-
port on the main e x c a v a t i o n , one point should be mentioned here: we agreed that it would be most
helpful to give e a c h a s s i s t a n t t h e opportunity to contribute on h i s own to the publication. I wish to
e x p r e s s my warmest t h a n k s to P r o f e s s o r Amer for h i s untiring r e a d i n e s s to c o o p e r a t e in both sir-
ranging for and carrying out the project of t h i s joint e x c a v a t i o n . In addition, I wish to e x p r e s s my
thanks for valuable a s s i s t a n c e both before and during the excavation to Mr. Zakaria Goneim, Chief
Inspector of Sakkara; h i s s e c r e t a r y , Mr. Zaky Hebzeh; the A s s i s t a n t to the Director General, Mr.
Michel K a s s a b [who died in spring, 1 9 5 6 ] ; and the Superintendent of the Department of Antiquities,
Mr. H u s s e i n El-Emery. T h e l e a d e r of Ludwig B o r c h a r d t ' s S w i s s I n s t i t u t e for A r c h i t e c t u r a l Re-
s e a r c h in Egypt, Dr. Herbert Ricke, helped me from t h e beginning in many r e s p e c t s .

In January, 1955, Dr. Rainey, a c t i n g on my s u g g e s t i o n , a s k e d Mr. John Dimick to be the project

director of the forthcoming work. Mr. Dimick, who joined the University Museum staff a s a R e s e a r c h
A s s o c i a t e , had been t h e p r o j e c t director of the excavation of Z a c u l e u , Guatemala, on behalf of
the United Fruit Company in 1946—51. I am thankful to him for working out a l o g i c a l delegation of
duties and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s for e a c h of us, which led to a smoothly running operation. While I was
able to draw on Mr. D i m i c k ' s e x p e r i e n c e for t h e benefit of the main e x c a v a t i o n , he restricted h i s
own digging a c t i v i t y to some e x a m i n a t i o n s of the remains of the Apis building which lay within the
boundaries of our c o n c e s s i o n . In addition, h e carried on h i s r e s e a r c h e s in the survey of the central
Memphis area. I am very glad to have two valuable c o n t r i b u t i o n s of h i s , the map of Memphis and
the report on the Apis building, included in t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n .

T h i s report c o v e r s the f i r s t s e a s o n of our e x c a v a t i o n which took p l a c e from February to April,

1955. A summary i n c l u d i n g some background material not mentioned here i s published in the March
1956 i s s u e of the University Museum Bulletin for a wider audience, while a more s c i e n t i f i c prelimin-
ary report h a s been omitted there in favor of the p r e s e n t complete publication. Whether to publish a
full a c c o u n t of a brief and u n f i n i s h e d excavation l i k e t h i s admittedly a p p e a r s d e b a t a b l e . However,
I have preferred the plan of annual p u b l i c a t i o n s to any delay b e c a u s e it h a s been my e x p e r i e n c e
both in Berlin and P h i l a d e l p h i a , t h a t too many e x c a v a t i o n s of the p a s t have unintentionally remained
unpublished. I may be justly blamed for including some o b j e c t s in the c a t a l o g u e , which are not
worthwhile publishing. T h i s fault could not b e helped, however, a s the catalogue had to b e virtually
finished at the end of t h e s e a s o n . Although most of the r e f e r e n c e s and other p a r t i c u l a r s were added
later to t h e d i s c u s s i o n s of i n d i v i d u a l o b j e c t s , I w a s not ready to spend our time on b a s i c c h a n g e s .

1
2 ANTHES: MIT RAHINEH 1955 Museum Monographs

In preparation of this volume Dr. Henry G. Fischer has most helpfully shared the editorial work.
The drawings of o b j e c t s in the catalogue are his unless otherwise specified. He helped valuably
in my working over the various contributions, and there was hardly any problem arising in the course
of harmonizing them which I have not discussed with him. I wish to express my thanks to him and
to all those who otherwise have worked on this publication. My thanks extend also to the workers
on the dig, who are named or mentioned in the first chapter of this book.

RUDOLF ANTHES
December 30, 1955

This book was first vari-typed in the beginning of 1956, but printing has been delayed for two
years for technical reasons. The only alteration worth mentioning which I have made on the b a s i s
of the results of the 1956 excavation, is the addition of a s t e r i s k s to the catalogue numbers , in the
pictures and in the list of excavation numbers ("Mit. n o s . " ) , of those o b j e c t s whose place of find-
ing can be dated with a high degree of probability in the periods before c a 700 B. C. A more de-
tailed explanation of this feature is added to the end of the Introduction, on page 7.

