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 I

For

Lt. Colonel Patricia Horoho,

U.S. Army Nurse Corps

Recognizing her conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity

as a combat nurse assigned to the Pentagon during the
suicide attack by al-Qaeda terrorists on September 11,
2001. Hour after hour, she proved an inspiration to all
who saw her.
 III

Acknowledgments
This book was completed with the help of global
experts, a dedicated staff, and friends. The bulk of my
thanks go to Lisa Hughes, a brilliant intelligence analyst
and cartographer, a competent shot with a Glock pistol,
and a very good friend. The bulk of the research was car-
ried out by our outstanding intelligence watch officer
interns from Georgetown University, American University,
George Washington University, and the University of
Maryland: Dallas Frohrib, Meredith Hamilton, Michael
Keller, Benjamin Michener, Graham Sugarman, Jason
Kichen, Lauren Terzenbach, David Worn, and Francis Yoh.
Mike McGrath from the Lightfighter.net forum, Italian
journalist and terrorism researcher Giacomella Milesi
Ferretti; David Mitchell, former antiterrorism officer for
the U.S. Naval Air Forces and Nicholas North, two of the
world's most unrecognized terrorism experts. The invalu-
able staff of the Special Readiness Services International
made this book possible, including Iraq chief Ali al-
Mayyah, former USA staffers Kathleen Stanley, Rajika
Jayatilake, and Brooke Trahan, our senior intern.

Special thanks go to the people who edited and pro-

vided generous input and guidance, including the
renowned al-Qaeda expert, Dr. Rohan Gunaratna;
Margaret Poethig of the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan
Police Department; Mark Overton at Naval Special
Warfare Group One; Sheri Fatout and her husband, Aaron,
of the University of California, Berkeley; Assistant Deputy
Director of Information Ron Huberman of the Chicago
Police Department; Michael O'Neill of Save the Children,
Peter Kamper of Webit Group, Australia; Stina Backer-
Roed of Australia's Macquarie University Centre for
Policing, Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism; Bill Nagle
and Dave Dilegge for inviting me to blog at Small Wars
Journal.
 Special acknowledgment goes to my friends Robert
Young Pelton, the renowned author, adventurer, and
chronicler of the battle at Mazar E Sharif (and Sir Richard
Burton look-alike); Major Pamela “Sue” Ting for surviving
the Tikrit, Iraq marathon; author Jay McCullough; John
Samuel the layout artist, Nadia Beliveau-Nance for editing
and my wife, Maryse Beliveau-Nance, who provided the
illustrations.

Finally, my personal admiration goes to those heroes

of September 11 who struggled with me to desperately
help save victims at the Pentagon crash site including
SSgt. Christopher Braman, Colonel Ted Anderson, Lt. Gen
Van Alstyne and, my personal hero, Lt. Col Patrcia
Horoho. Watching over our fight was Petty Officer First
class John "Brad" Michael of the U.S. Navy Survival,
Evasion, Resistance and Escape school-a great terrorism
instructor and my critical information link by phone to the
world as we battled the fires on September 11. Without
him, we would never have known a fourth aircraft was
coming our way. And my deepest thanks go out to SRSI's
former chief of staff, Beverly A. LaRue, whose traumatic
first morning at work for my terrorism consultancy was
September 11, 2001. I will never forget.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 1 Know the Terrorist.....................................................1

Chapter 1 - Your Mission: Critical Awareness.....................................3

Chapter 2 - Who They Are: Identify Terrorist Operatives.................9

Chapter 3 - Intelligence Profiling Suspected Terrorists....................27
Chapter 4 - Terrorist Training...............................................................33
Chapter 5 - Terrorism 101: Why the Terrorist Chooses This Path.. 41
Chapter 6 - What Terrorists Believe.....................................................49

Section 2 Identifying the Terrorist Group and Its Cells.... 65

Chapter 7 - Terrorist Group Organization......................................... 67

Chapter 8 - The Terrorist Cell...............................................................81
Chapter 9 - Terrorist Strategies and Target Selection....................... 91

