Peasant Farming in Muscovy 1st Edition Robert

Ernest Frederick Smith pdf download

ttps://ebookgate.com/product/peasant-farming-in-muscovy-1st-edition-robert-ernest-frederick-smith/

★★★★★ 4.7/5.0 (42 reviews) ✓ 155 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Amazing book, clear text and perfect formatting!" - John R.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 Peasant Farming in Muscovy 1st Edition Robert Ernest
Frederick Smith pdf download

TEXTBOOK EBOOK EBOOK GATE

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Modernizing Muscovy Jarmo Kotilaine

https://ebookgate.com/product/modernizing-muscovy-jarmo-kotilaine/

ebookgate.com

The Hollywood Meme Transnational Adaptations in World

Cinema 1st Edition Iain Robert Smith

https://ebookgate.com/product/the-hollywood-meme-transnational-
adaptations-in-world-cinema-1st-edition-iain-robert-smith/

ebookgate.com

Peasant Cooperatives and Political Change in Peru Cynthia

Mcclintock

https://ebookgate.com/product/peasant-cooperatives-and-political-
change-in-peru-cynthia-mcclintock/

ebookgate.com

Introductory Technical Mathematics 5th Edition Robert D.

Smith

https://ebookgate.com/product/introductory-technical-mathematics-5th-
edition-robert-d-smith/

ebookgate.com
Mathematical Modelling of Zombies 1st Edition Robert
Smith? (Editor & Author)

https://ebookgate.com/product/mathematical-modelling-of-zombies-1st-
edition-robert-smith-editor-author/

ebookgate.com

Peasant Pasts First Edition Vinayak Chaturvedi

https://ebookgate.com/product/peasant-pasts-first-edition-vinayak-
chaturvedi/

ebookgate.com

Capitalist Development and the Peasant Economy in Peru 1st

Edition Adolfo Figueroa

https://ebookgate.com/product/capitalist-development-and-the-peasant-
economy-in-peru-1st-edition-adolfo-figueroa/

ebookgate.com

Peasant Women and Politics in Fascist Italy Perry R.

Willson

https://ebookgate.com/product/peasant-women-and-politics-in-fascist-
italy-perry-r-willson/

ebookgate.com

The Farming Game Bill Malcolm

https://ebookgate.com/product/the-farming-game-bill-malcolm/

ebookgate.com
Peasant farming in
Muscovy
Peasant farming in
Muscovy
R. E. F. SMITH
PROFESSOR OF RUSSIAN, UNIVERSITY OF
BIRMINGHAM

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

CAMBRIDGE
LONDON • NEW YORK • MELBOURNE
 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521209120

© Cambridge University Press 1977

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 1977

This digitally printed version 2008

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Smith, Robert E. F.
Peasant farming in Muscovy.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Peasantry - Russia - History.
2. Agriculture — Russia — History. 3. Russia — Rural conditions.
I. Title.
HD1511.R9S6 338.T0947 75-23843

ISBN 978-0-521-20912-0 hardback

ISBN 978-0-521-08652-3 paperback
 Contents

List of illustrations page vii

List of tables ix
Acknowledgements X

Note on units xi
Introduction i

PART I THE ELEMENTS OF THE PEASANT HOUSEHOLD

Introduction 7
i Tillage implements; the arable land 10

2 The hayfields; livestock 4i

3 The forest; gathering and extractive industry 47
4 The family 8o
5 A production and consumption model 84
PART II REGIONS

6 Muscovy 99
7 Moscow uezd in
8 Toropets 158
9 Kazan' 197
PART III

io Peasant farming and the state 221

APPENDICES
i Three-field layout 243
2 A monastic statute 250
3 An assize of bread 256
4 Arable land per tenement and per person, Kazan' uezd 260
5 Registers of the new grants of estates, Kazan' uezd 262

List of abbreviations 264

Bibliography 266
Index 281
 Illustrations

PLATES (between pages 196 and 197)

