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 Advance Praise for

The Senior Cohousing Handbook

Dive right into this book and be enriched by the insights and the wisdom you
will find there. I'm not kidding. Go. Now. Your future is waiting for you.
- Bill Thomas, MD, from the Prologue

Charles Durrett has written a book inviting an exciting eldership....

Wouldn't it be great if every step of life had such thoughtful design?
- Patch Adams, MD, from the Foreword

The key to living a long, healthy life is community - having a group of

people who know and care about you with whom you socialize at least once
a week. This book shows you how seniors all over the world are
combating isolation and loneliness by building healthy communities.
Viva the community! Long life! Honey in the heart!
- Eric Utne is the founder of Utne Reader.

Quality of life is more and more important in the last part of our life,
and there is no need to live out our later years alone or lonely.
Aging in place - in community - is an opportunity waiting for
development; and cohousing - the most creative housing option for seniors
- is one that we can make happen for us NOW, if we, as Chuck Durrett says,
"Go forth and be one with [ourJ own future:'
- Bolton and Lisa Anthony, Senior activists, and founders of Second Journey

As a long time developer of housing and a resident of Silver Sage Cohousing,

I can't imagine any way to live that makes more of our opportunities for
quality of life and living lighter on the planet. Chuck's book captures all that
and enables our potential as proactive seniors.
- Jim Leach, Housing Developer and Senior Cohousing resident
THE A Community Approach to Independent Living

HANDBOOK Second Edition

Charles Durrett
hokJgu. by William H. TIaomos, MD
Forrword b)l Pa.tchAd4ms, MD

~..~~L!~J~~

~
....
~ '". ~

~ ~

~
NEW SOCIETY PUBLISHERS
Cataloging in Publication Data:
A catalog record for this publication is available from the National Library of Canada.

Copyright © 2009 by Charles Durrett.

All rights reserved.

Cover design by Diane McIntosh.

Cover photos: Man with sunflower © iStockl Alex Raths. All others courtesy of
Charles Durrett.

Printed in Canada.
First printing April 2009.

Paperback ISBN: 978-0-86571-611-7

Inquiries regarding requests to reprint all or part of Senior Cohousing should be

addressed to New Society Publishers at the address below.

To order directly from the publishers, please call toll-free (North America)
1-800-567-6772, or order online at: www.newsociety.com

Any other inquiries can be directed by mail to:

New Society Publishers

P.O. Box 189, Gabriola Island, BC VOR 1XO, Canada
(250) 247-9737

New Society Publishers' mission is to publish books that contribute in fundamental

ways to building an ecologically sustainable and just society, and to do so with the least
possible impact on the environment, in a manner that models this vision. We are com-
mitted to doing this not just through education, but through action. This book is one
step toward ending global deforestation and climate change. It is printed on Forest
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..JA of forest resources
www.fH.Gfg C.rtno. SW-COC-1271
NEW SOCIETY PUBLISHERS FSC o tM Fcn~1 S.....np (ounUl
To Rosemary, my Mom
Contents

Prologue by William H. Thomas, M.D. .............................................................. ix

Ackn 0 W ledgm ents . + ............................. + .... + ............................. + .... + ............................. + .... + ............................. + .... + ................................ xv

In tro ducti 0 n . ++ ........................ ++ .. ++ .. ++ ........................ ++ .. ++ .. ++ .................................. ++ .. ++ .. ++ ........................ ++ .. ++ .. ++ ........................ ++ .. ++ .. ++ ........ 1

Part One: Introducing Senior Cohousing

1. Taking Charge of the Rest of Your Life ....................................................... .7
2. Cohousing: An Old Idea - A Contemporary Approach ....................... 17
3. Senior Cohousing: A Proven Approach - A New Application ........... 33

Part Two: Senior Cohousing in Denmark: An Inside Look

4. Munks0gard: Strong Roots in Fertile Soil... .............................................. 51
5. Other Danish Senior Cohousing Communities: ...................................... 61
Otium, Gimle, Mariendalsvej, Korvetten

Part Three: Creating a Senior Cohousing Community

6. Feasibility: Do We Have a Projectr 83 u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .++ . . . .

7. Study Group I: Aging Successfully! Aging in Place ................................. 99

Vll
Vlll Senior Cohousing

8. Study Group II: The Participatory Design Process ............................... 137

9.. Study Group III: Policy ... ++ .. ++ .. ++++++++++ .. ++ .. ++ .. ++ .. ++ .. ++++++++++ .. ++ .. ++ .. ++ .. ++ .. ++++++++++ .. ++ .. ++ .. +++++++ 181

Part Four: The First Wave - Pioneering Senior Cohousing in America:

The Beginnings of an American Movement
10. The First Wave .+ •• +++++++++20 3
++ .. ++ .............. ++ .. +++++++ .. ++ .............. ++ .. +++++++ .. ++ .......... ++ .. ++ .. +++++++ .. ++ ........

