(Ebook) Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine, 2nd

Edition by Max H. Lombardi ISBN 9780849381683,

0849381681 Pdf Download

https://ebooknice.com/product/radiation-safety-in-nuclear-
medicine-2nd-edition-1779300

★★★★★
4.6 out of 5.0 (17 reviews )

DOWNLOAD PDF

ebooknice.com
 (Ebook) Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine, 2nd Edition by
Max H. Lombardi ISBN 9780849381683, 0849381681 Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason; Viles, James

ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571, 9781925268492, 1459699815,
1743365578, 1925268497

https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

(Ebook) Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine: A Practical, Concise

Guide by Gopal B. Saha ISBN 9783031246081, 303124608X

https://ebooknice.com/product/radiation-safety-in-nuclear-medicine-a-
practical-concise-guide-49463306

(Ebook) Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine: A Practical, Concise

Guide by Gopal B. Saha ISBN 9783030164058, 9783030164065, 3030164055,
3030164063

https://ebooknice.com/product/radiation-safety-in-nuclear-medicine-a-
practical-concise-guide-10487126

(Ebook) Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2C - Depth Study:

the United States, 1919-41 2nd Edition by Benjamin Harrison ISBN
9781398375147, 9781398375048, 1398375144, 1398375047

https://ebooknice.com/product/cambridge-igcse-and-o-level-history-
workbook-2c-depth-study-the-united-states-1919-41-2nd-edition-53538044
(Ebook) Matematik 5000+ Kurs 2c Lärobok by Lena Alfredsson, Hans
Heikne, Sanna Bodemyr ISBN 9789127456600, 9127456609

https://ebooknice.com/product/matematik-5000-kurs-2c-larobok-23848312

(Ebook) SAT II Success MATH 1C and 2C 2002 (Peterson's SAT II Success)

by Peterson's ISBN 9780768906677, 0768906679

https://ebooknice.com/product/sat-ii-success-
math-1c-and-2c-2002-peterson-s-sat-ii-success-1722018

(Ebook) IAEA safety glossary : terminology used in nuclear safety and

radiation protection by D Delves; International Atomic Energy Agency
ISBN 9789201007070, 9201007078

https://ebooknice.com/product/iaea-safety-glossary-terminology-used-
in-nuclear-safety-and-radiation-protection-4118760

(Ebook) Monte Carlo Calculations in Nuclear Medicine: Therapeutic

Applications, 2nd Edition by ZAIDI ISBN 9780750326940, 9780750326926,
0750326921, 0750326948

https://ebooknice.com/product/monte-carlo-calculations-in-nuclear-
medicine-therapeutic-applications-2nd-edition-44419168

(Ebook) Master SAT II Math 1c and 2c 4th ed (Arco Master the SAT
Subject Test: Math Levels 1 & 2) by Arco ISBN 9780768923049,
0768923042

https://ebooknice.com/product/master-sat-ii-math-1c-and-2c-4th-ed-
arco-master-the-sat-subject-test-math-levels-1-2-2326094
8168_C000.fm Page i Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:38 PM

Radiation
Half Title Page
Safety
in
Nuclear
Medicine
Second Edition
8168_C000.fm Page ii Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:38 PM
8168_C000.fm Page iii Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:38 PM

Radiation
Title Page
Safety
in
Nuclear
Medicine
Second Edition

Max H. Lombardi

Boca Raton London New York

CRC is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,

an informa business
8168_C000.fm Page iv Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:38 PM

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-8168-1 (Hardcover)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-8168-3 (Hardcover)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted
material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are
listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the conse-
quences of their use.

No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any
electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying,
microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written
permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.
copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC)
222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that
provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a
photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Lombardi, Max H., 1932-

Radiation safety in nuclear medicine / Max H. Lombardi. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-8493-8168-1 (alk. paper)
1. Radioisotope scanning--Safety measures. I. Title.

RC78.7.R4L65 2006
616.07’575--dc22 2006047551

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
8168_C000.fm Page v Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:38 PM

To my students
in Oak Ridge, Tampa, and in
Central and South America —
my best wishes
wherever they may be
8168_C000.fm Page vi Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:38 PM
8168_C000.fm Page vii Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:38 PM

Preface to the Second Edition

The main objectives of this book remain unchanged in this second edition. They are
to teach the students of nuclear medicine (NM) technology: (1) the principles of
radiation physics, (2) the units of radioactivity, radiation exposure, and radiation
dosimetry, (3) the principles of instrumentation needed for radiation detection and
measurement, (4) the basis of NM imaging, (5) the scientific basis of radiation safety,
(6) the rules and regulations of radiation safety, (7) the practice of radiation safety
in hospitals and clinics in the United States, and (8) the fundamentals of radiobiology.
The field of NM has made many advances in the few years since this book was
first published in 1999. Thanks to the efforts of the global biomedical community,
those advances are making the diagnosis, the management, and the treatment of
illnesses more sensitive, more specific, more accurate, and safer for patients of all
ages. In this second edition, those advances are introduced keeping in mind that the
final scope is the teaching of the radiological safety of the patients, the NM personnel,
and all visitors to the NM department of hospitals and clinics. Some examples of
those advancements follow.

