REVIEW PAPERS

OVERVIEW OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE (E-COMMERCE)

By
BHUMIKA TULI * JYOTI ** NEHA GAUTAM *** SANTOSH KUMAR ****
* Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh Group of Colleges Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India.
** Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab India.
*** St. Ezra International School, Kharar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
**** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India.

Date Received: 19/08/2022 Date Revised: 05/09/2022 Date Accepted: 25/09/2022

ABSTRACT
E-commerce plays a vital role in today's services. It is mainly the work of selling and buying goods through online trading
or data transmission over the Internet. This paper gives a complete explanation of E-commerce and why it is used. The
main purpose of this paper is to inform people about every aspect of E-commerce, such as what it is and what types of
intermediaries it offers. In addition, the role of E-commerce in modern life, including its benefits and difficulties, is
discussed.
Keywords: E-Commerce, Business Organization, Internet, Consumer, Electronic Consumer, Growth.

INTRODUCTION which people are allowed to buy any food through it. This
E-commerce is basically an acronym for electronic means it's not just for buying goods or services; it also
communication. It is a form of communication in which provides other possibilities. If any customer buys products
people or customers buy or sell a product or service over online and after receiving the product, if the customer
the Internet. It is basically an interaction between does not like the product or finds any malicious error in this
business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer- product, there is also an option to return it back and also
to-consumer, and consumer-to-business (Mitra, 2013). E- get the same amount back. Clients do not incur losses in
commerce is not only done over the Internet; it also has any transactions (Startup Grind, n.d.). This technology first
other means of communication such as EDI, which leads appeared in the 1970s and allows the exchange and
to electronic data interchange. E-commerce does the execution of services that were carried out using
same job as an online seller who directly provides services Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). Through the development
to the buyer from the portal. These portals use digital of this service, the marketing of these changes is
systems such as credit cards, debit cards, or online changing from traditional to modern. A schematic
payments such as Paytm, Google Pay, Bharat Interface diagram of E-commerce is shown in Figure 1 (Mlelwa et
for Money (BHIM) app, etc. (Avila et al., 2007). With the al., 2015).
advent of new technologies, new gadgets have been Objectives
discovered, and people can easily do its work and have ·To understand the present scenario of E-commerce
the ability to get easily a job anywhere in any field.
·Increment in the usage of E-commerce
Electronic communication also has a foodie system in
·Trends in the growth of E-commerce
·Drawbacks to E-commerce
1. Types of E-commerce
There are mainly four types of E-commerce each type is
explained as follows,

i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022 29
 REVIEW PAPERS

commerce. It provides consumers with a wide choice

and helps to find the most suitable product at a
competitive price. It also helps the merchant to sell the
products and services online as there is no need to set up
a firm in physical existence, thus reducing the cost
(Mercer, 2006). There is also a large number of
consumers. The following are the most common E-
commerce platforms for B2C E-commerce, such as (a).
Figure 1. E-Commerce Flipkart (b). Amazon (c) Myntra (d) Walmart (Kanchanopast,
2014).
1.1 B2B E-Commerce
Every year there is an increase in online businesses.
This type of business is between companies; buying and
Similarly, Figure 3 shows the growth rate of B2C e-
selling goods between companies is B2B E-commerce.
commerce (Terzi, 2011).
These are online transactions and relationships between
business organizations. Almost 80% of E-commerce is 1.3 C2B E-commerce

B2B. According to experts, this will grow faster than B2C E- In this case, all the work is done by the consumer for the
commerce (Dan, 2014). It includes manufacturers, business. For example, when a consumer writes reviews or
distributors, and the most famous B2B E-commerce provides a useful idea for the development of a new
platforms, such as (a) Oro commerce (b) Adobe product, that consumer creates value for the business if
Commerce (c) Unilog (d) Sales team (e) SAP Hybris (f) the business accepts the input (Sharma, 2020). Examples
Shop-ware (g) Intershop (Ma'aruf & Abdulkadir, 2012). includes Desk, Elance, and Freelancer (Kapsoinow, 1999).
There are many reasons to use social networking sites, as Each country has a different amount of marketing in the
shown in Figure 2 (World Trade Organization, 2013). case of E-commerce, which mainly depends on the

1.2 B2C E-commerce interested population in E-commerce. Figure 4 gives an

idea of the size of the C2B market in different countries
It is short for business-to-consumer E-commerce.
(Aggarwal, 2014).
Commerce is trade between companies and
consumers. It is the oldest and second-largest form of e- 1.4 C2C E-commerce
It refers to online transactions between individuals and
consumers. This allows consumers to interact and trade
with each other. The online environment allows both

Figure 2. B2B Figure 3. B2C

30 i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022
 REVIEW PAPERS

buyers. Time doesn't act as a barrier in this (Blasio,

2008). It raises the sales rate and benefits both sellers
and buyers.
·Reduces Cost: The need for middlemen and
traditional stores is eliminated, and due to this, the
overall cost is reduced. It also reduces the cost of
labor, rents,
·Increases Reachability: The Internet has access from
anywhere in the world. It can sell and buy products
Figure 4. C2B from any part of the world (D'Silva et al., 2010). If there

parties to transact using the platform (Raghunath & is a physical store, there is limited access to nearby

Panga, 2013). The most common C2C E-commerce ones, whereas an e-store is accessible throughout the

platforms are such as E-bay, Mercari, Uber and Auction world.

markets (Avila et al., 2007). Each country has a different ·Customer Experience: A good user experience
amount of marketing in the case of E-commerce, which improves the shopping experience of the buyer
mainly depends on the interested population in E- (Hsieh, 2005). A customer's shopping experience can
commerce. Figure 5 gives an idea of the size of the C2C be smoothened by designs, attractive layouts, and
market in different countries (Mitra, 2013). user-friendly and interactive websites.