Appendix A: Anne Glass: Research-Based Results,

"WhYA' . C ommuIllty.....
glng In . ~" ++++++++++++ .. ++ ....... ++++++++++++ .. ++ ....... +++++++++++++++++ ..... +++++ •••••• ++++
255
Appendix B: Frequently Asked Questions ...................................................... 273
Appendix C: Economic Structures ............................................. ++.++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Selected BibIi0 graph y...... + .... + ............................. + .... + ............................. + .... + ............................. + .... + .. + + .. + + ............................. + .... 290
][Ildex ++.++ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••• ~5)~

About the Author .................................................................................................. 300

Prologue
William H. Thomas, M.D.
Professor and Distinguished Fellow, The Erickson School

I've been rich and I've been poor - and believe me, rich is better.
- Sophie Tucker

W ealth. Riches. Affiuence.

Capital. Prosperity. Net worth.
Security is one of the tent poles of
Howard Hughes died a recluse: a
drug addict with hair, beard, finger-
nails, and toenails all grown to
well-being. Everybody wants it, every- grotesque lengths - despite the fact
body needs it, but what is it, exactly? that he always kept a barber on call.
The easy thing is to link wealth He was estranged from his family,
with money. After all, who could surrounded by strangers. One of the
be more secure than a billionaire? A richest people in the world on the day
billionaire who had been a successful of his death, the autopsy recorded
movie producer, aviator, engineer, evidence of severe malnutrition (he
founder of a medical research weighed only 90 pounds), and x-rays
institute, airline mogul, and winner revealed broken hypodermic needles
of the Congressional Gold Medal still embedded in his arms. Was
would be especially secure in his Howard Hughes rich?
old age - don't you think? Maybe, Then there is that nice girl from
maybe not. Albania who moved to India and

IX
x I Senior Cohousing

settled into the life of a schoolteacher to help us "put our financial house in
outside of Calcutta. There she experi~ order:' We cannot say the same for
enced what she would later refer to as social capital, which is, simply, "the net
"the call within a call:' "I was to leave value of all of the voluntary reciprocal
the convent and help the poor while personal relationships that are part of
living among them. It was an order. our everyday lives:' In other words, it
To fail would have been to break the pays to have - and to be - a darn
faith:' She began this missionary work good neighbor. Since few of us are
in 1948, venturing out into the slums, likely to follow in the footsteps of
tending to the needs of the destitute either Howard Hughes or Mother
and starving. Despite expressions of Teresa, it makes sense to think about
support from the Indian government, a balanced approach to wealth that
she had no income and had to resort provides us with both the financial
to begging for food and supplies. Her and social capital we need if we are to
congregation, the Missionaries of find a "life worth living:'
Charity, received official sanction This is where senior cohousing
from the Vatican in 1950. Along the comes into play. When you think
way, Mother Teresa won the Nobel about it, cohousing can be understood
Peace Prize and the Presidential Medal as a wealth ~creation strategy that
of Freedom. At the time of her death, allows people to develop affordable
the Missionaries of Charity had over housing enriched with an abundance
4,000 sisters, an associated brother~ of social capital. When people come
hood of 300 members, and over together with the intention of being
100,000 lay volunteers, operating 610 darn good neighbors and with the
missions in 123 countries. Was expectation of having darn good
Mother Teresa poor? neighbors, their lives are made better
Real wealth is derived from a blend in a myriad of ways that financial
of financial and social capital. Social capital has a hard time duplicating.
capital? While it is vital to our every~ Unlike communes, in which people
day lives (and happiness), the concept merge their personal finances with
of social capital remains something of the economy of their community,
a mystery to most Americans. Financial cohousing strikes a balance that
capital is something we can under~ honors privacy and autonomy even as
stand easily because it is value reduced it encourages relationship~building
to numbers. Television networks, and shared governance. Cohousing is,
newspapers, authors, advisors and in my mind, the most approachable,
wealth gurus are all ready and eager most replicable strategy for the
 Prologue I Xl