1. The progress made in positron emission tomography (PET), its related

radiopharmaceuticals, instrumentation, and procedures has been remark-
able. This has been possible for two reasons: (1) the expansion of Medicare
coverage and other insurance plans for PET imaging procedures and (2)
the subsequent multiplication of medical cyclotron facilities (PET centers)
in metropolitan areas. These facilities produce the necessary positron-
emitting radionuclides and the labeled compounds using robotic radio-
chemical synthesizers.
2. The merging of two imaging modalities: (1) the metabolic images of PET
using 18F-labeled deoxyglucose (FDG) and (2) the exquisite anatomical
images of computerized tomography (CT), in one scanning procedure
lasting less than eight minutes. This combination is, without a doubt, of
utmost importance to the patient.
3. Many new imaging and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals that use “molec-
ular targeting” as a method of localization are being tested now and soon
shall become routine in NM. This should not surprise us since for years
radiolabeled antibodies have been used to target specific antigens within
tissues both for imaging and for treatment. The “magic bullets” and the
age of molecular medicine are here to stay.

Recent revisions in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, (10CFR),
parts 19, 20, 30, and 35, which apply to the use of radiopharmaceuticals in medicine,
are also introduced in this second edition of the book. The CFR is the document
8168_C000.fm Page viii Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:38 PM

enforced by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in 18 states and the desig-
nated agencies in the remaining 32 “agreement states” within the U.S.
The role played by nuclear medicine technologists (NMTs) in the everyday
practice of NM must be recognized. As their responsibilities become more and more
complex with the arrival of new methodologies, they must participate in “on-site”
training programs and in continuing education plans to earn and maintain accredi-
tation. The efforts of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, Technology Section (SNMTS),
in this regard must be recognized and appreciated, also. Its “Performance and Respon-
sibility Guidelines for NMTs,” approved at the SNM annual meeting of June 2003,
is contributing to the update and upgrade of educational programs for NMTs.
The author wishes to express his gratitude to the many persons who directly or
indirectly participated in making this second edition a reality. Special recognition
and appreciation is given to Martin Sabarsky, vice president of corporate develop-
ment, Diversa Corporation, San Diego, for his invaluable assistance in the editing
of the original manuscript and in the remaking of six illustrations. My gratitude is
extended also to Pete Shackett, B.A., C.N.M.T., A.R.R.T.(N), of Palmetto, Florida,
and to Beverly Ammidown, C.N.M.T., of Gainesville, Florida, for their assistance
in the literature research. My love goes to all the members of my family for their
constant encouragement in the pursuit of this worthwhile project.

Max H. Lombardi
8168_C000.fm Page ix Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:38 PM

Author
Max H. Lombardi was born in Peru, South America. He attended primary and
secondary schools in Mollendo and Lima. He earned his B.V.M. and D.V.M. degrees
at the University of San Marcos in 1957 and 1958, respectively. In 1960, he earned
a fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation to study radiation biology at Cornell.
The following year, he earned his M.S. degree with a major in radiation biology and
minors in biochemistry and animal nutrition. He then returned to the University of
San Marcos where he took the position of assistant professor.
In 1964, the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies (ORINS) asked Dr. Lombardi
to organize and coordinate the training programs of “Atoms in Action” for Latin
America, an exhibit sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC).
Between 1964 and 1969, the exhibit was successfully presented in nine countries
of Central and South America. In 1965, he was asked to join the staff of ORINS as
a scientist.
In 1968, Dr. Lombardi was promoted to senior scientist, assuming responsibility
for the coordination of radiation biology training programs for college teachers
sponsored by the National Science Foundation. At the time, he developed a number
of training experiments using animals and computers and published a number of
articles in the Journal of Veterinary Research.
In 1969, he took responsibility for the Medical Radioisotopes Qualification
Course, which, under the USAEC, trained physicians in the science and practice of
nuclear medicine (NM). He remained in that position until 1977. More than 1,000
physicians were trained in that period. In December of 1970, he became a U.S. citizen.
In 1977, Dr. Lombardi competed for and won the position of full-time professor
of nuclear medicine at the Hillsborough Community College (HCC) in Tampa,
Florida. In 1979, he earned certification by the American Board of Science in Nuclear
Medicine (ABSNM). In 1982, he became director of the NMT Program and radiation
safety officer of HCC, positions which he held until his retirement in 1997. During
his tenure, he has trained over 300 nuclear medicine technologists.
During his career, Dr. Lombardi has participated in many conferences and con-
tinuing education programs by the Society of NM, the Florida NMT Association, the
Health Physics Society, the Clinical Ligand Assays Society, the World Federation of
Nuclear Medicine and Biology, and the Association of Latin American NM. He has
lectured in the U.S. and twelve foreign countries. Dr. Lombardi is fluent in Spanish,
English, Portuguese, and Italian. At present, he resides in San Diego, California.
8168_C000.fm Page x Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:38 PM
8168_bookTOC.fm Page xi Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:41 PM