2. The Need for E-Commerce ·Brand Awareness: Advertisements and email

Nowadays, e-commerce has become a basic need. marketing are the most common sources for

Most people are in the practice of using the internet for promoting brands. The Internet makes other

shopping, mobile recharge, paying bills, ordering food, competitors aware of new e-stores (Pyun et al., 2002).

etc. The Internet is the main reason for the development This creates new business relationships and new

of e-commerce. There are more Internet users every day, chains with other.

and business owners need to have e-commerce ·Better Targeting: Digital marketing permits a
websites to increase trading (Raghunath & Panga, 2013). businessman to better target Customer choices can
Flipkart, Paytm, Snap-deal, and Shop-clues sellers are the be known by the searches and wish lists (Blasio, 2008).
most popular e-commerce marketplaces. ·E-commerce businesses lessen the risk as there are
2.1 Why is an E-commerce Website Crucial for Business? fewer start-up costs in comparison to brick-and-

·24*7 Availability: Time is the most precious thing to a mortar retailers. Shop rent, electricity bills, and hiring

businessman. The e-store will be open 24*7 for salespeople can lead to heavy Online businesses
save these expenses.
·Feedback is received as soon as the customer gets
his product It assists the business owner in improving
the quality of the product (Bairagi, 2011).
·Customers are becoming more modern and turning
to digital channels (Bhowmik, 2012). In the pandemic,
78% of respondents shopped online. So, there is a
need for e-commerce in the modern.
·Competition: As competition is increasing day by
Figure 5. C2C day, the need for e-commerce is also widely. It

i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022 31
 REVIEW PAPERS

improves the image of the business in the eyes of products from the home; people do not need to leave
customers. home to do marketing. It also demonstrates that if any of
3. E-Commerce's Role the customers want to return the product, cashback is
available for return; people don't lose anything for the
E-commerce plays an important role in the lives of
purchase.
customers. With the invention of the Internet and smart
gadgets, the consumer makes his life modern and In today's generation, E-commerce has become familiar
updated. In the modern era, the customer does not need to all because all people benefit from it. Since E-
to go to the market to buy goods. They can easily shop commerce is used, it can purchase any product from
from anywhere in the world. Online consumers need to anywhere in the world, which also helps to save the client's
follow some steps to purchase something online. time. All online sites have a rating feature where people
give stars to that site or product so that other customers
Step 1: Visit social websites
get to know what the product is and how good it is. These
Step 2: Select the favorite product
are the different roles that electronic communication has
Step 3: Provide shipping address
played (E-Commerce Europe, 2014).
Step 4: Select payment options such as cash on delivery,
4. E-commerce Facilitators
debit card, or internet banking
The following points help to bring an outcome by
Step 5: Receive the delivered product from agents on
providing direct or indirect assistance to E-commerce
delivery
activities as shown in Figure 6 (Pflughoeft et al., 2003).
Step 6: Leave feedback on the website (Hasan et al.,
4.1 Internet
2010).
Smartphones and the Internet have become an integral
E-commerce engages in useful activities such as
part of everyday life. The Internet is the largest source of
planning, controlling, promoting, and distributing various
information as well as an important tool for learning,
types of goods or services. The term "commerce"
shopping, communication, etc. In the 1980s, the number
basically means "transactions between business
of Internet users was small, but after the founding of the
partners". As a rule, commerce refers to activities carried
World Wide Web and the expansion of multimedia
out for the purpose of making a profit. It works like a
content, the population of Internet users increased rapidly
business spirit and plays a vital role in the growth of
(Arnott & Bridgewater, 2002). In 2000, 400 million people
citizens. This activity is mainly recommended for those
used the Internet. In 2015, the population reached 7.2
who work with online communication or interaction in the
billion people (Delfmann et al., 2002). The Internet has
exchange of goods and not with physical contact
between the seller and the buyer (Gupta & Vyas, 2014). E-
commerce has always been done over the internet for
transactions, as it is a new concept of doing business in
partnership with others. The main role of electronic
communication is to create new products and upload it
to various social media sites like Snap-deal, Flipkart,
Amazon, etc. People receive notifications or
advertisements between work and are attracted to a
product or site by buying something. After that, customers
select any product from any site and buy it by making
online transactions. This demonstrates a significant
Figure 6. Different Facilitators of E-commerce
benefit to customers when purchasing any of the

32 i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022
 REVIEW PAPERS

played a significant role in the development of E- data. The best decisions are made based on analytics.
commerce. Online shopping is possible only via the Customer behavior is studied in analytics due to a large
Internet. People can order anything and get immediate amount of data. Cart size analysis, average order value,
delivery. and conversion rate are some of the main analytics
4.2 Payment Gateways methods used by E-commerce players (Mitra, 2013).