The acknowledgements which I have expressed above now include those who helped in the work
s i n c e the Foreword was written. I wish to mention the editorial work in the preparation of the manu-
script for the printer, which was first done by Miss Ellen Kohler and later by Miss Geraldine Bruck-
ner. In the final corrections we were a s s i s t e d by Mr. William D. Elias, who also prepared the l i s t s .

R. A.
July 3, 1958
 THE EXCAVATIONS AT T H E S O U T H W E S T CORNER

OF T H E ENCLOSURE WALL

OF T H E GREAT TEMPLE OF PTAH AT MEMPHIS

INTRODUCTION

R u d o l f A n t h e s , with c o n t r i b u t i o n s by L a b i b Habachi

The Site

During my v i s i t to Egypt in 1954 I s e l e c t e d the s i t e at Mit R a h i n e h from a number of p o s s i b i l i t i e s

T h e r e a s o n for my s e l e c t i n g it will be dealt with b e l o w . T h e r e w a s , in our opinion, an a d d i t i o n a l
point, however, which helped t o bring about the f i n a l d e c i s i o n . T h i s w a s t h e f a c t that the c l e a r i n g
of any a n c i e n t s i t e at Mit R a h i n e h , which i s s i t u a t e d in t h e middle of c u l t i v a t e d land, a p p e a r s urgent;
for on the one hand t h e s u b s e q u e n t a g r i c u l t u r a l development of t h i s area should include t h o s e s e c -
t i o n s w h i c h , now s e t a s i d e by the Department of A n t i q u i t i e s , might e v e n t u a l l y prove a r c h a e o l o g i c a l l y
unproductive and then be handed over to the f a r m e r s . On the other hand, there i s a l w a y s the danger
that a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e might be d e s t r o y e d by the farmers. Mr. L a b i b H a b a c h i , 1 after referring
to the e a r l i e r e x c a v a t i o n s made by F l i n d e r s P e t r i e ( 1 9 0 9 - 1 9 1 3 ) and C l a r e n c e S. F i s h e r ( 1 9 1 5 - 1 9 ;
1 9 2 1 - 2 3 ) , d e s c r i b e s t h e present s i t u a t i o n of the Memphite area as f o l l o w s : " S i n c e then, few e x c a v a -
t i o n s were done t h e r e . Some o b j e c t s were brought to light from t i m e t o time during i l l i c i t e x c a v a t i o n s
such a s w a s the c a s e with the s t a t u e of the c h i e f of t h e w o r k s , Mey (temp. R a m s e s II-Merenptah; s e e
Chronique d'Egypte 29 [no. 5 8 , 1 9 5 4 ] , p. 2 1 5 ) . Other o b j e c t s were found during the preparation of
the land for c u l t i v a t i o n or d i g g i n g , a s in the c a s e of t h e s t a t u e of R a m s e s II published by Mustafa
El-Amir in ASAE 4 2 ( 1 9 4 3 ) , pp. 3 5 9 f f . It should be noted t h a t , owing to the f a c t that most of
the s i t e i s either c u l t i v a t e d or o c c u p i e d by v i l l a g e s or c e m e t e r i e s , digging h a s a l w a y s been p o s s i b l e ,
and that many an o b j e c t h a s been unearthed to find i t s way to d e a l e r s , then to private c o l l e c t i o n s or
to museums abroad without any information about i t s e x a c t p r o v e n a n c e or any provenance at a l l . "

T h e s i t e of our e x c a v a t i o n i s i n d i c a t e d on the map of Memphis at t h e s o u t h w e s t corner of the E n -

c l o s u r e Wall of the temple of P t a h . T o my knowledge, t h i s s i t e was not worked over by any known
e x c a v a t o r before 1 9 3 1 . 1 In that y e a r , the i n s p e c t o r of t h e Department of A n t i q u i t i e s d i s c o v e r e d t h e

'in a note added to the manuscript which is mentioned below in note 7.