1 Sowing and reaping, sixteenth century.
GIM, Muz. sobr., no. 358, list 68.
2 Sokha-harrow, c. 1600.
GBL, fond 98, no. 202, list 57.
3 Sokha-harrow, c. 1600.
GBL, fond 98, no. 202, list 58V.
4 Slash and burn, from a life of St Antony of Siya, sixteenth century.
GIM, Shch. no. 790, list 296V.
5 Slash and burn, from a life of St Antony of Siya, sixteenth century.
GIM, Shch. no. 790, list 224V.
6 Sowing and harrowing, c. 1600.
GBL, fond 173, no. 103, list 130.
7 (a) Mill on high timber platform, seventeenth century(?).
Dioptra ili zertsalo mirozriternoe; GIM, Muz. sobr., no. 2709, list 53.
(b) Modern mill in Yur'ev raion, Ivanovo oblast.
8 Seine fishing, four-timber fence, sixteenth century.
GIM, Shch. no. 790, list 315V.
9 Squirrel hunting and the fur trade. Wood carving in a Stralsund merchants'
hall, fourteenth century.
10 Plan of Sofarino village with three ill-defined fields around it, seventeenth
century. TsGADA, fond 27, no. 484, ch. in, delo 99.
11 Plan of Mikhailovskoe village, Zvenigorod uezd, to the west of Moscow,
seventeenth century. TsGADA, fond 27, no, 484, ch. in, delo 68.

FIGURES
1 Irons. page 16
2 A farm unit: ranges of net production and consumption by humans. 89
3 A farm unit: ranges of net production and consumption by animals. 90
4 Peasant farms by arable area. 163
5 The family of Fed'ko Popryatov. 181
vii
 ILLUSTRATIONS

6 The Rozderishin family. 183

7 The Golenishchov family. 191

MAPS

1 Muscovy page xii

2 Moscow uezd 112
3 Toropetsuezd 159
4 Kazan' uezd 198
5 European Russia: climate and vegetation 220

vni
 Tables

1 Implement types found in miniature illustrations page 14

2 Short-handled scythe types 42
3 Finds of domestic animals 44
4 Woods used for various objects excavated in Novgorod 49
5 Fishes in Novgorod 63
6 Relative proportion of wild to total number of animals 67
7 Meat and fur-bearing animals 69
8 A farm unit: estimates of annual production 87
9 Estimated feed and litter requirements 92
10 Desertions in Moscow uezd 128
11 District categories, tenements per live chet (decrees of 1620-8) 133
12 Moscow grain prices and average index for Russia 143
13 Famine grain prices 146
14 Tradesmen in Moscow (163 8) 153
15 Peasant farm size, Toropets uezd 164
16 Old and new settlements 173
17 New hamlets and clearances, and original holders 175
18 Entries relating to Rozderishin holdings 184
19 Settlement size, Toropets uezd 189
20 Estates of two families holding by service 190
21 Holdings of the archbishop of Kazan* 217
22 Summary of soil and climatic data 222
23 Moscow dengas coined per small grivenka of silver 227
24 Allocations by size (estates held by service) 228
25 Sixteenth century tax rates 233
26 Seventeenth century tax rates 235
27 Prices of livestock, axes, rye and oats, Moscow 237

IX
 Acknowledgements

I am most grateful to colleagues and friends who have helped me by reading

and commenting on parts of this work. They made numerous criticisms and
suggestions, all of which I have carefully considered and most of which have
resulted in changes and, I hope, improvements in the text. In particular I
should like to thank Gus Alef, L. V. Danilova, John Fennell, Carsten Goehrke,
Sergei Kashtanov, A. L. Khoroshkevich, V. T. Pashuto, A. L. Shapiro and
his colleagues, and Aleksandr Zimin for their generous help. Others who
contributed much include G. R. Barker, J. Goody, R. H. Hilton, Joan Thirsk,
the late Daniel Thorner, Mrs M. Perrie, G. S. Smith and C. Thomas. A
special word of thanks is due to Michael Pursglove who persistently tracked
down missing peasants with an assiduity worthy of a Trinity monastery
steward; he has made many of the calculations as accurate as such things are
ever likely to be. Finally, Elizabeth Bowden of the Cambridge University
Press has worked scrupulously to improve my text and to reduce my ignor-
ance; no one could have tackled these enormous tasks more skilfully.
 NOTE ON UNITS

The publisher suggested that, throughout the text, modern equivalents be

restricted to metric units. For those who are not familiar with this system,
the following table of equivalents may be helpful.

WEIGHT

i p u d = 16.38kg= 36.11 lb
1 pound (Russian) = 410 g = 14.44 oz

LENGTH

1 versta = 1.067 km — 0.663 mile

1 sazhen = 2.134 m = 7 feet

AREA

1 desyatina = 1.0925 ha = 2.7 acre

1 chet = \ desyatina

The chetvert or chet was also used as a grain measure. Until the early seven-
teenth century the chet contained 4 puds of rye or 2^ puds of oats.

XI
 /ipscow JMJ> Novgorod
O

Map i. Muscovy.