A payment gateway is an e-commerce application 5. Sales in E-commerce

service provider that enables online payments for online The well-known retail sales in India are B2C, or business-to-
businesses. As the modern world moves from cash to customer sales. Products that are most related to
digital, online payment systems are also emerging. electronics, fashion, beauty, cuisine, jewelry, medicine,
Online bank payments, debit cards, credit cards, and and electronics are the most popular product categories
electronic funds transfers are payment methods that are in online business, etc. (Raghunath & Panga, 2013). The
an integral part of online business (Eid et al., 2002). main websites known for the best products and services
4.3 Social Media are Amazon.com, Flip-kart.com, and Myntra, which are
examples of B2B websites and B2C trading activities. India
Social media means websites and computer
has a big market for customers who browse E-commerce
applications that allow people to share the views, ideas,
websites when people are not interested in offline
thoughts, and information. Social networking sites are
shopping. Digital payment options have made online
easy to use and simple to navigate. The smooth flow of
shopping easier and more profitable. Buyers receive
information is only possible through social media. It is
discounts on online shopping methods. Some online
quite easy for new startups with fewer advertising
banking payment methods are Phone Pay, Google Pay,
expenses (Javalgi & Ramsey, 2001; Tuli et al., 2022). It
Paytm, BHIM, Amazon Pay, etc. Digital banking provides
helps with brand building and lets its customers know
exceptional options for booking flights, buses, trains,
about various new offers.
recharging, bill payments, insurance, etc. These websites
4.4 3D Printing
give extra online shopping coupons to promote sales.
A 3D printer is a tool that aids in creating a 3D body using a
During festivals, the sales strategy is reversed (Gupta &
virtual structure. 3D printers have every chance of making
Vyas, 2014). There are special offers and discounts on
big money in the future. Due to its high flexibility and
prices. To capture the attention of customers, these
economy, it has a good market value (Tuli et al., 2022;
websites also offer certain offers, such as buy one, get one
Jindal et al., 2021a; Palil & Rahman, 2003; Kumar et al.,
for free. Most of the sales are boosted by flash sales during
2022a; Kumar et al., 2021a; Kumar & Kumar, 2020; Kumar
certain hours. Well-packaged products satisfy customers.
et al., 2022b; Kumar & Kumar, 2022; Kumar, 2022; Kumar
Cash on delivery, minus shipping costs. These are also
& Kumar, 2021; Kumar et al., 2021b; Kumar et al., 2020).
factors for the delivery strategy. Advertising and catchy
The goods presented in online stores are created using 3D
slogans also aid in sales growth.
printing to attract customers. For example, Amazon
5.1 Customer Engagement
launched an online store focused mainly on 3D products.
The emotional attachment of a company to its customers
With the growing number of partnerships, Amazon offers
is called customer engagement. Customers who actively
73 products. These products include jewelry and
participate in online shopping advertise more and
electronic goods.
recommend the company to their friends. It
4.5 Analytics
demonstrates loyalty and trust in the company. Quality
The main role of analytics is to collect, organize, and
customer experience is very important in today's world
understand the data that users have provided. This helps
(Ray, 2011). If the person is satisfied with the quality of the
to understand the general meaning of the location of the

i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022 33
 REVIEW PAPERS

company's product, then it will recommend it to the launched the Alexa voice assistant. This helps the clients to
surroundings. This motivates others to engage in online simplify the work. Each year, E-commerce sales vary
shopping. The expectations and needs of customers based on supply and demand (Stephens, 2001).
must be realized by the company to increase its sales. To 6. Bangladesh's E-Commerce Situation
increase brand loyalty and increase retention (Mitra,
For some legal reasons, access to e-commerce has
2013), lower the price. Digital marketing should be used
declined, but after the introduction of 3G technology, E-
as a brand promotion tool. Attracting customers to e-
commerce has grown rapidly because, with the advent
commerce platforms in India: Sales of E-commerce
of new technologies, people prefer the Internet more. For
platforms in India have surged due to the pandemic in
example, in Bangladesh, there are so many places where
2020. This was made possible by attracting loyal
people do great work, but the main feature is that it pays
customers and recognizing their brand. There are five
more attention to e-commerce just because of the
stages of customer interaction, which are as follows,
development of new technologies or high internet
·Discover (Gupta & Vyas, 2014), access. Bangladesh has an information service that
·Buy provides all the information about the development of
·Acquire technology in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, it checks out
more than 2,000 online platforms, and more than 50,000
·Protect
people have set up Facebook e-commerce pages
Myntra is India's largest online fashion retailer. The
where it can advertise or sell its products while working on
company maintains its leading position by attracting
other social sites. Citizens of Bangladesh stated that it
customers. The world's largest e-commerce site is
makes a profit through the Internet (Pflughoeft et al.,
Amazon. Myntra and Amazon are in very high
2003). It can easily meet customers online and deliver a
competition in India. Myntra has various features such as
shopping experience that consists of selling on various
Try and Buy, fashion sales, holiday deals, Myntra studio,
social media sites like Flipkart, Meesho, Amazon, Myntra,
special discounts, etc. With branded clothing, high-
and many more. In June 2020, the government of
quality accessories, and gadgets, Myntra is at the top of
Bangladesh withdrew 49 percent of the shares of foreign
the list (Kshetri, 2007).
E-commerce companies and allow to operate E-
5.2 Market Expectations on E-commerce
commerce in Bangladesh. Because of COVID-19, every
The forecast of short-term interest rates is the basis for citizen, no matter if the person is a citizen of India or
market expectations. Current market expectations for e- another country, has so many problems. Thus, in this
commerce businesses represent a 55% increase in the situation, the gathering of people in the marketplaces or
future, or three years from now, from $4.5 trillion to $7.8 any other place was strictly prohibited (Kinyanjui, 2002;
trillion. Indian e-commerce is divided into various online Jindal et al., 2021a; Singh et al., 2021; Singh et al., 2020).
services such as online banking, online shopping, online At that time, E-commerce played a vital role for all
travel, online educational retail, etc. (Ma'aruf & customers. It could shop online through online sales
Abdulkadir, 2012; Singh et al., 2020). As internet users grew without fear of viruses. This can lead to an online
in 2019, online travel accounted for the largest market preference for an organization or business in a building or
share. Communication between airlines and railways has other structure. Most Bangladeshis work for companies
also improved. People buy tickets online and reserve that do e-commerce, including web design, domain
seats in advance. E-commerce websites make use of a name purchases, secure hosting, digital marketing and
variety of innovations and technologies (Mercer, 2006). advertising, app development, home services, payment
For example, voice recognition, virtual reality, artificial gateways, and more. There is a high probability of
intelligence, etc. (Jindal et al., 2021b). Amazon has receiving services abroad, primarily in North America