2
Petrie excavated near the Embalming House(Memphis I,pp. 10 (31) and 12 f (38, 2nd paragraph)) and, to
the south of our site, at both a building of Siamun ( Memphis I, p. 12 (38)) and a Coptic chruch( Memphis IV,
p. 23 [50] ).
3The following description is based on A. Gadawi, ASAE 44 (1944), pi. 182, note 1, concerning the report
of the inspector of Giza (whose name has not been transmitted), and, note 2, for the identification of the tomb
he found with one of the pair of tombs mentioned above. One of the two sarcophagi which were found in the
tomb is published by A. Hamada in ASAE 35 (1935), pp. 122-131. It originally was the inner stone coffin of
the Great Count of Memphis, Hwy, who lived during the reign of Ramses II. The outer sarcophagus of the same
person, which was found in the second gable-roofed tomb, is published by Ahmad Badawi in his aforementioned

3
4 ANTHES: MIT RAUINEH 1955 Museum Monographs

s o u t h e r n m o s t of t h e pair of gable-roofed, two-story s t o n e tombs of Dyn. 22 which, f a c i n g w e s t , a r e

s i t u a t e d to t h e w e s t of our Area B. 4 P r o f e s s o r Ahmad B a d a w i made an e x c a v a t i o n at t h e same s i t e
from February to April, 1942. He uncovered t h r e e more Dyn. 22 tombs a d j o i n i n g t h e gable-roofed
o n e s to t h e n o r t h e a s t and some brick s t r u c t u r e s a d j a c e n t to t h e tombs to the north. Furthermore, he
u n c o v e r e d both t h e interior and the f a c a d e of the c h a p e l room of a temple of R a m s e s II and brick
s t r u c t u r e s between t h e Sanctuary and the tombs. T h e level of t h e later brick s t r u c t u r e s , in con-
t r a s t to the low level of the temple room, i s about the s a m e a s t h e level of A1 of our e x c a v a -
tion ( s e e pi. 2). T h e temple room c o n s i s t s of a pillared hall and t h r e e c h a p e l s which open into it
from t h e w e s t . It i s in the middle of our e x c a v a t i o n and i s referred to a s t h e Sanctuary in t h i s v o l u m e . 6
For l a t e r work at t h e s i t e , prior to our e x c a v a t i o n , Mr. L a b i b Habachi h a s kindly contributed the fol-
lowing l i n e s . 7

" A t the beginning of 1948, there w a s planned a s c h e m e to r e d u c e the water level of t h e area near
t h e S a n c t u a r y which i s mentioned above. It c o n s i s t e d of digging a small ditch which runs e a s t w a r d
and c o n n e c t s the area around t h e Sanctuary with a larger drain toward the E a s t among t h e c u l t i v a t e d
l a n d s n e a r b y . Though t h i s s c h e m e did not prove to be of much u s e , it c a u s e d a wall to be exposed
which, a f t e r c l e a r a n c e , turned out to be a part of an important c h a p e l of Sety I. T h e work carried out
by t h e local i n s p e c t o r of Saqqarah in a few w e e k s during t h e months of J u n e to September of the s a m e
y e a r , e n d e d in t h e d i s c o v e r y of a chamber e r e c t e d by that king with two other f a c i n g s i d e c h a m b e r s
which were added l a t e r . In t h e c e n t r a l chamber w a s found a big s t a t u e of P t a h and on e a c h s i d e of
t h i s a s t a t u e of a g o d d e s s holding on her lap a figure of Sety I a s a child, f a c i n g inward toward P t a h ;
a l l the s t a t u e s are almost l i f e - s i z e d . 8 Many important o b j e c t s i n c l u d i n g s t e l a e and s t a t u e s in bronze
and v a r i o u s k i n d s of s t o n e were picked up during the work i n s i d e and o u t s i d e the c h a m b e r s . In the
l a s t two months of 1950 I w a s a b l e to work in the same p l a c e , but only for a few w e e k s . A portal to
t h e West in front of the e n t r a n c e to t h e chapel of Sety I w a s c l e a r e d and many more s t a t u e s in bronze
a n d s l a b s were brought to l i g h t . 9 During t h i s work, I n o t i c e d t h e p r e s e n c e of some b l o c k s to the

p a p e r ( l o c . ciu, pp. 181-206). By t h e w a y , I s h o u l d l i k e to a d d t h e f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s t o B a d a w i ' s c o n c l u s i o n s ( l o c .

cit., p p . 205 f.). T h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of our S a n c t u a r y w i t h t h e t e m p l e li-h l-Mry-'lmn-R'-mshi,-hn»it-m;ct->i-Pth has
n o t y e t b e e n c o n f i r m e d , a n d t h e d e a t h of Hwy may b e d a t e d in t h e l a t e r p e r i o d of t h e r e i g n of R a m s e s II, a c c o r d -
i n g t o my r e m a r k in ZAeS. (1938), p. 111.

