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Anti Apollinarian Writings The Fathers of the Church
131 1.-4. printing Edition Saint Gregory Of Nyssa Digital
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Author(s): Saint Gregory of Nyssa
ISBN(s): 9780813228075, 0813228077
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Year: 2015
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 THE FATHERS
OF THE CHURCH
A NEW TRANSLATION

VOLUME 131
 THE FATHERS
OF THE CHURCH
A NEW TRANSLAT ION

E D I TORIAL BOARD

David G. Hunter
University of Kentucky
Editorial Director

Andrew Cain Joseph T. Lienhard, S.J.

University of Colorado Fordham University

Brian Daley, S.J. Rebecca Lyman

University of Notre Dame Church Divinity School of the Pacific

Susan Ashbrook Harvey Wendy Mayer

Brown University Australian Catholic University

William E. Klingshirn Robert D. Sider

The Catholic University of America Dickinson College

Trevor Lipscombe
Director
The Catholic University of America Press

FO R M E R E D I TOR I AL D I R E C TORS
Ludwig Schopp, Roy J. Deferrari, Bernard M. Peebles,
Hermigild Dressler, O.F.M., Thomas P. Halton

Carole Monica C. Burnett

Staff Editor
 ST. GREGORY
OF NYSSA
ANTI- APOLLINARIAN
WRITINGS

Translated, with an introduction, commentary, and notes by

ROBIN ORTON

THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA PRESS

Washington, D.C.
 Copyright © 2015
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA PRESS
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the
American National Standards for Information Science—Permanence
of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI z39.48-1984.
∞

English biblical quotations that are not otherwise marked or do not

constitute an intrinsic part of a patristic text have been drawn from the
New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989, Division of Christian
Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the
United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gregory, of Nyssa, Saint, approximately 335–approximately 394.
[Works. Selections. English]
Anti-Apollinarian writings / St. Gregory of Nyssa ; translated, with an
introduction, commentary and notes, by Robin Orton.
pages cm. — (The fathers of the church, a new translation ; volume 131)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 978-0-8132-2807-5 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Jesus Christ—
History of doctrines—Early church, ca. 30–600. 2. Gregory, of Nyssa, Saint,
approximately 335–approximately 394—Correspondence.
3. Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea, –approximately 390—Correspondence.
4. Theophilus, patriarch, Archbishop of Alexandria,
–412—Correspondence. I. Orton, Robin, 1942– translator,
writer of supplementary textual content. II. Title.
BT1340.G74 2015
230'.14—dc23
2015009765
To my wife, Morwenna
 C ON T E N T S

Abbreviations xi
Notes to the Reader xiii
Select Bibliography xv
Preface xvii

Introduction
Introduction 3
1. Apolinarius of Laodicea and his Christological
teachings: A Historical Sketch 3
Some problems in the historiography of Apollinarianism 3
The life of Apolinarius of Laodicea 5
The early history of Apollinarianism 7
Apollinarianism at Antioch 12
Apolinarius seeks allies 17
Apolinarius condemned in Rome 17
The tide begins to turn in the East, 378–381 19
The Council of Constantinople, 381 21
Gregory Nazianzen’s struggle with Apollinarianism, 382–387 23
Further moves against Apollinarianism in the East after 381 25
The composition of the Apodeixis 27
2. Gregory of Nyssa and Apollinarianism 28
3. The Date and Circumstances of the Composition
of antirrh and Theo 35
4. The Method of Composition and Structure
of antirrh 38
5. The Adequacy of Gregory’s Reporting of the Text
and Argumentation of the Apodeixis 41
6. Reconstructing the Structure and Argument of
the Apodeixis 43
Introduction: Defending an orthodox Christology against
Judaizers and Hellenizers 44
viii CONTENTS
Christ both divine and human 44
A defense of the unity of Christ’s person against those who
teach “two Christs” 45
Who were those who taught “two Christs”? 47
Why Christ’s manhood cannot have been complete, that is,
have included a human mind 49
Apolinarius’s trichotomous anthropology 50
Its Christological application: Christ as “enfleshed mind” 51
Christ’s will 54
Christ’s flesh 55
Christ’s glorified body 58
7. Gregory’s Argumentative Techniques in antirrh 58
8. Gregory’s Use of Scripture in antirrh 62
9. Gregory’s Critique of Apolinarius in antirrh 67
Critique of Apolinarius’s trichotomous anthropology 68
Critique of Apolinarius’s “enfleshed mind” Christology:
Introduction 68
Critique of Apolinarius’s “enfleshed mind” Christology:
Christ’s divinity 69
Critique of Apolinarius’s “enfleshed mind” Christology:
The anthropological structure of Christ’s person 70
The origin of Christ’s human flesh 72
10. Gregory’s own Christology as set out in antirrh 73
Christ is not a “God-filled man” 73
Christ is God 74
Christ is fully man 74
The unity of Christ’s person: His virginal conception 75
Christ’s will 78
The unity of Christ’s person: His glorification 79
Christ’s glorified body 81
11. Gregory’s Soteriology as set out in antirrh 82
12. An Overall Assessment of antirrh 86
13. The Christological Arguments in Theo 86