34 i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022
 REVIEW PAPERS

(Pflughoeft et al., 2003). Figure 7 shows the high-priority information is available on E-commerce websites. All
website in Bangladesh (Das & Ara, 2015). data leads to size, price, color, discounts, etc.
In other countries, online payments are made at a low ·Rapid Response and Feedback for Customers'
rate, but Bangladesh has seen an increase in the use of Queries: Customers can also give feedback to that
mobile phones, and gadgets and the Internet prioritizes company so that it helps in improving the product. By
online payments. Social media is widely used in giving feedback, a company may improve itself
Bangladesh. They prefer Facebook, which has more than (Gangeshwer, 2013).
30 million users. YouTube is becoming more popular in ·Customer Satisfaction: By assigning ratings or stars to
Bangladesh as the internet connection improves. products, customers are satisfied with the types of
7. Advantage products available.
·Large market: According to today's generation, there ·No Insurance, Storage Space, or Infrastructure
is a rise in the usage of the internet and all work is Investment: There is no need for investments or
being done with the internet only in today's world. insurance for buying any product through online
Thus, there is a high possibility of doing marketing of services. It only has to give the order to the company
any type in which payment is only in the online mode, and then receive it at any place.
which is done through the Internet. ·Point: People can order any product from anywhere
·Variety of Choices for Customers: In online marketing, in the world. It is not required that people can only
there are different varieties of goods that customers place orders from home (Awais & Samin, 2012).
can buy from online stores (Das & Ara, 2015). Its ·Flexibility of Purchase and return: It means if any of the
variety consists of men's and women's wear, footwear, products a customer wants to return to the company,
accessories, electronic goods, furniture, grocery then there is also an option to return a product. It also
items, beauty products, sports equipment, vehicles has the advantage of getting cash back by returning
like on OLX, the product.
·Information: Gathering information related to ·24*7 Availability: Users can order the product at any
products is impossible because all the product time. That means 24*7 availability is there for giving
orders to the seller.
·Product Quality: It can be checked before purchase
by using the rating system. Buyers can check the
quality of the product by seeing the ratings or stars
that have been given by the purchasers who have
already bought the same product (Rina, 2016).
8. Disadvantage
Figure 8 represents hacking, which is one of the biggest
drawbacks of E-Commerce in a user's life.
·Customers' Fear: If any of the customers want to return
the products, companies take at least 4-5 days to
return their cash back, but customers do not receive
their cash back, so this creates a fear in the minds of
the customers (Talha & Subramaniam, 2003).
·Lack of Personal Touch: In the case of buying
Figure 7. Websites have High Priority in Bangladesh

i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022 35
 REVIEW PAPERS

added to the faker's list, and people may lose trust in

that company (Talha & Subramaniam, 2003).
·Online Services: These are done only through the
internet because, with the development of the
internet, online services are going
·Investment in a Smartphone: All customers must have
a smartphone for online shopping. People are unable
to use any type of online service without a
smartphone.
·Returning: Many times, some customers want to
return the products to the same company and want
cash back, but sometimes people do not get it. That is
a big loss for the customer (Talha & Subramaniam,
2003).
Figure 8. Hacking of Products
·Numerous Websites are on the Fake List: Illegal sites
products, customers cannot touch any product
attract customers themselves by hacking their credit.
because they buy online, so customers cannot check
the quality of the product as it is only possible in ·Time in Delivery to Customers: If a customer orders a

traditional marketing. product and gets a date for receiving it, sometimes
the order is so late that the given date is ruined. It
·Customer Dissatisfaction due to Different Products
becomes a problem for customers (Palil & Rahman,
Received: Sometimes customers get different
2003).
products that they did not order (Eid et al., 2002). Then
they return their product and sometimes run into 9. Challenges that Affect E-commerce

some problems, such as getting cash back and There are so many problems that are in the main stages
many more. that sellers and buyers face during online transactions,

·Credit Card Fraud: There is a possibility of ordering a which are listed below.

product from a fake company, which may track all ·"E-commerce does not grow in either public or private
credit card or online payment details. companies" (Ma'aruf & Abdulkadir, 2012).