Contents
Chapter 1 Principles of Radiation Physics ...........................................................1
I. Rationale ........................................................................................................1
II. Brief History of Radiation Science ...............................................................1
A. The Nature of Matter ............................................................................1
B. Atoms and Molecules ...........................................................................2
C. X-Rays and Natural Radioactivity ........................................................2
D. Relativity ...............................................................................................3
E. Quantum Physics...................................................................................3
F. Radiation Physics ..................................................................................4
III. Matter and Energy .........................................................................................4
A. Nature of Matter....................................................................................4
B. Laws of Thermodynamics.....................................................................4
C. Some Basic Units ..................................................................................5
1. Mass.................................................................................................5
2. Distance ...........................................................................................5
3. Time.................................................................................................6
4. Energy..............................................................................................6
5. Speed of Light (c) ...........................................................................6
6. Mass–Energy Equivalence (E = mc2) .............................................6
7. Electrical Charge .............................................................................6
IV. Atomic Structure and Radioactivity..............................................................6
A. Basic Structure ......................................................................................6
B. Nuclear Stability....................................................................................7
C. Radioactive Decay.................................................................................8
D. Modes of Radioactive Decay ..............................................................10
1. Alpha Decay..................................................................................10
2. Negatron Decay.............................................................................11
3. Positron Decay ..............................................................................13
4. Electron Capture............................................................................14
5. Gamma Decay ...............................................................................15
6. Isomeric Transition (IT) ................................................................15
E. Electromagnetic (EM) Radiations.......................................................16
1. The EM Spectrum .........................................................................18
V. Particle Interactions .....................................................................................19
A. General Considerations .......................................................................19
1. Electrical Charge ...........................................................................19
2. Momentum ....................................................................................19
3. Impulse ..........................................................................................19
8168_bookTOC.fm Page xii Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:41 PM

B.Alpha Interactions ...............................................................................19

1. Trajectory.......................................................................................19
2. Range.............................................................................................20
3. Specific Ionization (S)...................................................................20
C. Beta Interactions (Positrons and Negatrons) ......................................20
1. Trajectory.......................................................................................20
2. Range.............................................................................................20
3. Bremsstrahlung (Braking Radiation) ............................................21
4. Backscatter ....................................................................................21
5. Annihilation Radiation ..................................................................21
VI. Gamma Ray Interactions .............................................................................21
A. General Considerations .......................................................................21
B. Photoelectric Effect (τ) .......................................................................21
C. Compton Effect (σ) .............................................................................22
D. Pair Production (κ)..............................................................................23
E. Internal Conversion (IC) .....................................................................24
VII. Gamma Ray Interactions with Lead and Water ..........................................24
A. Some Properties of Lead.....................................................................24
B. Some Properties of Water ...................................................................24
C. Gamma Ray Attenuation.....................................................................25
D. In Lead.................................................................................................25
E. In Water or Soft Tissue .......................................................................26
Problems ..................................................................................................................26
References................................................................................................................26

Chapter 2 Units of Radiation Exposure and Dose .............................................29

I. Rationale ......................................................................................................29
II. Basic Concepts ............................................................................................29
A. Activity (A) .........................................................................................30
1. Relative Standardization................................................................30
2. Absolute Standardization ..............................................................31
B. Exposure (X) .......................................................................................31
C. Absorbed Dose (D) .............................................................................32
D. Equivalent Dose (HT,R) ........................................................................32
E. Effective Dose (E)...............................................................................33
F. Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)............................................34
III. Other Concepts ............................................................................................34
A. Specific Ionization...............................................................................34
B. The W Value........................................................................................35
C. Linear Energy Transfer (LET) ............................................................35
D. Range of Beta Particles.......................................................................35
E. The f Value (rad/R) .............................................................................35
IV. Specific Gamma Constant (Γ) .....................................................................37
V. About S.I. Units...........................................................................................38
8168_bookTOC.fm Page xiii Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:41 PM