ANTI-APOLLINARIAN WRITINGS
Refutation of the Views of Apolinarius:
Translation and Commentary 91
1. Introduction 91
2. The title of Apolinarius’s work 93
 CONTENTS ix
3. Apolinarius’s critique of the notion of Christ
as a “God-filled man”: Introduction 97
4. First excursus: Gregory attacks Apolinarius’s alleged
theory that the divine Logos died on the cross 100
5. Apolinarius’s critique of the notion of Christ
as a “God-filled man”: Its origin and its
condemnation by orthodox synods 102
6. Apolinarius’s critique of the notion of Christ
as a “God-filled man”: The “man from earth”
and the “man from heaven” 103
7. Apolinarius’s trichotomous anthropology
and the implication for Christology 107
8. Apolinarius’s critique of the notion of Christ
as a “God-filled man”: Implications of the
Nicene definitions 112
9. The first Adam and the second Adam 115
10. Apolinarius’s teaching on the pre-existent
Christ and the identity of Jesus with him 120
11. Second excursus: Gregory’s teaching on how
we are saved through Christ’s humanity 126
12. Apolinarius’s teaching on the pre-existent
Christ and the identity of Jesus with him
(continued): Zechariah 13.7 and Hebrews 1.1–3 130
13. Third excursus: Gregory’s reflections on
Philippians 2.5–11 136
14. Apolinarius’s teaching on the pre-existent
Christ and the identity of Jesus with him
(continued): Philippians 2.5–11 140
15. The divinity of Jesus: The divine mind,
eternally enfleshed 147
16. The divinity of Jesus: “Enfleshed mind” and
“God-filled man” 151
17. The divinity of Jesus: The divine mind,
eternally enfleshed (continued) 156
18. The divinity of Jesus: Arguments from Scripture 161
19. The relationship between Christ’s divinity
and his humanity: Arguments from Scripture 169
20. The enfleshment as the assumption of a man
by God 175
x CONTENTS
21. More on Apolinarius’s trichotomous anthropology
and the “enfleshed mind” 177
22. Christ as wisdom: The “God-filled man” again.
Apolinarius’s first and second syllogisms 181
23. Soteriological arguments for the concept of
Christ as “enfleshed mind.” Apolinarius’s third,
fourth, and fifth syllogisms 189
24. The unity of Christ. Apolinarius’s sixth, seventh,
and eighth syllogisms 204
25. More on Apolinarius’s trichotomous anthropology
and the implication for Christology 219
26. Christ’s death and resurrection 233
27. The eternal Christ 237
28. Fourth excursus: Gregory defends his Christology 238
29. The eternal Christ (continued) 248
30. Christ’s ascension and glorification 251
31. Final arguments 254
32. Conclusion 258