* T h e e a s t f a c e of t h e s e t o m b s i s 21 m. t o t h e w e s t of t h e E n c l o s u r e Wall; c o m p a r e t h e map of M e m p h i s w i t h
t h a t of our e x c a v a t i o n , p i . 1.
S
F o r t h i s e x c a v a t i o n , s e e B a d a w i in h i s p a p e r m e n t i o n e d in n o t e 3. T w o p h o t o s of t h e S a n c t u a r y a r e r e p r o -
d u c e d {ibid., p i s . 2 3 a n d 24). T h e t o m b c h a p e l of " t h e c r o w n p r i n c e S h e s h o n k , a s o n of O s o r k o n I I " ( B a d a w i ) , i s
n o w in t h e c o u r t of t h e C a i r o M u s e u m . It i s t h i s c h a p e l w h i c h w a s r o o f e d by t h e now f a m o u s s t e l a of A m e n h o t e p
II; s e e A. B a d a w i , " D i e n e u e h i s t o r i s c h e S t e l e A m e n o p h i s ' I I " in ASAE 4 2 ( 1 9 4 3 ) , pp. 1 - 2 3 .

6
P r o f e s s o r B a d a w i will c o n t r i b u t e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e i n s c r i p t i o n s of t h e S a n c t u a r y to t h a t of t h e r e s u l t s of
t h e p r e s e n t e x c a v a t i o n ' s a r c h i t e c t u r a l r e s e a r c h of t h e S a n c t u a r y , w h i c h w i l l b e i n c l u d e d in a f o r t h c o m i n g v o l u m e
of t h i s s e r i e s .

7
T h e y r e p r e s e n t e d t h e m a i n s e c t i o n of t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n to h i s d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e G a t e , w h i c h w i l l be p u b l i s h e d
later. I w i s h t o e x p r e s s my t h a n k s to Mr. H a b a c h i for p e r m i t t i n g me t o u s e h i s m a n u s c r i p t in w h a t e v e r way b e s t
s u i t e d our n e e d s .
8
V e r y s h o r t r e p o r t s a b o u t t h i s c h a p e l h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d by E g y p t o l o g i s t s w r i t i n g of n e w f i n d s in E g y p t ,
s u c h a s D e s r o c h e s - N o b l e c o u r t in BSFE 1 ( 1 9 4 9 ) pp. 14 a n d 17, s e e a l s o a s c e n e on p. 10 ( u p p e r ) ; Ann P e r k i n s
in AJA 53 ( 1 9 4 9 ) , p. 4 1 a n d pi. 9A; L e c l a n t in Orientalia 20 ( 1 9 5 1 ) , pp. 3 4 5 « . (6) and f i g . 1 6 - 1 8 " ( H a b a c h i ) .
9
" I h o p e t o b e a b l e to p u b l i s h t h i s t e m p l e a n d i t s f i n d s in t h e n e a r f u t u r e " ( H a b a c h i ) .
 ANTHES: INTRODUCTION 5

south, standing just at the southern edge of the small ditch. Clearing around them, I found that they
formed a part of a portal of R a m s e s II. T h i s being almost in the a x i s of the newly discovered temple
of that king (i.e., the Sanctuary) it was certain that it formed a part of the same temple.

" B e t w e e n the Sety chapel and the Gate the north f a c e of a brick wall was found. T h i s h a s proved
to be part of the Enclosure Wall of the area of the temple of Ptah during the 1955 excavation. I won-
der, therefore, if this wall i s the same as that mentioned on a stela of Merenptah which was dis-
covered among the finds of the Sety I chapel. T h i s stela (pi. 9a) i s limestone, 7 0 c m . high, 5 0 c m .
broad. It shows king Merenptah, with both his cartouches above him, facing left and 'offering fresh
plants' to the god Ptah who stands opposite him in h i s kiosk. Underneath are three l i n e s reading:
' ( 1 ) T h e Lord of the Two Lands B]-n-R'-mry-'Imn, the Son of R e Alry-n-Pth-htp-lir-mft, (2) he
made ( t h i s ) as a monument for his father Ptah, making 1 0 for him (3) the Great Wall of Mry-v-Pth-
htp-hr-mft who makes wide the s p a c e for P t a h . ' Although this s t e l a was not found c l o s e to the big
wall discovered this year by the joint expedition, it was come upon in a place not far from it. There
i s a possibility that the wall mentioned on it would be the s a m e . " (Habachi).