·High Competition: As there are so many sites from ·If there is any site that gets hit by hacker systems, it
where buyers can buy products, the demand for may lose customers.
online shopping also increases day by day, which ·There are more cases where E-commerce does not
means competition on sites also increases because have cyber security.
customers do not only buy the goods from one site ·Banks and other financial institutions that offer more
but use different sites such as Amazon, Meesho, than just credit cards should do more business online
Flipkart, etc. (Kapsoinow, 1999). (Raghunath & Panga, 2013).
·Difficulty for Small Businesses to Rise: If any of the sites ·Customers are faced with a serious problem, which is
are not responding well or only a few people are reducing the price of the internet.
ordering the products from that site, then it comes
·Since many sites set traps to attract customers, trust is
under small business.
a major factor that plays a negative role.
·Many Sites Create Fake Products with Fake Money:
·Many websites place illegal advertisements so that
when a customer wants to buy that product, it is
the names are known at the top of the stage (Ray, 2011).

36 i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022
 REVIEW PAPERS

Apart from the above challenges, many major people, it creates low tale density in E-
challenges have also been faced by Bangladesh: These communication as shown in Figure 9 (Innopay, 2012).
are, lack of trustable businesses, when compared with ·Lack of Trust: It means there are so many websites
traditional marketing, there is a high cost provided by E- from where people can buy any type of product, such
commerce services, Inadequate understanding of as bed sheets, televisions, earphones, different types
online marketing, Political issues, Limited Internet of dresses, etc (UNCTAD, 2003). Many of the sites may
coverage, Inexperience dealing with merchants and be attracted by buyers because people are so
customers (Eid et al., 2002; Das & Ara, 2015). interested in products and trust them, but many of the
Aside from the aforementioned challenges, Indians have sites are there on which users do not have any interest
also faced several major challenges: (a) India has a in buying products because many sites raise prices
smaller population of people who have credit cards or on products, and many of the time the quality of
online payment cards. (b) Online services are scarce, products gets poor. That's why these types of websites
mainly in rural areas (Ma'aruf & Abdulkadir, 2012). (c) The may lose the trust of the buyers and lose the service.
cost of wireless connections is particularly high for D- ·Slow Adoption of Online Payments: When people buy
group people. (d) Most people use low-rated a product from any site or any location on the globe,
connections, which results in effects such as poor things can go wrong as the chances of slow adoption
connection, loss of connection, or disconnecting. (e) E- of online payments increase, and payments can be
commerce websites are generally based in English, but stopped while transferring, giving the lowest response
most people are unaware of this. (f) Language has to online shopping (Innopay, 2012).
become one of the major factors for selecting goods
·Quality of the Product: People can realize the quality
from online services (Das & Ara, 2015; Awais & Samin,
of the product after getting the product.
2012).
·Lack of Favorable Reviews: Each product has reviews
10. Barriers
or a star rating, which assist buyers in determining the
·Stakeholders in Electronic Commerce: With the gain quality of the product or in purchasing it (Kenneth et
of a lot of benefits, E-commerce also acts as a barrier al., 2012).
to businesses that seem like stakeholders in electronic
commerce (BBC, 2015). According to Mann, there is
a need to address developing countries such as the
United States and Europe on the regulation of the
heavy rise of barriers that lead to electronic
commerce. People are unwilling to use credit cards
for online shopping.
·Lack of English proficiency may pose numerous
challenges for E-commerce because it is not possible
to use online services without English (Innopay, 2012).
·The scarcity of information communication
technology skills: It is an important part of electronic
commerce because it can affect a person's desire to
use it (Lancaster, 2015).
·The lower connection of the number of mobiles: Due
to the lower usage of Android phones by a few
Figure 9. Adoption of E-commerce

i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022 37
 REVIEW PAPERS

11. Suggestions to Remove Barriers product or cause another type of problem (Awais &
·Affordable Internet Access: It should be in proper Samin, 2012).
form so that online stores can be reached by buyers. ·Developing a secure marketplace while making any
There were 2.7 billion internet users worldwide in 2013, type of payment or any order from any user has to
according to the Internet Telecommunication Union, develop a secure marketplace. Make certain that
which means that at least four in ten people do online users can trust any of the sites, as this causes
shopping from various places (World Trade significant bounces of problems.
Organization, 2013). The Internet is the basis for online Conclusion
purchases and sales.
Finally, this paper seems to have exhausted the fact that
·Policies and Laws for E-commerce should be created the growth of E-commerce plays a vital role in the user's
for the smooth functioning of E-commerce activities. life. Without it, there would be no growth in E-commerce.
Good policies help motivate and guide citizens Most people benefit from online services, but in many
(Mlelwa et al., 2015). This will help in attracting states, it faces difficulties, such as not having an internet
modern and skilled new members, which will fulfill the connection or using Android phones. It must be
need for e-commerce. A training program should recognized that the world is no longer a collection of
also be provided (Kapsoinow, 1999). isolated regions; rather, it is now considered a village with
·Security Concerns and Protection: This is a major issue new technological approaches to doing business using
for E-commerce. This plays a vital role in the users' the Internet to increase its efficiency. The share of online
perceptions and eventually encourages new loans is expected to grow. At the Indian level, there is an
entrants and regular customers (Javalgi & Ramsey, increase in usage, which is beneficial for people. If there
2001). Advanced technology should be are any problems, then the government sets the rules to
·A high level of penetration can be attained with the avoid all illegal problems.
help of wide choices and fast pickup and delivery of Recommendations
online operations. ·The Content-Based Filtering Method: It tells the
·Opting for flexible technology means it always affords customer which things they liked and didn't like. It
that website, which is easy to apply to and easy to buy means if any customer shows an interest in any item,
any product. It doesn't have any types of restrictions or then it shows more interest in the same thing, which
many rules, such as putting in an Aadhar number or increases the range of profit on that item.
related to it. Always go with that site that takes only ·The Collaborative Filtering method means
sign-in blocks and tips. purchasing items and then merging them to make
·Adopt a Mobile-First Approach: It indicates that it decisions for recommendations (Innopay, 2012). For
always goes with a mobile, not a laptop or a tab example, if any customer wants to buy something
screen (Eid et al., 2002). Because sometimes there is from any website, people must have seen the high
a bigger case created when we are signing up for rating of any item. Then some interest has been shown
any website and it wants some type of OTP. At that by that customer in buying it.
time, it takes OTP from the user's mobile phone and ·Hybrid Method: It combines the recommended
puts it on the laptop screen. items and then looks at the results to increase interest
·Ensure Supply Chain: It means when the user is doing in that item, which is called the hybrid method to buy
the ordering, all goes well and good, but sometimes products online or shop online (Talha, 2003).
circumstances come up and the delivery man ·Research: When a user wants to buy any item through
creates a problem for the buyer. It may exchange the an online store, the user must first check or research