To Theophilus, Against the Apollinarians:

Translation and Commentary 259

APPENDIX AND INDICES

Appendix: A Reconstruction of the Possible
Structure of the Apodeixis 271
General Index 275
Index of Holy Scripture 283
 A BBR E V I AT ION S

(Full bibliographical details in Select Bibliography

if not provided here)

antirrh Gregory of Nyssa, Antirrheticus adversus Apolinarium

Carter T. Carter, Christologies (2011)
Cod Theod Codex Theodosianus (Theodosian Code)
Eng. trans. English translation
Eun Gregory of Nyssa, contra Eunomium
GNO Gregorii Nysseni Opera, the Brill “Jaeger” edition of
Gregory of Nyssa’s works
Grelier H. Grelier, L’argumentation (2008)
in illud Gregory of Nyssa, In illud: Tunc et ipse Filius
J.[number] Page number in GNO, vol. III.I
L.[number] Fragment number in H. Lietzmann, Apollinaris
(1904)
Lietzmann H. Lietzmann, Apollinaris (1904)
Lietzmann, History H. Lietzmann, A History of the Early Church, vols. 3
and 4. Translated by Woolf (1961)
LXX Septuagint
M.[number] Column reference in PG 45
Mühlenberg E. Mühlenberg, Apollinaris (1969)
NPNF Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series.
Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Peabody,
Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, Inc., 1994.
Consulted at http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/
index.html or http://www.ccel.org/node/70

xi
xii ABBREVIATIONS
NRSV New Revised Standard Version of the Holy Bible
ODCC Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Edited by
F. L. Cross, third edition, edited by E. A. Living-
stone. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997
or cat Gregory of Nyssa, oratio catechetica
PG Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca. Paris:
Migne, 1857–66. Consulted at http://graeca.patris
tica.net/#t042
PL Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina. Paris:
Migne, 1841–1855
Raven C. Raven, Apollinarianism (1923)
ref 
Gregory of Nyssa, refutatio confessionis Eunomii
Silvas Gregory of Nyssa, Letters. English translation by
Anna Silvas (2007)
Theo Gregory of Nyssa, Ad Theophilum adversus Apolinaristas
Winling Gregory of Nyssa, antirrh. French translation by
R. Winling (2004)
Zacagnius Laurentius Alexander Zacagnius, the Latin transla-
tor of antirrh in PG 45
 S E L EC T BI BL IO G R A PH Y

Carter, Timothy John. The Apollinarian Christologies: A Study of the Writings of

Apollinarius of Laodicea. Ph.D. diss., Heythrop College, University of Lon-
don, 2010. London: Hamley King Publishing, 2011.
Cattaneo, Enrico. Trois homélies pseudo-chrysostomiennes sur la Pâques comme
oeuvre d’Apollinaire de Laodicée: Attribution et étude théologique. Théologie
historique 58. Paris: Beauchesne, 1981.
Chadwick, Henry. The Early Church. The Pelican History of the Church. Har-
mondsworth: Penguin Books, 1967.
Daley, Brian E. “Divine Transcendence and Human Transformation: Gregory
of Nyssa’s Anti-Apollinarian Christology.” In Re-Thinking Gregory of Nyssa,
edited by Sarah Coakley, 67–76. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003.
Drecoll, Volker Henning. “Antirrh.” In The Brill Dictionary of Gregory of Nyssa,
edited by Lucas Francisco Mateo-Seco and Giulio Maspero; translated by
Seth Cherney, 48–50. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2010.
Gregory of Nazianzus. Letter 101. PG 37:176A–193B.
———. Letter 102. PG 37:193B–201C.
———. Letter 202. PG 37:329B–333C.
Gregory of Nyssa. Ad Theophilum adversus Apolinaristas. Edited by Friedrich
Müller. GNO vol. 3.1. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958.
———. Antirrheticus adversus Apolinarium. Edited by Friedrich Müller. GNO
vol. 3.1. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958.
———. Antirrheticus adversus Apolinarium. French translation. In Raymond
Winling, Le Mystère du Christ: Contre Apollinaire (IVe siècle), le défi d’un Dieu
fait homme, 137–284. Les Pères dans la Foi. Paris: Migne, 2004.
———. Contra Eunomium III. Edited by Werner Jaeger. GNO vol. 2. Leiden:
E. J. Brill, 1960.
———. In illud: Tunc et ipse Filius. Edited by J. Kenneth Downing. GNO
vol. 3.2. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1987.
———. The Letters. Translated with an introduction and commentary by
Anna Silvas. Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 83. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
Consulted at http://ixoyc.net/data/Fathers/102.pdf.
———. Oratio catechetica. Edited by Ekkehard Mühlenburg. GNO vol. 3.4.
Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996.
Grelier, Hélène. L’argumentation de Grégoire de Nysse contre Apolinaire de Laodicée:
Étude littéraire et doctrinale de l’Antirrheticus adversus Apolinarium et de
l’Ad Theophilum adversus apolinaristas. Thèse en langues, histoire et
civilisations des mondes anciens, sous la direction de Olivier Munnich,