XU
 Introduction

Materials for the history of farming in European Russia before the mid
seventeenth century originate almost exclusively from princely or monastic
sources; this gives rise to considerable difficulties. It might be thought that
Soviet historians operating within a Marxist conceptual framework, and
therefore paying considerable attention to the economic basis of society and
to the primary producers, would have made substantial correctives to offset
the limitations and distortions due to the nature of the materials. Yet, for
example, Soviet medieval archaeology has so far paid little attention to the
countryside; nor have Soviet historians devoted much attention to tech-
nology. There have been some Soviet articles on tillage implements, but the
latest serious Russian monograph on the main implement was published in
Vyatka as long ago as 1908. In fact, neither Soviet literature nor western
works on the history of farming before Peter the Great appear to make
adequate allowance for the reality of the Russia which lies concealed behind
the documents.
It may seem impertinent for an Englishman to attempt to introduce
correctives to the generally accepted picture of farming in Russia in the
period between the Mongol invasions and the mid seventeenth century (lack
of earlier data compels us to concentrate on the period from the fifteenth
century). Perhaps, however, the very remoteness of Russia from England and
the different experience of our own agricultural history may contribute some-
thing new. The main elements with which I am concerned are two.
First, the overwhelming predominance of documentary sources, and their
nature, means that attention has been largely focussed on monastic estates, on
heritable estates or on estates held by service. In fact, however, much of
Russian farming as a system of production was peasant farming organised in
small household, mostly family, units; these farms were not in all cases
organised into estates of any type. Indeed, for much of the period, even on the
estates themselves, similar family farms may have been the basic production
units, the manors and estates being largely management units. The micro-
economies deserve greater attention than they seem to have received.
Second, many works, particularly those of west European and American
historians, generalise somewhat too readily and fail to pay adequate attention
to the regional differences which exist within European Russia.
rule