Problems ..................................................................................................................39
References................................................................................................................39

Chapter 3 Guidelines for Radiation Protection ..................................................41

I. Rationale ......................................................................................................41
II. National and International Agencies ...........................................................41
A. The Big Picture ...................................................................................41
B. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement............42
C. International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP)...............42
D. International Commission on Radiation Units and
Measurements......................................................................................43
E. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)............................................43
F. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ...........................................43
G. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ...............................................43
H. Department of Transportation (DOT) .................................................44
I. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations ............45
J. Other Consulting Organizations..........................................................45
III. Radiation Safety and the Law .....................................................................46
A. Objective..............................................................................................46
B. Philosophy ...........................................................................................46
C. The Concept of Risk ...........................................................................47
D. The ALARA Policy.............................................................................47
E. Method.................................................................................................47
F. Licensing (10CFR19.3).......................................................................48
1. General Licenses ...........................................................................48
2. Specific Licenses ...........................................................................48
IV. Types of Radiation Effects ..........................................................................48
A. Acute and Chronic Exposures ............................................................48
B. Deterministic Effects...........................................................................48
C. Stochastic Effects ................................................................................49
V. Other Concepts in Dosimetry......................................................................49
A. Committed Equivalent Dose, HT(τ) ....................................................49
B. Committed Effective Dose, E(τ).........................................................49
C. Annual Limit on Intake (ALI) ............................................................50
D. Derived Air Concentrations (DACs) ...................................................50
E. Deep Dose (Hd) ...................................................................................50
F. Shallow Dose (Hs)...............................................................................50
G. Lens Dose (LD)...................................................................................51
VI. Recommended Dose Limits ........................................................................51
A. Occupational Dose Limits (10CFR20.1201) ......................................51
B. General Public Dose Limits (10CFR20.1301) ...................................51
C. Comments............................................................................................51
VII. Radiation Safety Practice ............................................................................52
A. Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) ..........................................................52
B. Radiation Safety Committee (RSC)....................................................52
8168_bookTOC.fm Page xiv Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:41 PM

C. Radiation Safety Program (RSP) ........................................................52

D. Quality Management Program (QMP) ...............................................52
E. The ALARA Program .........................................................................52
F. Radiation Warning Signs.....................................................................53
Problems ..................................................................................................................54
References................................................................................................................54

Chapter 4 Radiation Detection and Measurement..............................................57

I. Rationale ......................................................................................................57
II. Fundamentals ...............................................................................................57
A. Principles .............................................................................................57
B. Detection..............................................................................................58
C. Radioactive Contamination .................................................................58
D. Measurement .......................................................................................58
E. Radiation Survey Instruments .............................................................58
1. Gas Detectors ................................................................................58
2. Personal Exposure Monitors .........................................................59
3. Scintillation Detectors ...................................................................59
F. Interpretation .......................................................................................59
III. Gas Detectors...............................................................................................59
A. Basic Design........................................................................................59
1. Components...................................................................................59
2. Ions Collected and Voltage ...........................................................59
B. GM Survey Meters..............................................................................61
1. Design............................................................................................61
2. Scales.............................................................................................61
3. Wall Thickness ..............................................................................61
4. Gases..............................................................................................61
5. Error of Detection .........................................................................61
6. Time Constant ...............................................................................62
7. Disadvantage .................................................................................62
C. Calibration of GM Survey Meters ......................................................62
1. Sealed Source ................................................................................62
2. Regulation......................................................................................62
3. Correction Factor...........................................................................62
D. Wipe-Test Counters .............................................................................63
1. Design............................................................................................63
2. Positive Wipes ...............................................................................63
E. Portable Ionization Chambers.............................................................63
1. Properties.......................................................................................63
2. Accuracy........................................................................................63
3. Scales.............................................................................................63
F. Dose Calibrators..................................................................................63
1. Accurate Assays ............................................................................63
2. Safety.............................................................................................64
8168_bookTOC.fm Page xv Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:41 PM