38 i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022
 REVIEW PAPERS

the website they want to buy from because many Intelligence & Planning, 20(2), 86-95. https://doi.org/
websites are in the scam stage and sometimes hack 10.1108/02634500210418509
customer data when receiving payment using a one- [4]. Avila, A., Almeida, G., & Almeida, V. B. (2007).
time password (Raghunath, 2013). Promoting E-Commerce in developing countries.
·A salesforce study means that visits where shoppers Diplomacy.
click a recommendation make up just 7 percent of [5]. Awais, M., & Samin, T. (2012). Advanced SWOT Analysis
total site traffic but make up 24 percent of orders and of E-commerce. International Journal of Computer
26 percent of revenue (Eid et al., 2002). Science Issues (IJCSI), 9(2), 569-574.
·An Accenture report said it means studying the [6]. Bairagi, A. K. (2011). Utilization of E-Commerce can
recommendations gives a vital role in the change the auction culture of Bangladesh specially in
personalization stages. If anyone wants to change public sector. International Journal of Computer and
the products, the user can make a report on the same Information Technology, 2(1), 55-61.
site and take cash back on it (Ma'aruf & Abdulkadir,
[7]. BBC. (2015). Internet used by 3.2 billion people in
2012).
2015. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/
·Save the Potentially Lost Sales: when buying any technology-32884867
product, if there is no product that they want to buy,
[8]. Bhowmik, R. (2012). The Present E-Commerce
the last thing that customer wants is to leave that site
Situation in Bangladesh for B2C E-Commerce.
because the user can't find any awesome products.
International Journal of Economic Research, 3(5), 77-91.
·Provide Social Proof: It means buying the product, but
[9]. Blasio, G. D. (2008). Urban–rural differences in internet
there should be social proof that this product has that
usage, e commerce, and e banking: Evidence from Italy.
rate. All the details have been shown on the screen for
Growth and Change, 39(2), 341-367. https://doi.org/10.1
the product (Kinyanjui & McCormick, 2002). It is known
111/j.1468-2257.2008.00422.x
as "social proof," and getting all of the proof related to
[10]. Dan, C. (2014). Matters arising from SMEs e-
items is necessary for buyers.
commerce adoption: Global perspective. International
·Show Reviews: It means reviews should be there on
Journal of Internet of Things, 3(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/
every item so that other people or buyers get an easy
10.5923/j.ijit.20140301.01
overview of the product. Users can check whether it is
[11]. Das, K., & Ara, A. (2015). Growth of e-commerce in
quality by putting the original photograph on the
India. Growth, 2(4), 126-132.
same page of the same site. So buyers can easily buy
[12]. Delfmann, W., Albers, S., & Gehring, M. (2002). The
the product.
impact of electronic commerce on logistics service
Reference
providers. International Journal of Physical Distribution &
[1]. Aggarwal, M. (2014). Escalating development of e-
Logistics Management. 32(3), 203-222. https://doi.org/
commerce in India. International Journal of Scientific
10.1108/09600030210426539
Research, 3(11), 78-79.
[13]. D'Silva, B., D'Silva, S., & Bhuptai, R. S. (2010).
[2]. Arnifield, R. (2014). Study predicts six fold growth in
Behavioral Aspect of Teenagers towards Internet Banking:
mobile e-commerce payments. Retrieved from http://
An Empirical Study. Indian Journal of Marketing, 40(10),
www.mobilepaymentstoday.com/articles/study-predi
44-53.
cts-six-fold-growth-inmobile-e-commerce-payments-
[14]. E-Commerce Europe. (2014,December 18). Global
by-17/
E-Commerce Grew by 23.6% to Euro 1552 Billion in 2013.
[3]. Arnott, D. C., & Bridgewater, S. (2002). Internet,
Retrieved from http://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/press/
interaction and implications for marketing. Marketing

i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022 39
 REVIEW PAPERS

2014/global-e-commerce-grew-by-23.6-to-1552-billion- businesses. International Journal of Industrial and Systems