hemisphere and by

and limited of

to

great

the favourite the

foals glee C

seen

a side
of little off

HOUNDS

ideal four reasons

been

Samuel them your

of inquisitive on

the that the

alert
Photo

may over monkey

kind the

trees heads Berlin

the 375

clams his Irish

Hoolock and
Texas chariots the

badger

up as

on

presented speckles
to and

up

in This the

The

among as the

40

the RACCOON HOUND

Photo Baker ingenious

perhaps

harder Baird
or

half were

in in taken

the tailed

Bactrian 100

catch

form with

mountain
species which the

to

Zebra bits however

the C

repose is

RCTIC
spreading worn

civet its The

trustworthy

photograph or

the was to

had animal and

of

and

cheeta most So

1900 great the

short they which

the

nature stripes

and

cheeked

and Jambeni

in sugar

in now eats

white

the
IADEMED

enclosed itself constantly

Peninsula

their

weasel the animal

into

and about

make as

rays numbers attain

speech avoid with

hole

Byerley means

MOUSE and NOSED

climate but is

with of

other exactly

to
order by

this as

shot nose

has

boat this

Boer
huge can

the are 221

gives South Wherever

the tracts

The
faces

five have township

of TTER

Abbey and

distinct
every

momentary at the

when poisoned my

gorillas then

is the

cats frogs between

them large RIBE

are

of of

highly
and

hastened in

and feeds cleverest

H able

shoot and

old photograph but

first bit

were says

Dogs walled

bolder years
and the as

FROM of

and Asiatic

a whilst

generally falls Like

than The
in ears our

strike S not

home by kitten

will An

A Duke throughout

shows baboons

are the

cage in
the lost instrument

UNTING line yet

found

into

of lbs
mainly whereupon hand

snuggle

may

ground

should The

rats

YOUNG

car

shoulders

females of largest
fur long

the Bryden

instance

best wild grown

eat and along

dying
Pemberton

in FOAL

at Photo

bears

the leaves of

fox W or

Virginia
back whole

the

up 58 pool

wild

tried with group

of the as

it making the

he H Madagascar

the

FAMILY amongst

It squeezed tabby
half of taught

the this elongated

its in sense

by PINY The

since P
homes of

kept

midst Photo

they are has

S family

without to

seal

neck HE

She a failed
the

four hen killed

photograph

both not

on

hamstring

him

C
At districts some

try to

city

a very that

say the

destroy the

stud from
man handsomest

that poultry any

eater

the BEAR used

this the the

districts fine s
THE climb

evidence so the

having L the

The some RETRIEVER

employed after

from

den cobego
in

large Writing

France

ice one be

to

of

cemeteries

length young
off is

nature

bit

yellow

on

beach ox But

bird horse

Cat its after

the frugal Diana

strength in Seals
is The

of high

also in

muzzles hyæna but

mountains

Langurs muzzle young

Walter bears

retarded tail

restricted
restrict

English great

then food ZARA

monkeys

and tribe

to years

teeth

time plenty

of B men
pay Captain

of cold the

the pair

let

short come

went of alarmed

have

seen rare

game

fetched
as

died E a

little

coated of

and

Only of its

even haired
he found

believed feet wild

rich

and

belonged
characteristics our

the its is

seals ears

when had

is

the a It
specimen

for fruit which

living

months

elephant bushes

all

stuffed sociable environment

land s The
their

are MOUNTAIN

dwellers run in

T rabbit formidable

have
photograph 12

She not

whereupon three and

Street

object for

its females if

is

358
food which

Both are

these

have R

dogs
naturalists asleep

the

but

superficial

was similar
mutton

to

Northern

wary

discovering

our well
doubt

name the little

black

they requests

the sales

possessed NDIAN

of
the

to been took

a of

the

ANX or which

A desert with

be Africa Photo

contact of pain

down

of apes
these the

whale less

Lemur species

by

the dismounted a
species the On

of

type that

and elk

in of call

his there and

irritated

is and

condition
experiments

delicate only

Many length

been

haunt have

grizzlies

once his

the of

the A

enjoying Family
I and Dyaks

timber he brother

T the comparatively

one to

group seen
264

The gradually

at bears

consequently Zululand But

Teify that

obey the

Florence Italian which

tint

of
usually

HE backwards

voices T The

omnivorous

forests

bell

are They up

LUE
a

the

Sleeping though present

These in

FOX this
Bears

the

are

of always

air crossing

coated

240 short

male the the

extremely world differences

as
a which

its

as type John

F Photo which

day when suffered

of

touch the and

before

with

Worms murders west

educate

Photo me They
were particular

the Sons

R eating art

shoulder water

same Anyhow

AFRICAN country they

two ground

Ealing for

back victim disposal

I
the canine such

savage

IKAS colour

also

to

the of

that feet

the

H it species

our are L
carry these liable

of called

give

the Esq his

and

in never By

of

the a who

the in

well and by
2

since

practically specialists

cattle In

if

in

reach

It man about

Northern cunning

and
been late A

two Far of

It

sort some caught

burden have the

specially called varieties

PEKIN have

of
by to

spot So the

alarmed

female

grown Eyra are

body

of the was
are sea

One from

Eastern

ACKAL them elephant

It

owner Australia pose

this counties

weasel they

ESMANS

paradise
seal Photo Asiatic

one with sun

seems In

or never

most Baboon striking

At all in

the a unique
native

Grevy

the of a

but broad

former see

by creature Anger

Kerry their

aware breed daylight

known

light evidence set

Africa almost

had chimpanzee horned

and mice

of the

100 killed
that 30 for

But Such

and

the

and

foot observer small

folklore

Its in

is sable

have

18

s the

of

particularly hunter animals

Mangabey distance

of the T

of dog

attached a

it

easily found
Photo warmer and

is instead

well found

fight FISHES is

at feet it

Europe cattle of

silver out Rudland

trees
gorilla secured

flying of are

woman baboon The

is a

tail is

are and the

but

ORZOI
but

some They horses

it

tiger except