xv
xvi SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
présentée et soutenue publiquement le 19 novembre 2008. Lyon: Univer-
sité Lumière, Institut Fernand Courby et Institut des sources chrétiennes
(n.d). Consulted at http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/getpart.
php?id=1183&action=pdf; N.B. that in this version some of the footnotes
have disappeared and some tabular material has been corrupted.
Hübner, Reinhard M. Die Einheit des Leibes Christi bei Gregor von Nyssa: Unter-
suchungen zum Ursprung des “physischen” Erlösungslehre. Leiden: E. J. Brill,
1974.
Kelly, J. N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. Fifth edition, revised. London: A & C
Black, 1993.
Lietzmann, Hans. Apollinaris von Laodicea und seine Schule: Texte und Untersu-
chungen, I. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1904.
———. A History of the Early Church, vols. 3 and 4. Translated by Bertram Lee
Woolf. Cleveland, Ohio: Meridian Books, 1961.
Ludlow, Morwenna. Gregory of Nyssa, Ancient and (Post)modern. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2007.
Meredith, Anthony. The Cappadocians. Crestwood, New York: St. Vladimir’s
Seminary Press, 1995.
———. Gregory of Nyssa. The Early Church Fathers. London: Routledge,
1999.
Mühlenberg, Ekkehard. Apollinaris von Laodicea. Göttingen: Vandenhoek &
Ruprecht, 1969.
Norris, R. A. Manhood and Christ: A Study in the Theology of Theodore of Mopsues-
tia. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1963.
Orton, Robin. “Garments of Light, Tunics of Skin and the Body of Christ:
St Gregory of Nyssa’s Theology of the Body.” Ph.D. diss., King’s College,
University of London, 2009.
———. “‘Physical’ Soteriology in Gregory of Nyssa: A Response to Reinhard
M. Hübner.” Studia Patristica 67 (2013): 69–75.
———. “‘A Very Bad Book’? Another Look at St Gregory of Nyssa’s Answer to
Apolinarius.” Studia Patristica 72 (2014): 171–89.
Raven, Charles E. Apollinarianism: An Essay on the Christology of the Early Church.
Cambridge: The University Press, 1923.
Stevenson, J., ed. A New Eusebius: Documents Illustrating the History of the Church
to AD 337. Revised with additional documents by W. H. C. Frend. London:
SPCK, 1995.
———, ed. Creeds, Councils and Controversies: Documents Illustrating the History
of the Church AD 337–46. Revised with additional documents by W. H. C.
Frend. London: SPCK, 1995.
Theodosius (Emperor). Codex, Book 16. Consulted at http://ancientrome.ru/
ius/library/codex/theod/liber16.htm.
Winling, Raymond. Le Mystère du Christ: Contre Apollinaire (IVe siècle), le défi d’un
Dieu fait homme. Les Pères dans la Foi. Paris: Migne, 2004.
Young, Frances M., with Andrew Teal. From Nicaea to Chalcedon: A Guide to the
Literature and its Background. Second edition. London: SCM Press, 2010.
Zachhuber, Johannes. Human Nature in Gregory of Nyssa: Philosophical Back-
ground and Theological Significance. Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 46.
Leiden: Brill, 2000.
 I N T RODUC T ION