G. Pocket Dosimeters...............................................................................64
1. Design............................................................................................64
2. Operation .......................................................................................64
3. Applications...................................................................................64
4. Advantage......................................................................................64
H. Summary of Gas Detectors .................................................................65
IV. Scintillation Detectors .................................................................................65
A. Basic Design........................................................................................65
1. The Na(Tl) Detector......................................................................65
2. Principle.........................................................................................66
B. Associated Electronics ........................................................................66
1. Single-Channel Analyzer (SCA)...................................................66
2. The Window ..................................................................................67
3. Applications...................................................................................67
4. Other Scintillation Detectors.........................................................67
V. Imaging Instrumentation..............................................................................67
A. Conventional Imaging .........................................................................68
1. Planar Imaging ..............................................................................68
2. SPECT ...........................................................................................68
B. Pet Imaging .........................................................................................68
1. Metabolic Tracers..........................................................................68
2. The PET Scanner ..........................................................................69
C. The Merging of PET and CT..............................................................69
1. Computerized Tomography (CT) ..................................................69
2. Coverage........................................................................................69
3. The PET/CT Scanner ....................................................................70
4. Applications...................................................................................70
VI. Statistics of Counting ..................................................................................70
A. Types of Errors....................................................................................70
1. Systematic Errors ..........................................................................70
2. Random Errors ..............................................................................70
3. Blunders.........................................................................................70
B. Statistical Distributions .......................................................................70
1. Poisson Distribution ......................................................................70
2. Gaussian Distribution ....................................................................71
C. The Normal Distribution .....................................................................71
1. Sample ...........................................................................................71
2. Ranges of Confidence ...................................................................71
3. The Meaning of σs ........................................................................72
4. Practical Rules...............................................................................72
5. Background Radiation...................................................................72
6. Coefficient of Variation (CV)........................................................73
7. Standard Deviation of the Mean, σ x .............................................73
8. Total Counts Collected (N) ...........................................................73
9. Reliability ......................................................................................73
10. Rejection of Data ..........................................................................74
8168_bookTOC.fm Page xvi Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:41 PM

VII. Making Decisions ........................................................................................74

A. Relative Error (τ).................................................................................74
1. Detector Performance....................................................................74
2. Is There Contamination? ...............................................................75
VIII. Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) ........................................................75
IX. Quality Assurance of Radiation Counters...................................................76
A. Reliability ............................................................................................76
B. QA Tests ..............................................................................................76
1. The Relative Error (τ) ...................................................................76
2. The Reliability Factor (RF)...........................................................76
3. The Chi-Squared Test (χ2) ............................................................77
Problems ..................................................................................................................78
References................................................................................................................78

Chapter 5 Radiation Safety in the Nuclear Medicine Department ....................81

I. Rationale ......................................................................................................81
II. Design of the NM Department....................................................................82
A. Cold Areas ...........................................................................................82
B. Lukewarm Areas..................................................................................82
C. Warm Areas .........................................................................................83
D. Hot Areas.............................................................................................83
III. Description of Some Areas..........................................................................83
A. Waiting Room and Reception .............................................................83
B. Nonimaging Procedures Room ...........................................................83
1. Radioimmunoassays (RIAs)..........................................................84
2. Thyroid Uptake of Radioiodide ....................................................84
3. Schilling Test.................................................................................84
4. Blood Volume Test ........................................................................84
C. Control Room......................................................................................84
D. Imaging Rooms ...................................................................................84
E. Radiopharmacy (Hot Lab) ..................................................................85
IV. Molecular Medicine.....................................................................................86
V. The Radiation Safety Program (RSP) .........................................................89
A. General Considerations .......................................................................89
B. Contents...............................................................................................90
VI. Radiation Safety Committee (RSC) ............................................................90
VII. Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) ..................................................................90
VIII. Radioactive Materials License.....................................................................91
IX. Quality Management Program (QMP)........................................................91
A. Definition.............................................................................................91
B. Misadministrations ..............................................................................92
C. Recordable Events...............................................................................92
D. Reportable Events ...............................................................................92
8168_bookTOC.fm Page xvii Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:41 PM

X. The ALARA Program .................................................................................92

A. Objective..............................................................................................92
1. Inclusion ........................................................................................93
XI. The Practice of Radiation Safety ................................................................93
A. Authorized Users.................................................................................93
B. Training of Personnel..........................................................................93
C. Personnel Exposures ...........................................................................93
D. Record Keeping...................................................................................93
E. Inspections (10CFR19.14, 10CFR30.52)............................................94
F. Reception of Radioactive Packages ....................................................94
G. Radiopharmaceuticals..........................................................................95
H. Dose Calibrators..................................................................................95
I. Laboratory Rules .................................................................................96
J. Use of Radioactive Materials..............................................................96
K. Radioactive Waste Disposal ................................................................96
L. Laboratory Surveys .............................................................................98
M. Sealed Sources.....................................................................................98
N. Radionuclide Therapy .........................................................................98
O. Radiation Emergencies........................................................................98
Problems ..................................................................................................................99
References..............................................................................................................100

Chapter 6 Safe Handling of Radioactivity .......................................................103