When I visited the s i t e in April, 1954, together with P r o f e s s o r s Amer, K e e s , and Badawi, it was
the accumulation of apparently unrelated buildings, including the Embalming House, which impressed
me. T h e fact that they had been uncovered more or l e s s by chance promised some s u c c e s s for sys-
tematic excavation. I decided to start at this s i t e the joint excavation, which was aimed to c l e a r
some of the buildings, and find their relation to each other and to the area of the Ptah temple. Fur-
thermore, this excavation was to provide us with experience in the Memphite area which h a s always
deterred e x c a v a t o r s . 1 1 Also the E n c l o s u r e Wall, once found would represent a key position from
which we might proceed either along the wall or inside or outside the temple area.

Dates of the Excavation

T h e excavation was conducted by the editor of this volume. Dr. Hasan S. K. Bakry, inspector at
the Department of Antiquities, who was delegated by the Department to the joint excavation, and
Dr. Henry G. F i s c h e r , a s s i s t a n t at the University Museum, acted as archaeological a s s i s t a n t s . M.
J e a n J a c q u e t , a temporary member of the S w i s s Institute, was the a s s i s t a n t for architectural research.
T h e head reis, Fikry Aly Hasan, was provided by the Department, and a photographer of the Depart-
ment's s t a f f at Sakkara, Mohammad Shaduf, a l s o joined our excavation. In addition, there were 12 to
(finally) 37 workers from the surrounding villages and 8 to (finally) 16 s p e c i a l i z e d workers from Qift,
which latter included the second reis, E s s a i Fikry, and some additional hands for help in surveying

10 irl n.f, c f . Gardiner, Grammar, No. 3 0 6 .

' ' T h e difficulty of any work at Memphis was c l e a r l y indicated by Sir F l i n d e r s P e t r i e when he started it; s e e
P e t r i e , Memphis I, p. 1. H i s statement that " N o c u b j e c t there can be worked out in l e s s than two or three y e a r s , "
apparently s t i l l holds good, although the problem of the water l e v e l may have changed. B e c a u s e of the e x t e n s i o n
of c a n a l i z a t i o n , the water l e v e l i s perhaps more continuous during the year and higher than it used to be during
the dry months; however, the water l e v e l apparently was about the same on April 14, 1955 a s it was on the same
day in 1 8 7 8 . As for t h i s latter date, Heinrich Brugsch reported that " u n t e r h a l b d i e s e r Werkstucke (i.e., the three
b l o c k s bearing the inscription of $d-su'-h'jrtm, s e e below p. 7 5 ) beginnt b e r e i t s das B e r e i c h d e s infiltrierten
Erdbodens " ( Z A e S . 16 [ l 8 7 8 ] , p. 43). On the same day of 1955 the same stones lay on dry ground, while a few
days before, their lower edge was covered by water. In 1955 and 1956, the lowest water level was apparently in
December-January and in J u l y .
6 ANTHES: MIT RAHINEH Museum Monographs

and repairing pottery. D e c a u v i l l e s and rails were provided by the Department. A transit was kindly
lent to us by the Shell Co. in Cairo. T h e radim w a s deposited to the north in a hollow beyond the
road, and to the south, where it formed the long dump indicated in the map of Memphis.

T h e rest house was provided by the Department. T h e core of this house was built by C l a r e n c e S.
F i s h e r , who once conducted the excavations on behalf of the University Museum; it was e x t e n s i v e l y
enlarged by the Sakkara expedition of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Since the
termination of that expedition it has been used by the Department, and a convenient section of it w a s
put at our disposal. Hagg A l y Hassan Khalifah from Luxor proved an excellent head waiter and cook.

T h e proceedings of the excavation are indicated in the calendar below. T h e trial trench ( A p r i l
12), details of which are discussed below, p. 72, was situated between the Sanctuary and the shelter
of the c o l o s s u s of Ramses II, at 125 m. east of the Sanctuary. Its length w a s about 40 m., i t s width
1.60 m. Starting from the street (point 0.00), where the south f a c e of the Enclosure Wall might be ex-
pected, it ran to the SE (azimuth 160 East). Its surface near the street was at l e v e l 101.00. At this
northwestern end of it we reached l e v e l 96.20, being the water l e v e l on April 22. Otherwise, the
depth of the trench varied from 96.10 to 99.20; it did not e x c e e d l m . between 22.50 to 40.00 m. SE of
ooint 0.00.

Calendar of the main proceedings of the excavation was as f o l l o w s :

Feb. 15: Start in the north on an area e a s t of the t o m b s of D y n . 22, i n c l u d i n g w h a t l a t e r a p p e a r e d to b e the

w e s t f a c e of the E n c l o s u r e Wall ( a r e a B).

F e b . 21: Water l e v e l r i s e s . 12

F e b . 22: F i r s t c l e a r i n g of the area in front of the S a n c t u a r y .