1. Apolinarius of Laodicea and his Christological

Teachings: A Historical Sketch
In order to put Gregory’s critique of the Christological views
held by Apolinarius and his disciples into context, I have pro-
vided a sketch of the historical and theological background to
those views, and the controversy about them, up to about the
middle of the 380s, that is, roughly the time when, as will be
seen, Gregory composed his two anti-Apollinarian works. But,
before that, a few words are needed to explain some difficul-
ties that arise when any attempt is made to give an account of
the history of the origin, development, and condemnation of
“Apollinarianism.”

Some problems in the historiography of Apollinarianism

As will be seen, Apolinarius and his Christological doctrines
were condemned by the church (first in the West, then in the
East) and then by the imperial government, initially rather hes-
itantly but finally quite fiercely, on several occasions between
377 and 388. These early condemnations, made when Apoli-
narius was still alive, help explain why there are few sources for
his life. We know that his disciple Timothy of Beirut wrote a his-
tory of the times from an Apollinarian perspective; this is now
lost, but it seems to be the source of much of the (quite sparse)
material about Apolinarius and his disciples that is found in the
church historians Socrates and Sozomen. 1 There is also valuable
(though often tantalizingly fragmentary) contemporary materi-
al in the works of the Cappadocian Fathers, in particular in the
1. Hans Lietzmann, Apollinaris von Laodicea und seine Schule: Texte und Unter-
suchungen, I (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1904), 43–45; henceforth “Lietzmann.”

3
4 INTRODUCTION

letters of Gregory’s brother St. Basil (“the Great”) of Caesarea.

Most of Apolinarius’s writings have not survived, and most of
those that have did so because they were falsely attributed, pre-
sumably by the Apollinarians themselves, to “orthodox” writers.2
We also have fragments of some other works; in some cases, in-
cluding (thanks mostly to Gregory) the Apodeixis, these are quite
extensive. All the surviving dogmatic works and the fragments
were assembled by Hans Lietzmann in 1904, in his seminal Apol-
linaris von Laodicea und seine Schule: Texte und Untersuchungen.3
One of the factors that make it difficult to give a clear account
of the history of Apollinarian Christology is that, particularly in
its earlier years, it seems only occasionally to have been in the
doctrinal spotlight. It developed, as it were, “under the radar” at
a time, during the period between the Council of Nicaea in 325
and the Council of Constantinople in 381, when the big theo-
logical guns were being deployed in the battles not about the
nature of Christ but about the doctrine of the Trinity, between
what later developed into the settled Niceno-Constantinopolitan
orthodoxy and various forms of Arianism. As we shall see, Apoli-
narius seems from the outset to have been firmly in the Nicene,
anti-Arian camp. The extent to which the Christology of him
and his followers was criticized, condoned, or condemned seems
to have depended partly on where its defenders or opponents
were positioned in the struggle against Arianism and in the vari-
ous political maneuvers that, for different reasons, became asso-
ciated with it.