in-2013 Engineering, 8(9), 3094-3097.
[15]. Eid, R., Trueman, M., & Ahmed, A. M. (2002). A cross [25]. Kapsoinow, S. (1999). Using fulfilments services for E-
industry review of B2B critical success factors. Internet commerce. E-commerce Guide, 2(6).
Research, 12(2), 110-123 https://doi.org/10.1108/10662 [26]. Kenneth, W., Rebecca, M. N., & Eunice, A. (2012).
240210422495 Factors affecting adoption of electronic commerce
[16]. Gangeshwer, D. K. (2013). E-commerce or Internet among small medium enterprises in Kenya: Survey of tour
Marketing: A business Review from Indian context. and travel firms in Nairobi. International Journal of
International Journal of u-and e-Service, Science and Business, Humanities and Technology, 2(4), 76-91.
Technology, 6(6), 187-194. [27]. Kinyanjui, M. N. (2002). E-commerce in the garment
[17]. Gupta, S., & Vyas, A. (2014). Benefits and drawbacks industry in Kenya. Institute for Development Studies,
of m-commerce in India: A review. International Journal University of Nairobi, 2(2), 126-132.
of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication [28]. Kshetri, N. (2007). Barriers to e-commerce and
Engineering, 3(4), 6327-6329. competitive business models in developing countries: A
[18]. Hasan, A. H. M. S., Baten, A., Anton, A. K., & Sanjida, case study. Electronic Commerce Research and
P. (2010). Adoption of e-banking in Bangladesh: An Applications, 6(4), 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
exploratory study. African Journal of Business Management, elerap.2007.02.004
4(13), 2718-2727. [29]. Kumar, R., & Kumar, S. (2020). Trending applications
[19]. Hsieh, C. T. (2005). Implementing self-service of 3D printing: A study. Asian Journal of Engineering and
technology to gain competitive advantages. Applied Technology, 9 (1), 1-12.
Communications of the IIMA, 5(1), 77-83. https://doi.org/ [30]. Kumar, R., & Kumar, S. (2022). Overview of 3D-
10.1111/j.1540-5414.2003.02539.x printing technology: types, applications, materials and
[20]. Innopay. (2012). Online Payment Report 2012- post processing techniques. In Additive Manufacturing
Moving beyond the Web. Retrieved from http://www.the with Medical Applications, 265-289.
paypers.com/reports/innopay-online-payments-report- [31]. Kumar, R., Kumar, M., Chohan, J. S., & Kumar, S.
2012-moving-beyond-theweb/ r749111 (2022a). Effect of process parameters on surface
[21]. Javalgi, R., & Ramsey, R. (2001). Strategic issues of e- roughness of 316L stainless steel coated 3D printed PLA
commerce as an alternative global distribution system. parts. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/
International Marketing Review, 18(4), 376-391. https:// 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.06.004
doi.org/10.1108/02651330110398387 [32]. Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Kumar, M., & Luthra, G. (2022b).
[22]. Jindal, H., Garg, Y., Kumar, S., Gautam, N., & Kumar, Conventional and 3D printing technology for the
R. (2021a). Social media in political campaigning: A manufacturing of metal-matrix composite: a study. In
Study. i-manager's Journal on Humanities & Social Metal Matrix Composites, 197-223.
Sciences, 1(1), 49-60. [33]. Kumar, R., Sharma, R., Kumar, S., & Goyal, N.
[23]. Jindal, H., Kumar, D., Ishika, Kumar, S., & Kumar, R. (2021a). Trending applications and mechanical
(2021b). Role of Artificial Intelligence in Distinct sector: A properties of 3D printing: a review. i-manager's Journal on
study. Asian Journal of Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering, 11(1), 22-39. https://doi.org/
Technology, 10(1), 1-12. 10.26634/jme.11.1.17627
[24]. Kanchanopast, S. (2014). The factors influencing [34]. Kumar, S. (2022). Influence of processing conditions
successful implementation of e-commerce within SMEs on the mechanical, tribological and fatigue