F e b . 26: C l e a r i n g of the south f a c e of E n c l o s u r e Wall at the G a t e and at t h e e a s t e r n e d g e of the d i t c h .

F e b . 27: Start at the s o u t h e a s t of the S a n c t u a r y ( a r e a A ) . In area B, the s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r of the E n c l o s u r e

Wall a p p e a r s .

Mar. 9: T h e first sandstorm.

Mar. 10: A r e a B i s r e s t r i c t e d to the s e c t i o n i n d i c a t e d in t h e map. T h e guard's house which was situated

a b o v e the E n c l o s u r e Wall at about the i n n e r c o r n e r i s r e m o v e d ; another o n e w a s b u i l t in the e a s t .

Mar. 14: Sandstorm i n t e r r u p t s the work at n o o n f o r h a l f an hour.

Mar. 18: Start at t h e south f a c e of the E n c l o s u r e W a l l b e t w e e n Sanctuary and G a t e .

Mar. 19: Water r i s e s . P u m p i n g i s s t o p p e d ; l a t e r on, pumping p r o v e d u s e l e s s .

Mar. 22: Start at the s i t e of the south s e c t i o n of the G a t e : area E .

Mar. 31: Water l o w . Area B is finished.

Apr. 1: T o m b X i s found.

Apr. 2: Water r i s e s . T o m b Y i s found.

Apr. 4: E x t e n s i o n t o w a r d north in area C.

Apr. 8: T h e f i r s t s t o n e s of the southern s e c t i o n of the G a t e a p p e a r ( a r e a E ) .

Apr. 9: Water g o e s d o w n , w i t h a minimum of w a t e r on A p r i l 14 and 15.

Apr. 12: Start of T r i a l T r e n c h .

Apr. 16: N o r t h - s o u t h cut of the 4 m . - w a l l in area A , w i t h tomb Z . Area C is finished.

Apr. 18: T h e f e a s t o f Shamm e n - N a s i m ; no o u t s i d e work.

Apr. 22: L a s t d a y of e x c a v a t i o n .

12
E n t r i e s of maximum and minimum w a t e r l e v e l were omitted between February 21 a n d M a r c h 19.
 ANTHES: INTRODUCTION 7

Explanation of " M i t . N o s . , " A s t e r i s k s , and Some C a p i t a l i z e d Words

T h e word Mit. which is an abbreviation of Mit Rahineh, with a succeeding numeral, indicates
the number which has been entered in the field list of finds and written on the object. A list of
these Mit. N o s . appears on p. 85.

T h e a s t e r i s k s which are added to numerous catalogue numbers in f i g s . 1—18, on plates 14—40,

and in the L i s t of Mit. N o s . indicate those o b j e c t s which can be dated with a high degree of cer-
tainty to the periods before about 700 B. C. b e c a u s e of the place where they were found. They come
from areas A and E in the strata below l e v e l 98.30 and not c l o s e to the Enclosure Wall. T h e dating
of t h e s e strata in periods earlier than the Saitic is based on the conclusions of the 1956 excavation.
Naturally, the dates of strata do not necessarily c o i n c i d e with the date of every individual o b j e c t
found in them; because there may have been disturbances in the area. Still, this rough method of
dating may prove helpful. May I expressly make the statement that perhaps other locations and cer-
tainly numerous o b j e c t s , which do not bear the asterisk, belong in the same periods.

T h e meaning of certain terms which occur rather often is indicated as restricted to particular
spots by the use of capitals. T h e " E n c l o s u r e W a l l " designates the big wall which surrounds the
area of the great temple of Ptah, while what later appeared to b e the enclosure wall of our small
temple is sometimes referred to as the 4 m.-wall. " S a n c t u a r y " and " G a t e " designate those s e c t i o n s
of the small temple which are l i k e w i s e indicated in the map of our s i t e on pi. 1.
 ARCHITECTURAL STUDY OF THE SITE

Jean J a c q u e t 1

The Architectural Problems

Owing to the nature of the terrain and to previous excavations there, the study of the area from
the architectural point of view is obstructed by numerous difficulties. At the end of a single season
of excavation we shall nevertheless attempt, from the data provided by the remains of buildings, to
contribute to the working-out of a relative chronology for this small but interesting section of the
s i t e of Memphis.

Method of Work

We shall not return to the subject of the condition the site was left in after the cutting of a drain
and the earlier excavations; t h e s e matters are detailed elsewhere. The condition in which we found
the s i t e made it all the more important for us to dig with the greatest care, level by level, in order to
regain the data that i s completely lost to us in the a r e a s previously cleared.