2. And as such claimed as “orthodox” authorities in the fifth-century Chris-

tological debates by both St. Cyril of Alexandria and his opponent Eutyches.
The Kata meros pistis (“Confession of Faith in Parts”) was attributed to St. Greg-
ory Thaumaturgus; De unione, De fide et incarnatione, and the first letter to Dio-
nysius, to Pope St. Julius of Rome; and the letter to Jovian, to St. Athanasius.
The spuriousness of these attributions became known, however, after about
450. Only Apolinarius’s dogmatically harmless psalm paraphrases have sur-
vived under his own name (but their authenticity is now challenged; see Fran-
ces M. Young, with Andrew Teal, From Nicaea to Chalcedon: A Guide to the Litera-
ture and its Background, 2d ed. [London: SCM Press, 2010; henceforth “Young”],
252). See Lietzmann, 79–83, 91–93, 103–5.
3. Lietzmann. See n. 1 above for full reference.
 INTRODUCTION 5

The life of Apolinarius of Laodicea

Apolinarius was born, perhaps in about 310,4 in Laodicea in
Syria (the modern port of Latakia, and not to be confused with
the Phrygian Laodicea, which features in Colossians and Rev-
elation). His father, Apolinarius the elder, came from Alexan-
dria, and this may perhaps help to explain what we shall see is
the “Alexandrian” flavor of his son’s theology. He moved first to
Beirut, where he worked as a teacher of grammar, and then to
Laodicea, where he married and became a priest.5
Both father and son sat at the feet of the pagan sophist
Epiphanius. Their presence at the recitation of a pagan hymn
to Bacchus composed by him was the ostensible cause of their
temporary excommunication by Theodotus, the bishop of La-
odicea; perhaps, as Lietzmann suggests,6 the fact that Theodo-
tus, like the other Syrian bishops at the time, had Arian sympa-
thies and that the younger Apolinarius, with his Alexandrian
background, subsequently became known as a supporter of Ni-
caea, may also have some bearing on this episode. At any rate,
the younger Apolinarius was again excommunicated, this time
permanently, by Theodotus’s Arian successor George, who be-
came bishop of Laodicea between 332 and 335. The trigger for
this was the visit of St. Athanasius, the leader of the pro-Nicene
party, to Laodicea in 346, on his way home to Alexandria from
his second exile. That Apolinarius became friendly with him
was, so far as George was concerned, an inadmissible action on
the part of one of his priests.7
It is clear that by the time of the synod held in Alexandria in
362 (discussed later) Apolinarius was nevertheless a bishop in
Laodicea, perhaps heading a strictly pro-Nicene faction in oppo-
sition to the officially recognized George and his “semi-Arian” or
“homoiousian”8 successor Pelagius, although the circumstances

4. See Raven, 129–30, and Grelier, 28, n. 65. (See entries in the Abbrevia-
tions list and the Select Bibliography.)
5. Lietzmann, 1. 6. Lietzmann, 2.
7. Lietzmann, 2–3.
8. That is, a subscriber to the belief that the Son was “of like being” to
the Father rather than “one in being” (homoousion) with him, as in the Nicene
formula.
6 INTRODUCTION