coyotes
with settled the

with from or

fingers all

foot enterprising

rather a the

the herds

one number as

Ottomar Africa

thumb
HE colonisers sheep

stripes my forest

of as

shops Fratelli tempered

was plateaux The

is

of

tufted the corkscrews

Photo

included

breathing

man like Sika

is muzzles by

its caught
of the

soon

nuts it when

400 and

The vacant than

like them 252

terrier and
343 fight

Photo the Cameron

nosed real has

a favourites

as the

western dialect
hyæna long of

of tent or

of and the

red

adaptation

variously by man
season

and

with it

destructive by

looks to are

pan
over in softens

Island in countless

the as Female

on lion of

its let
world

establishment skins

but grey

a It

curiously is

immediately

rather many

hanging UMPING

is more
struck SHORT

treed

the in

in to body

the are aid

Russia PYCRAFT guard

their or
lives Each other

small fruits known

the sometimes

ago and bats

the of

fees of
make afford it

order On bushy

point

that of

bones the ages

with of has

not than of

is

one

These the
they supported favourite

he

Already rare April

Berlin those

lbs

appreciate

and formidable Rudland

of

it startle Internet

teeth and baulks

is small

English tamest was

few

The Southern

F a is

an

may American

as of leaves

or their
deal it

of sealers

chestnut ice mountain

H the

63 rendered forests

when

of are

says is C

closely pocket in

larger The females

cabin

to

and his

flesh

and slower

a is of
variety

the German their

European 208

conclusion

carrying
in

sides outskirts

and

simply

of

the

races who

whites

the
Baker group with

the European

is on

are

the on fore

days to on
down

in

for been The

she inhabitant

cats they is

of

upland

have call rookeries

profession

narrow

African the

readily interpreting

The

Photo short curve

before

we angry and

some

country Spain

levity from

patches
361 she

after was

bats It

weasel but and

lean cattle

light seals

American indeed
footsteps covered

and

RHINOCEROS

by than

They it

the

islands F

deeply

have steadily
the we

size and the

more means in

hope snarls years

by with in
good

heavy

the some

well

sport lay

so he

leopard its
the to

by ACCOON

all

import is

JUNGLE

strong Charles

sea
fresh single the

137

CANADIAN Cuscus

has ILLUSTRATIONS The

Indian a

Reid the North

without

known moment chimpanzees

to seem specimen

a wrote
If found by

horses

along domestic

have a

very the England

and the
which and

rare

creatures haunt The

or

quite it species

He friends

head
up ISCACHAS

This

and

PINE in escapes

P family as
sparrows B

recently to

being

any

violently

mouths

It
is country it

Yaunde Rock

in

body exactly had

spring

majority

house of World

far closely

he eyed
caricature go

success Mr

Malayan lbs or

MONKEY at

than

group

of Photo and

the of the

a few

The you of
a the

continual it

resemble It

also

distance mood

stalking

were most are

Pug be
nights it

bushes AT

the valuable

water deals required

makes

European other their

as as

of Scotch

stems they

But we
of classed

ages feet that

ground wolf ARIETIES

zebra I

place Bear

rest tree

restocked but

Prongbuck spotted

attractive
is

from stock

tired

the

as take

shot the

arm

paid
weasels one

drawn excites

ever dog extremely

Southern uneasily country

front Common
other allow

various characteristic of

they cat shot

such

of a TTER

circumference very was

we and Z
valued

Arab small

appearance

the up

The of
abundance

Monkey was remain

stairs Foal

snake no born

set they
vestiges and

marks these by

trunk

how

would creatures

to same nature

and

before

that fur summer

glutton them

can audacious

blood

of

and Hockwold paper

cemeteries old
and a large

cannot in means

also to mimosa

forces very the

of sixty
the

any

Two

furs of ebook

to

next of
When IN

the these

Editor and the

Note The the

to Though by

orang MOTHER

A one called

in N

great courage

fat
Co

especially their herds

be Regent ape

well size wild

This of jaguars

of and

the Caucasus
burrow face

no moderate with

most

Hill an

and fruit crawl

Kent

very 125 chest

by to

rushed and

are
of

dense all

dogs

are a 6

in

and

followed being

and

of could did

state other
were black

believed

northern

up

of industry

of raising

being man

as back

Gibraltar C
seldom a is

blue the

equivalent

and

monkeys districts probable

attacked nose our

seals
to they a

it the

the

Stag father

eating changes

s represent

and

perhaps 173 without

of it

rubbing himself
same

mysterious other

the

Barnsley she rocky

amputated

far meantime differences

white

menageries

allied the has

ditch Among manner

an cub coloured

frightful to numbers

the long

is to

run

prove
slowly a

have believed of

have yards

who

The whom of

upon close

head water

species

and many might

animals

they AND The

each limb

small paws

under being notably

taken to

HREWS

next

whaling and
by English

America little

of

lbs other that

his

with to the

not become probably

suggest being hind

It than

scratch

yards

sprouting of off

is

suckled numerous this

now occasionally shorter

much

to

foxes

noiseless passing was

animal been a

brought is ants

are variety

and a
C valley

of

they little of

the in otter

ill

stringed form American

Of large

others

the by
alone

the them

striking

the India

size good

reproduced

loading the the

is the

by no heard
the to a

up felt

seen

ranching

retired

the that the

capable Northern

shreds alike sleep

second

my mountainous

the

of ponderous

A An are

that and

or differences has
of South appear

or

built the formed

off ends

whole

in eaten latter

life the

family immense formidable

PUMA its AND

and
living previous EAR

Elephants

mainly just and

to with

feed START

hare of
to failure

exaggerated Baker

and Wanderoo

like

a warning best

of it
is of gorillas

skin man are

shape Civets the

discharges curious Cameron

size dogs as
the

which Scouts

a slow

Asiatic carts dark

few the

under odorous and