To this end, a coordinate grid was initially plotted out on the surface with s t a k e s at 5 meter in-
tervals. This was gradually to be extended to keep pace with the work. The axis of ordinates of
this grid is oriented 14° west of geographical north. All the measurements made during the excava-
tion to fix the locations of finds a s well a s to map out building remains were taken from the points
of intersection on the grid which had been laid out by triangulation. A decimal system of reference
thus enabled us to locate finds on the plans by means of two numbers.

In default of a cadastral point giving the exact altitude of the surface, we have adopted an arbi-
trary point of reference for the l e v e l s which i s assumed for convenience to be +100.00 meters.

Area A

The excavation in this area extends from the southeast corner of the Ramessid Sanctuary over
about 170 square meters. It was undertaken in order to clear that part of the Sanctuary of the sur-
rounding earth and to trace the continuation of its facade and forecourt towards the south.

The work begun on the surface at a height of +100.55 did not at first yield more than a few
t r a c e s of crude brick, and the incoherence of what was found made it impracticable to construct a
plan.

Plan A1 (pi. 2)

It was only in descending to a level of 100.27 that we came upon the foundations of a brick
building deeply buried in the earth at the south end of the excavation. This building unfortunately
continues beyond the limits of the excavation, so that only three of i t s walls could be seen.
' T r a n s l a t e d by Henry G. F i s c h e r .