of his election can only be guessed at.9 At some stage he appears

to have been recognized by Rome. According to St. Epiphanius
of Salamis, the celebrated writer on heresy, he had a period of
exile because of his pro-Nicene views, but we do not know under
which Arianizing emperor this was imposed, Constantius (who
died in 361) or the later Valens (364 to 378).10
In the early sixties it appears that he was in friendly corre-
spondence with Basil the Great on Trinitarian issues.11 He again
appears as a staunch defender of Nicene orthodoxy, but uses
arguments emphasizing the unity of God’s nature in order to
defend the homoousion against Basil’s preference, at that time,
for more “homoiousian” terminology to characterize the rela-
tionship between the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Such
arguments seem later to have been perceived as (or at any rate
presented as) “Sabellian”12 in tendency, and to have contribut-
ed to the cooling of relations with Basil to be discussed later.13
9. Raven (131) suggests that Apolinarius may have been chosen as bish-
op by the Nicene party in Laodicea soon after his excommunication in 346.
Lietzmann (4) suggests that his election may not have been until 360 and that
it may have been triggered by the upheavals following the adoption of a “ho-
moean” (extreme Arian) creed at the council of Seleucia in 359 (when, in
Jerome’s famous words, “the world groaned to find itself Arian”); see Henry
Chadwick, The Early Church, The Pelican History of the Church (Harmond-
sworth: Penguin Books, 1967; henceforth “Chadwick”), 142. His homoiousian
rival Pelagius was in communion with Meletius of Antioch (see later) and rec-
ognized by Basil (see n. 13 below).
10. Lietzmann, 4–5.
11. Basil, epp. 361 and 362. If this correspondence is genuine, it can be dat-
ed to 360/61. Lietzmann (20–21) thinks it is apocryphal, but its authenticity
is defended by Raven, 133–36; by Ekkehard Mühlenberg, Apollinaris von Laodi-
cea (Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht, 1969; henceforth, “Mühlenberg”),
38–43; and, according to Young, 252, by Prestige and Riedmatten.
12. That is, as “failing to do justice to the independent subsistence of the
Son” and as holding that “in the Godhead the only differentiation was a mere
succession of modes of operations.” See ODCC, s.v. “Monarchianism.”
13. In 375–76 Basil was involved in “the Eustathius affair”: his old friend
Eustathius of Sebaste, with whom he had fallen out over the issue of the Trin-
itarian status of the Holy Spirit, had accused him of having been in corre-
spondence with Apolinarius on Trinitarian matters and of having endorsed
the latter’s alleged Sabellianism. Basil makes it clear that he is not currently
in communion with Apolinarius and that he has recognized Pelagius as the
legitimate bishop of Laodicea. See Lietzmann, 21, and Mühlenberg, 25–45.
 INTRODUCTION 7
Information about Apolinarius’s later life is fragmentary.
Such inferences as can be tentatively drawn from his surviving
writings will be touched on later in this introduction. Otherwise
we have a few pieces of more or less hard information. During
the pagan reaction under the emperor Julian (361–63) we
are told that he and his father sought to circumvent the ban
on Christians teaching classics by translating Scriptures into
antique forms, the results of which were apparently widely ad-
mired. At about that time he appears to have been the author
of a “philosophical” apology for Christianity—now lost—which
was sent to Julian by the bishops (but to which the emperor re-
sponded, “read, understood, rejected”).14 We know that he was
teaching in Antioch (an early stronghold of his Christological
doctrine, as we shall see) in 377/78, although why he had left
Laodicea we do not know; the young St. Jerome sat at his feet
there and detected nothing heretical in his teaching.15 We know
that Apolinarius was still alive when Gregory wrote antirrh (some
time in the 380s, as will be seen later). He must have died be-
fore 392, when St. Jerome wrote de viris illustribus and reported
Apolinarius as having died during the reign of Theodosius.16

The early history of Apollinarianism

It is for his heterodox Christological views that Apolinarius
is chiefly known to church history. But it should be borne in
mind that there were other aspects of his teaching that also
concerned his contemporaries. The alleged Sabellianism of his
Trinitarian theology has already been mentioned. He was also
accused of Judaizing tendencies, and of a belief that the animal
sacrifices of the Temple would be restored in the Millennium.17
So far as his characteristic Christological doctrines are con-
cerned, there are major uncertainties in establishing when and
in what circumstances Apolinarius began to develop them, and
when they began to be an object of suspicion to his Nicene al-
lies. Gregory of Nyssa’s friend Gregory of Nazianzus dates the

14. See Lietzmann, 9–10; Raven, 136–38.

15. Lietzmann, 15.
16. Grelier, 41, citing Jerome, de viris illustribus 104.
17. In Basil’s ep. 263 and elsewhere; see n. 54 below.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Data Science - Workbook
Summer 2023 - University

Prepared by: Teaching Assistant Garcia

Date: August 12, 2025

Appendix 1: Case studies and real-world applications

Learning Objective 1: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 2: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 13: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 16: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 17: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 19: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 3: Research findings and conclusions
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 23: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Chapter 4: Experimental procedures and results
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 31: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 37: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 39: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 5: Practical applications and examples
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 44: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 46: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 47: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 6: Best practices and recommendations
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 51: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 53: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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