creation of intentional communities potential, and it will lead us to new

available to us today. ways of understanding our communi-
Thanks to Chuck Durrett, ties, our families, and ourselves.
cohousing has grown from a purely I remember getting my copy of
European phenomenon (it got its the first edition of this book. I seized
start in Denmark) to an increasingly upon it and devoured its message
viable option for elders in America. hungrily. Its message was suited per-
The future, I believe, is better and fectly to its time. The second edition
brighter than ever. My optimism is is even better, and I am sure that it
based, in part, on the success the ear- will help even more people under-
lier edition of this book has already stand what senior cohousing is and
achieved. It is a valuable tool that will how it works.
help the tens of thousands of people So what are you waiting for? Dive
who are looking for another way to right into this book and be enriched
live to find what they are looking for. by the insights and the wisdom you
There is a new "old age" out there, will find there.
waiting to be discovered. It is an I'm not kidding. Go. Now. Your
elderhood rich in developmental future is waiting for you.
Foreword
Patch Adams, M.D.

I have never liked nursing homes.

Even the best and most expensive
are not what elders want. How could
wisdom? I see the ads calling for, and
encouraging, a carefree life - and
connecting the word "burden" with
a senior citizen be a revered elder those who need care. My mother
in these sad institutions? I've often made everything in me I like about
thought, "Am I the only one ashamed myself. It was a privilege to have
that we care so little for our parents her spend the end of her life with us.
that we shove them in these most I love that I could give back to her
expensive of scrap heapst I've and that my children could be with
clowned in 1,500 nursing homes and her when she died.
feel tragic parallels with the 1,500 I've lived communally for 37 years,
orphanages I've also been in. In both and living communally has made every-
places, there is a huge hunger for thing easier for me in my life. I think
love, attention, and fun. In both that we primates have been commu-
places, I always wished I could take nal for 80+ million years. We thrive
the residents home with me. Have we in companionship. Loneliness is the
so disconnected from human commu- worst experience a human can have. I
nity and intelligence that society no think because we've been tribal for so
longer sees the need for this unmined long that loneliness is the experience

X1l1
xiv I Senior Coho using

of being without a tribe. I think every step of life had such thoughtful
depression is never an illness; rather, designr So once the seed is planted
it is a symptom of loneliness. There - "I will not go to a nursing home" -
are reasons so many elders are labeled then whatr Read this book and shake
as depressed. The truth is, they are your foundation. An exciting part of
lonely and longing for meaning your engagement with senior cohous~
within the tribe. Most people are not ing is that, at the same time you cover
prepared to return to being part of a your needs, you are pioneering
tribe. Alas, it is a skill most of us have extremely important social engineer~
lost. Senior coho using is an intelli~ ing. This book is your launching pad;
gent midwife assisting a return to your hunger for a better world and a
tribal life. lush imagination will make your
Chuck has written a book inviting model specific to you. Do not go out
an exciting eldership. Intelligent to pasture.
design. Wow! Wouldn't it be great if
Acknowledgments

I want to thank all of the extraordi-

nary people who put their heart
into this project. To Magnus Soby, an
Vonge (retired four star generaL
Danish Army); Arne Ravan (75,
retired high school principal); Inga
architect who came from Denmark to (76, office administrator); Birthe (71,
the US to help with three months of started, owned, operated, and retired
this effort in our office. I also want to from her own chocolate shop); Leif
thank Chris Kennedy Pierce (a dedi- Behrend (69, factory owner); Ole (67,
cated senior activist and professional), retired); Dan (68, retired seaman);
Brad GunkeL Matthew Eghtessadi- J0rn Ole (68, retired math teacher);
Reed, and Yvonne Kanis. Hans Tovborg and Inga S0reson (72,
To the Danes, who start signifi- retired auto executive, and 61, retired
cant movements like cohousing in the teacher); Kirsten Mitchel (77, retired
first place. radio and TV producer); Karen
To the seniors who gave so gener- Permein 70, retired landscape archi-
ously of their time, their homes, and tect); Ib and Grethe Jan-Mittet (75,
their community: Olaf Dejgaard (71, retired teacher, and 75 liz retired
retired architect); T ua M011er (retired teacher); Eigil Nicolaysen (73, retired
statistician for the Ministry of Health); pharmacist); Anne-Lise Nicolaysen
Else Skov (retired secretary); Niels (pharmacist's assistant); Virginia

xv
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