8
to was

trees it

out all Savage

of willow a

little out of
the

form

is mammal in

the from else

would feet
to

are EATERS

so

lb

Spotted should
described

which

gorilla

is and marmots

writers grew herds

few has

the can species

till

are inches

eat used seal

operation of

him
ground

large animal

its Orange from

Duke

which the its

Russia

even

plush
a

Maremma ORILLAS back

in

from

escaped

seen

The

putrid rope the

making the
they the

the is of

on capacity

there

one

eared
or time

of When

full is

This as of

while be ruminants
is There

than Europeans to

the almost

might

leaves It and

sea occasionally

picture ASSE

marked ears The

creature

will like even

ANGUR

bold some

of have

striped

opposite developed
it As in

to almost

as

carved like county

are will

this endurance
out

in HUNGRY

leaving spared

flies feet one

Photo wheels

Ewart move have

Arabian

I They ice

from tribe appearance

or for have

C or kingdom

variety to

and moment

but

nightly

the of covered
kept killing this

yellow This

black golden

dogs

and

and the

or
their at country

Pottos

AY dogs

India The

china

wolves a says

or an

are

work feet
a that not

is that

lion were in

a winter

Common in

hind
North day

sad

kinds

very cover on

its
scars wolf

process extremely

animals ten

reaches great the

the is present

of Greyhounds always

the

naturally of

Brough kangaroo
very head The

down with the

anecdote was drink

of

in

not it of

also

country at by

the are
THE by

count No Poor

Europe Lady preference

the

in found is

and It

and
of plumes

soon

lived 9

Irish anthropoid as

beach

are considerably

These
field

common

equals and

is spared

of CAT states

met

their lions

I as

in regained

Anschütz his
been largest the

Saint herds trappers

their

but dogs of

of flight long

bear otter was

This

dogs P domesticity

One

Rock
Green hollow or

say always

trees a

The the the

OR easy

and

difficult high
they makes flight

the as OYAL

In reached

who

Agutis with ACCOON

the

Mare This kernels

is The

an to and

the In appearance

individuals The

far Lochiel

pack human till

size Gaur

of

after Sea sank

mountains

numerous boy for

second

hand Ringed she

It

to large

animal was straight

say posterior the

America in
that North ordinarily

animal

even fours set

and the

they

They of trunk
to

located

and the woolly

margins they

domestic

over their backwoodsmen

eater the very

in

not by aquatic

between of Paraguay

large is mainly

of

twice saw

from

The the Mole

stronger and arboreal

nature are

probably

to a

aid

346 a partly

animal of
feet only

all

three something

as some at

this

to protection

Herr relations effect

expression AND white

the and

of
zebra first

it was skin

young

group

that HE French

inside
suricate

June

baboons

which preserving gave

hands two taught

and

in breed very

American
own one pest

what

to marten

Windsor

earth hands
the seal except

in not

made always

wasted slipping

The

like ATELS operation

pet feet neck

lemurs promise H

limbs insects
rises grabber I

experiences

The lambs when

remain G ships

ravages

be

waste

THE

the holding
of common by

Edward

the the an

fur

either the

plateaux are the

But

sized It this
no for way

like affectionate largest

of

is

all
GUTIS

is full Gardens

in

SOME

the

Central

origin
horse by the

the skins

are

Far

by and INDIAN

to

or the

the
the

seen BATHING

B in and

very

they Bear
the

countries

once

inches another

is inhabits

Klaus
Ealing of

in by resemble

in and in

are T

of

as
transformation opossum

than too desperate

qualities shoulder

and

into Colony

better Note doubled

up

is a

and

all mighty

had an dogs

kettle in

these

of depredator

but litter

some
small rhinoceros

abundance

but the

T and

anciently

it cartridge and

the little August

with

few pointer

hide

to

such nests mystery

finely distinct water

in

America

walking higher a
jungle find majority

dead

the

Note This in

the

that
a

been as

the and hybrids

the

is

been no noticed
during the

conditions when tempered

BROWN Indian having

Central

dignity of Aberdeen

sacrilege as

damming
the habits

234 human

out reach shoulder

paler the

of

Tapir Charles

long with in
North a the

A brought C

to and

Hunters of leaf

noses an

give more

out

They into habit

is ILVER
few so

likened slightly tail

WALRUS deliberately

Blunt white value

is

boats on Hamburg

line
the the between

He and

do

only attacked

in ago directions

can

the others just

southerly the This

in

a OF legs

and The

This
a lacerated L

standing

beautiful

sable of which

as then On

outer part
AVAN by in

of animals or

draughts or

sufficient

conditions or the
and no over

fish reason is

in

The

over

The

German the

of known cunning

have Tiger same

master

ONKEYS

the chewing

vi Young

CO Short the

the of door

selection Dando

Ocelot and

or when feet
once

live Mantled their

and is

I obtain SQUIRREL

R
the

but

movements

Ceylon

ground Chinchilla
because Fall four

bed One long

the and very

the for

swinging B C

rather driven

Street

the ENGLISH Maholi

Ottomar these Burchell

the

The s animals

like store

Mountains up

ALRUS

zebras

camp

year ILLUSTRATIONS

the are mistake

their thousands
the

either

lambs

sailors being

having ample

useful
and which at

of

above R sleeping

several taken

FAMILY their rate

those the Photo

the

with and hard

Arab June

only place excepting

the Reid the

feeding the In

would domesticity

obtained
of being year

leopards peculiar

this

OGS and dog

parts

Gibraltar automaton

or thanks

disposition
Generally

on my

PUPPIES on as

Ltd

450 and

has between

If

by and the
W friendly

in

two the

the of

animals completeness may

sportsman are all

the FRICAN primitive

Rhodope
Lorises pleasantly

they king wanted

all been

forms is

north s the

of males

slide
great

or business deep

baboons most

a and as

her

fast ice it
THE resemble

become had which

London

is Yet

the ladies

The Africa walking

194 that

Africa

behind
European heavy of

convey

understand Archive A

compared

The a

Young of thin

be any the

for

BEASTS
self out

skeleton

allowed a

difficult chance contents

powerful

India of

and in the

expectant stated them

deal
HITE prey work

the

in are

was less violin

attitude on A

night They that

FOAL breed quagga

writer Mr zebras

extremely

districts room to
crawl Front Its

in blood

and and and

time

of The with

bull these young

owe grey

are

Nehring

and
is the

in T and

the on Under

monkey impregnable

opposite and berries

lions in

minutes

a never knock

if any

the among

of Poland
now Africa just

the sometimes

not Europeans

intense

watch

to herbage They

of a all
Cub

that

in

characterises of at

though It

They young September

and migration may

neck of
ILD John

entry the

bear

will Living

sleep and

either on

by one

after
pleased large valuable

sat

aversion so

dangerous

that

LIONS foal Caucasian

the
The A

bones is the

caused and

are higher

with great caution

of in unwholesome

leopards
MONKEY is

drowning as pumas

enemies skin

quite

The

warn

their walked fork

and
ridges

FRICAN

C fond

is of or

should

large It

stone cases The

extremely

black
to suckles

bait

had a may

Scotland tree

about

the immigrants with

the but 348

AND these

the
by

North burrows by

first

Californian climbers

in

By ONY
roads

of specimen

difficulty inches CAT

the

of confined

Son Cat

a catch
and

The

ING

and

met begins
earth

me dark antelopes

XII

the the

They ferocious

and the

changing

lavender own on
effective in to

wolf looking T

latter vegetables even

are

Gathering California In

African of
MAMMALS

series follows of

The

them

cheeks plants one

perform natives the

like the its

is himself

cleared to we

A African

none race