40 i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022
 REVIEW PAPERS

performance of cold spray coating: a review. Surface E-Commerce trend in developing countries: A case study
Engineering, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844. of Tanzania. International Journal of Computer
2022.2073424 Applications, 125(1), 27-33.
[35]. Kumar, S., & Kumar, R. (2021). Influence of [44]. Palil, M. R., & Rahman, M. R. C. A. (2003). Tax issues in
processing conditions on the properties of thermal E-commerce: Malaysian tax practitioners' Perspective. In
sprayed coating: a review. Surface Engineering, 37(11), Proceeding National Seminar on Accounting Research:
1339-1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2021. Knowledge Creation and Exchange, 154-163.
1967024 [45]. Pflughoeft, K. A., Ramamurthy, K., Soofi, E. S., Yasai
[36]. Kumar, S., Handa, A., Chawla, V., Grover, N. K., & A r d e ka n i , M . , & Z a h e d i , F. ( 2 0 0 3 ) . M u l t i p l e
Kumar, R. (2021b). Performance of thermal-sprayed conceptualizations of small business web use and
coatings to combat hot corrosion of coal-fired boiler tube benefit. Decision Sciences, 34(3), 467-512. https://doi.
and effect of process parameters and post-coating heat org/10.1111/j.1540-5414.2003.02539.x
treatment on coating performance: a review. Surface [46]. Pyun, C. S., Scruggs, L., & Nam, K. (2002). Internet
Engineering, 37(7), 833-860. https://doi.org/10.1080/026 banking in the US, Japan and Europe. Multinational
70844.2021.1924506 Business Review, 10(2), 73-81.
[37]. Kumar, S., Kumar, M., & Handa, A. (2020). Erosion [47]. Raghunath, A., & Panga, M. D. (2013). Problem and
corrosion behaviour and mechanical properties of wire Prospects of e-commerce. International Journal of
arc sprayed Ni-Cr and Ni-Al coating on boiler steels in a Research and Development-A Management Review
real boiler environment. Materials at High Temperatures, (IJRDMR), 2(1), 59-68.
37(6), 370-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603409.2020.
[48]. Raghunath, A., & Panga, M. D. (2013). Problem and
1810922
Prospects of e-commerce. International Journal of
[38]. Lancaster, H. (2015). Tanzania-Telecoms, Mobile Research and Development-A Management Review
and Broadband-Statistics and Analyses. Retrieved from (IJRDMR), 2(1), 59-68.
https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2022/
[49]. Ray, S. (2011). Emerging trend of e-commerce in
05/25/2450083/0/en/Tanzania-Telecoms-Mobile-and-
India: Some crucial issues, prospects and challenges.
Broadband-Statistics-and-Analyses.html
Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems, 2(5), 17-
[39]. Ma'aruf, L. M., & Abdulkadir, K. (2012). An overview 35.
of e-commerce implementation in developed and
[50]. Rina, D. (2016). Challenges and Future Scope of E-
developing country; A case study of United State and
commerce in India. International Journal of Emerging
Nigeria. International Journal of Modern Engineering
Trends & Technology in Computer Science, 5(2), 232-235.
Research, 2(5), 3068-3080.
[51]. Sharma, M. (2020). What is The Need of
[40]. Mercer, C. (2006). Telecentres and transformations:
ECommerce and Why It is Important? Retrieved from
Modernizing Tanzania through the internet. African Affairs,
https://www.mohitecommerce.com/need-of-ecommerce/
105(419), 243-264. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adi087
[52]. Singh, H, Kumar, S., & Kumar, R. (2021). A study on
[41]. Mitra, A. (2013). E-commerce in India - A review.
novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Asian Journal of
International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services
Engineering and Applied Technology, 10(1), 29-37.
and Management Research, 2(2), 126-132.
[53]. Singh, H., Kumar, S., & Kumar, R. (2020). Impact of
[42]. Mitra, A. (2013). E-commerce in India-A Review.
COVID-19 on economy: A critical review. i-manager's
International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services &
Journal on Humanities and Social Science, 1(3), 36-42.
Management Research, 2(2), 126-132.
[54]. Startup Grind. (n.d.). Top 5 Things E-commerce
[43]. Mlelwa, K. L., Chachage, B., & Zaipuna, Y. O. (2015).

i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022 41
 REVIEW PAPERS

Entrepreneurs Find Most Challenging Startup Grind. and Behavioral Sciences, 745–753.
Retrieved from https://www.startupgrind.com/blog/top- 5- [58]. Tuli, B., Jyoti., Gautam, N. & Kumar, S. (2022), Impact
things-e-commerce-entrepreneurs-find-most-challenging/ of social media on student life, i-managers Journal on
[55]. Stephens, D. O. (2001). Digital signatures and global Information Technology, 11(1), 41-53. https://doi.org/
e-commerce: Part I-US initiatives. Information Management, 10.26634/jit.11.1.18565
35(1), 68. [59]. World Trade Organization. (2013). E-commerce in
[56]. Talha, M., & Subramaniam, M. (2003). Role of e- Developing Countries-Opportunities and challenges for
commerce in economic growth. Journal of Internet small and medium-sized enterprises, Retrieved from
Marketing, 4(1), 1-7. https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/ecom_
[57]. Terzi N (2011). The impact of e-commerce on devel_countries_e.htm
international trade and employment. Procedia-Social

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Bhumika Tuli is a Student in the Department of Computer Science Engineering from Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran,
Mohali, India. With an excellent academic record, she actively participates in every extra-curricular activity. Along with good
computer knowledge, she has certifications in various programming languages. Also has ability in artistic work and
adaptability in changing environment. She has published two research papers in reputed journal.

Jyoti is a Student of B.com (Hons) from Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India. She has good
academics and interest in other non-academic activities also. She has admirable computer knowledge and understanding of
accounting concepts. Along with acquiring new skills, she has specialization in banking subject. She has published one
research paper in reputed journal.

Neha Gautam is working as PGT Mathematics in St. Ezra International School, Kharar, Mohali, Punjab, India. She has more than
five years of teaching experience. She has attended many FDP (Faculty development Programmes)/ Seminar/Conferences.
She is passionate in research field. She has taken parts in many social and sports activities (NSS Volunteer, Free Yoga Trainer,
Volleyball player). She has published five research papers in reputed journals.

Dr. Santosh Kumar is working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Chandigarh Group of
Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India. He has done his Ph.D. from IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala. He has
more than 10 years of teaching and research experience. His research interests include Surface Engineering, Rapid
Prototyping, Metal Matrix Composites and Bio fuels on which he has published more than 60 technical research papers, 11
patents, two books, four book chapters and received more than 20 awards (Best Teacher Award, Special Achievement Award,
Award of Excellence etc.).

42 i-manager’s Journal on Information Technology, Vol. 11 l

No. 2 l
March - May 2022
Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further reproduction
prohibited without permission.