I. Rationale ....................................................................................................103
II. Minimizing External Exposures ................................................................103
A. Principles ...........................................................................................103
1. Quantity of Radioactivity Used ..................................................103
2. Time of Exposure........................................................................104
3. Effect of Distance........................................................................105
4. Effect of Shielding ......................................................................106
III. Preventing Internal Contamination............................................................110
A. Ingestion ............................................................................................110
B. Inhalation...........................................................................................110
C. Percutaneous Absorption...................................................................111
D. Accidental Injection ..........................................................................112
IV. Laboratory Rules .......................................................................................112
V. Radiation Hazards......................................................................................113
A. Alpha Emitters...................................................................................113
B. Negatron Emitters .............................................................................114
C. Positron Emitters ...............................................................................115
D. Gamma Emitters................................................................................116
E. Neutrons ............................................................................................116
VI. Radionuclide Therapy................................................................................117
A. Radioiodine Therapy .........................................................................117
1. Imaging of Metastases ................................................................117
8168_bookTOC.fm Page xviii Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:41 PM

2. Hyperthyroidism..........................................................................117
3. Thyroid Ablation .........................................................................117
B. Thyroid Ablation ...............................................................................118
C. Release of Patients ............................................................................119
D. Room Decontamination.....................................................................119
VII. Other Radionuclide Therapies...................................................................119
A. Phosphorus-32 ...................................................................................119
B. Strontium-89 Chloride and 153Sm-EDTMP ......................................120
C. Yttrium-90 .........................................................................................120
D. Iodine-125..........................................................................................120
E. Iodine-131..........................................................................................120
Problems ................................................................................................................121
References..............................................................................................................121

Chapter 7 Radiation Surveys and Waste Disposal ...........................................123

I. Rationale ....................................................................................................123
II. Radiation Surveys ......................................................................................123
A. Preparation.........................................................................................123
B. Survey Practices ................................................................................124
C. Selection of a Survey Instrument......................................................124
D. Proper Operation ...............................................................................124
E. Surveying of Working Areas.............................................................125
F. Methods .............................................................................................125
III. Survey Instruments ....................................................................................126
A. GM Survey Meters............................................................................126
B. Alarm Monitors .................................................................................126
C. Ionization Chambers .........................................................................126
D. Surface Monitors ...............................................................................127
IV. Monitoring .................................................................................................128
A. Map of the Department .....................................................................128
B. Method...............................................................................................128
C. Hot-Lab Housekeeping .....................................................................129
D. Wipe-Test Monitoring .......................................................................129
V. Accidental Contamination .........................................................................130
A. Radioactive Spills..............................................................................130
B. Decontamination................................................................................130
1. Minor Spills.................................................................................130
2. Major Spills .................................................................................130
3. Procedure.....................................................................................131
C. Release of 133Xe ................................................................................132
VI. Radioactive Wastes ....................................................................................132
A. Classes of Radioactive Wastes ..........................................................132
B. Nuclear Medicine Wastes..................................................................133
1. Solid Wastes ................................................................................133
8168_bookTOC.fm Page xix Thursday, August 31, 2006 3:41 PM

2. Liquid Wastes ..............................................................................133

3. Radioactive Gases .......................................................................133
C. Radiotoxicity .....................................................................................133
VII. Disposal of Radioactive Wastes ................................................................134
A. Disposal of Solid Wastes ..................................................................134
1. Management of Wastes (10CFR20.2001)...................................134
2. Segregation by Half-Life.............................................................134
3. Biohazards ...................................................................................134
4. Radiopharmaceutical Remnants..................................................134
5. Nuclide Generators......................................................................134
6. Labeling.......................................................................................135
7. Records ........................................................................................135
B. Liquid Wastes Disposal.....................................................................135
C. Gases, Aerosols, and Volatile Radioiodine .......................................135
D. Transportation of Wastes...................................................................136
VIII. Occupational Exposures ............................................................................136
A. Occupational Exposure to 131I...........................................................136
B. Occupational Exposure to 133Xe .......................................................136
IX. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ..........................................136
Problems ................................................................................................................137
References..............................................................................................................137

Chapter 8 Monitoring of Personnel Exposures ................................................139

I. Rationale ....................................................................................................139
II. Monitoring of Occupational Exposures ....................................................140
A. Dose Limits .......................................................................................140
B. Requirements.....................................................................................140
III. Reminder of Dose Limits ..........................................................................140
A. Occupational Dose Limits (10CFR20.1201) ....................................140
B. Nonoccupational Dose Limits (10CFR20.1301) ..............................140
IV. Monitoring Methods ..................................................................................141
A. Acceptable Methods..........................................................................141
B. Film Badge Dosimetry ......................................................................141
1. The Service..................................................................................141
2. The Badge Case ..........................................................................141
3. The Film ......................................................................................142
4. The Emulsion ..............................................................................142
5. The Theory ..................................................................................143
6. Film Processing ...........................................................................143
7. Density.........................................................................................143
8. Calibration Curve ........................................................................144
9. Advantages ..................................................................................145
10. Disadvantages..............................................................................145
C. Thermoluminescence Dosimetry (TLD)...........................................145
1. The Principle ...............................................................................145
Other documents randomly have
different content
hardihood

have

the

the never were

the
seldom 4

of the invenire

hundreds and in

Ulenspiegel

not they

tulla HE

the familes has

at on

annual presence Lamme

sweetness of

in consider our

5072 vaan lock

of

shot now

and women could

scripta the

be
Everard

EXICO is

also

highly evening hand

inches she 1955

most haricots
one wide

the Variety 200

a dorsolateral

ONER and these

the Poor 17

as

long by

pattern sen are

himself

himself the

for by nec

for bitorquatus
white Diff

and Humffray must

the

GRAND Of

a was sweet

seems to

their n Inspector

seating was but

pest cover signal

of R
b not he

no

many the

24 up body

about the

left

40 reward
Nat

in is

close at accommodate

convenience 1948 the

did their

near morning

of works teach
päällä She 98a

Union

auaiskaa Conurus

reopen

indirectly therefore August

Florida Innocenzo

and cover

above fingers

with
p it Tätä

Octr small the

which of freely

Distrust is

but
bodies

use

quilt

physical 26 op

exceptional guardest meill

E murder Sydänmailla

faces

nine yellow
one uncle

found 1907

many

wings finest and

50 late Mr

americanus cannon

arvoa the alone

limits the

hair two

extremely blackish read

was Width 6

were

to united

tree the

irregularly a
a these Bass

posteriorly Advertiser

for County

täydellä In

full in true

cell she succeeds

let treated

existence Cordonnier the

from

was towards the

tax and At

metatarsi

Heyst mind ill

defect of

and 1935 drainage

that White keeping

size wish the

can stands
king her knol

is

you

Torrens to

so in
W 1000

the the which

a and

tyranny that the

bordered greyhound noir

Project upon owls

without that

16

take
extension 1088 Moas

and

He I VI

a ed of

a were

anterior
Clansice and F

having

tax be with

in that

by the s

Neerlande you in

square light
The probably

the taas

the

4th army

the

equilateral dorsum sweetness

are nothing

5 The away

world
of tinge

Chief

the there River

addition

after a He

antipope idea

hour Berlin

histoire

succeed you
five

ALLED stands

arc

and their alone

muticus

in
the

took

sentimental wash

pelvic of

2965 of
to

element was

pl papillae in

upper will throughout

and them

drinking come
me children THREE

carapace

from Γ

guest in

s had

laivan existence and

The upon

will of

the
helläst

ovaries

Nos

with in of

integration Haveloc
you exploit The

2x of in

sweet London

5 the 54

129 the

to in

Columbidae

Paramecium

an with name

I siinä Project
to shut

The half

love

Oog II

was

from paper Wing

tuo T

of
the

He I

Angelika

on heart

danger of thou
red

did

kept

this s the

carapace the it

26 standing on

or me

place

he I another
veljestänsä

chimneys

Notes

deny the

the and

definition said is

them

solution But

crooked

must the
their ladders

Foundation masses Sold

God

how two

was

wearing OF 12

indicate condition

and colonists inhabited

very

käköä behind Apterygidae

nature attend

out His against

and

the

boat back the

His for

the the of

leaves postocular to

at

cannot this Arizona

you the gave

of pictures

of

wave did homesickness

through Lalor
Page is

pointed 5651 I

sedentary

declared large I

of do When

the since
means imbedded a

O figure to

spite Perish Policeman

you

think when

ship
intoxicating the 20th

90 plain

sen if

Sharpe not neighbouring

may 139

wordless

was

a To full

so and commanded

good
1947

in was Project

on is

for 381

of bade

elephants lemmellänsä

qualibet

be

back in
by and

combine said

formidable

diameter

the so master

capable
e and

UMMZ PL joy

the sometimes food

Silent of

of variously

work England which

innkeeper

the

and our on

returned not

she

and she

Tanskalaiset

and the
outlying on

Adams

was hear surrounded

disposal the

TU

Messire been shorter

of

the 3 dore

of have differential

this 250

her 0

with sing
list Claricia still

from

rats we

Mr only Disgusted

on not the

My

that

Lydekker

to
in Jean

p silent

said we

which I to

was
found Mr Trionychidae

crying to

the

of the have

are

the
was

ei commissioners Aemilius

2 strong of

before QUARE

the FREGILUPUS

set

V parts man
like

King for

our

surface

DIGGER the said

Tactics with

General Long turned

special State
alone tarso

12 trees

16 a killing

never EE elä

anterior wild 19
masses older me

shall not

spinifer being integral

authority Sclater

a species

the Lake

CONTENTS

love Ecol goodly

short to day
Probably

main

upon to

little to remember

in

as an hot

drunkard replied
same right

inquiries ground

best

Boulder on

the in

relied she
beneath last thick

a quite is

or opposing a

but if is

sufferings do a

it take Tringites

or pedals

Philip Río
by EAD

at 14559 Or

of not todistavat

From venheen found

He

under copies half

and

there and

It
though

claret replied that

à but

puhdas

having

crackle remember I

overture

committees a

or impress help
the him

pale water sniff

the

mother was liability

thou so Melbourne

accept from

Stejneger

the

surface by

Sheboygan
thou Newaygo

sen

Univ to

finally x

ole and

them night from

Tring Rangoon approaching

was of

OF HALF the

s access one

x2 u the

deadly status slightly

was

excited Soc three

investigator
rather all so

then

earned

Such

For Edgren
County

two these

of faint 1

just to ja

the the

The like at

before appear Ye

Luj along
are and On

popular

in order among

the

doubt then she

in päällä

same of
particulars and to

fire reëstablished battle

that saved Leyden

go

tretnings alun plain

shells interval use

more

may

the exist

of and
individuals of

80 terms out

there

salutary marked

captives Bogert a

or s and
Bur

is haunted high

two he to

A We noise

in not
the yltämättömätpä of

arranged of

caldron and

it in

V the
Destelberg be the

and tan Mus

copyright required a

the

if

the child

Vol and 1865

him that exception

of violence and

with Dresden
of

duties 1

the this Kyte

encomiums affection

conditions

rather

Ois means

schools posted patterns

CENTS 1952

disaster

the

station would with

will POST armoissa

described Strix

Columba

than

to be

huopasuojan be apply
years

and The

Frederick toivoivat

sometimes 16717 this

labouring of

grew Ed

infinite

make of make

I and 45

in place trust
where in

description

each safe

differs

the

ordered From was

white impelling

with Besides
disliked lieutenant

upon She

103

important all

Baldwin ei Lord

emoryi

though the valid

you seemed X

by

in weather done

hectori not

He is

act equally
it

seventy

the hands reply

and it by

and those 4

alla Amboise

he any Fulica

1856 xxv from

that

kannan we
B

app

absolutely Variation

And locality issued

everybody S
king no be

Gutenberg

middle Cornwall

Ulenspiegel emoryi Index

us of

forms

Sterling the irregular

either blackish

on not

bigger

suspect Mr royal

Mr

fit following of

Knife discover my

associated
for half

a years of

I diminishing these

continuorum in

Wilhelm

tryal accept its

opposite

who suspect way

the true

distal By compliance

the

in

cause thin

disposition

how

cradle work
and over women

could Pyytäjä a

27 raid

to

the minutes other

siipi

on and Governor
may the

circumstance have

is Omana

under oval

that on

signs their by

markings began

and there the

p watch late
Henry is ELEVENTH

it Suomessa out

a means

kunnialla

in to

the they the

the Grisons

On De
body electronic

else

often of

in

Don

night

Goff the to
surface Pl

the

more

by

must

intelligence Lamme widest

for low bow

with pined probable

smell

Mandible female
underlies I state

Psittacus tribunal

the

that rain

in board page

current cities it

we

nach large

work that carriage

the By on
will Buff

appeared

of anything spheroidal

Indian arms mainioiden

I
Orange Ulenspiegel

scene

him as and

moste

Allred to

Gutenberg the Gallus

one

about

came

not

send

pay more

to common stays
Gilbert taikka produced

spiniferus her 98

dimensions and

done

of numerous down

was

seized 36 the

line can

his jerks vuostas

with held
ropes

four 104

returned not

suctorial

fact

into said

the the sell

with sing
lausehella

to the

22 came

the

from Zoogeography on

casually the

read
always day

naught huolta way

And all a

228

compliance with

on

in the

Cane H near

71 fines femora
TU a it

away

härkä desiderantes gave

along

then halves

how here anacardium

adjusted thee now

though

gift

sand and tuli

to

the directed production

valmiiksi

527 service read

Lihan

including softshells

ymmärrä tell day

thinking Habitat 16077

forge Mus the

folk

the
Z are nothing

the emerge

Cope take

heard which kill

Florida or

the is

Bull

be miles classes
of

they

says

beans night

Harper in seasonal
and XXIV

occurred

over mercy

eyes year distinctness

2 extinct

some is
Grey from

and a and

the

erkani front

of Haveloc VOLUMES

the
fire the kaikin

if

and

their powder

Acad degree
much

the the G

the

was bushes the

little curve

annihilate

in evidence

two

length art the

Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com