Section 3 Detection of Key Terrorist Activities.................. 103

Chapter 10 - Terrorist Preparations for Attack: Safe Houses,

Finances, and Mobility................................................... 105
Chapter 11 - The Terrorist’s Tools: Conventional Weapons
Identification....................................................................129
Chapter 12 - The Terrorist’s Tools: Nuclear, Biological, Chemical
Weapons and Equipment Identification......................151

Section 4 Predicting an Attack................................................ 185

Chapter 13 - Terrorist Surveillance Techniques.................................187

Chapter 14 - Detecting Infiltration and Special Mission
Techniques........................................................................197
Chapter 15 - The Decision and Attack Sequence.............................. 213
Chapter 16 - The Basics of Analyzing Intelligence and
Predicting Terrorism Events..........................................223
Chapter 17 - Point of Danger: Law Enforcement Traffic Stops
and Encountering Terrorists..........................................261
Chapter 18 - Point of Failure: Terrorist Operations and Tactics..... 281
Section 5 The New Fields of Terror...................................... 311

Chapter 19 - A Primer on al-Qaeda and the Global Extremist

Insurgency........................................................................ 313
Chapter 20 - Suicide Terrorism: Tactics, Equipment and
Management.................................................................... 363
Chapter 21 - Terrorism and Insurgency in the Iraq War
(2003-2008).........................................................................387

Section 6 Supplemental Data, Bibilography & Appendices...405

Bibliography.............................................................................................407

Appendix A - Global Terrorist Groups................................................415

Appendix B - Explosive Components & Ingredients Checklists.....421

Index..........................................................................................................429
PA RT O N E
Know the Terrorist
YOUR MISSION:
1
CRITICAL AWARENESS

C
riminal investigators spend years studying crim-
inal behavior to better understand and counter
crime. The field of terrorism is no different. It is a
specialized subject that requires serious study, and
requires that those in the front line of defense be as
knowledgeable as possible. Today’s police officers, secu-
rity managers, and customs officers have received most
of their terrorism education in short briefings, or simply
via magazines or television. In the coming years, securi-
ty professionals may receive more specialized training
and education on terrorism—or they may not. This book
is intended as a resource for those who realize that they
need to begin their own terrorism education today.
The most difficult and critical component of terror-
ism education is learning how to recognize and predict
an attack. Those responsible for homeland security need
to be well versed in terrorist attack preincident indicators
(TAPIs). TAPIs are behaviors; they are actions terrorists
must take before they can carry out an attack. In the law
enforcement and intelligence communities, some TAPIs
may be referred to as behavioral science or “profiling.”
For example, Secret Service teams are trained to watch
individuals’ behaviors—as well as their race, age, sex, or
appearance, which are secondary indicators. The Israeli
airline El Al has used this behavior-recognition approach
for decades and is generally successful at stopping poten-
tial terrorists from skyjacking its airliners.
Until recently the United States has had a much less
diligent attitude toward security—and terrorism in par-
ticular—than many other countries in the world, but we
have since learned. Why even more diligence? First,
America is a huge nation with a higher level of domestic
freedom than domestic security; and second, the United
States is a declared target of future terrorist attacks. The
devastation caused on 9/11 may, tragically, only inspire
others to continue the trend.
All members of the anti- and counter-terrorism com-
munity need to seek answers to these questions:
4 PART ONE: KNOW THE TERRORIST

• Who represents a threat?

• What options do those people have for carrying out
harm?
• How might they carry out an attack?
• Most importantly, what behaviors can be observed
when they are preparing or ready to act?
These questions will eventually lead to observable
behaviors and actions of terrorists and their supporters.
For example, if terrorists want to disperse a chemical
weapon, they must first acquire and move the chemicals,
locate and stock a safe location, select a target and
observe it, deploy a delivery team and support them, cre-
ate a dispersal system and move it to the target. All of
these actions are detectable to the trained observer.
Before we can detect terrorist activity, however, we must
first change our perceptions about who terrorists might
be.
Adopt an Intelligence-Based Approach to
Antiterrorism
Understanding and countering terrorism requires
adjustment in perspective. Security professionals need to
respect and understand terrorists, recognize the pre-inci-
dent indicators of terrorist activities, and competently
analyze intelligence information.
1. One must learn to respect the terrorist’s capabilities:
You don’t have to agree with terrorists in order to
recognize their abilities and understand them.
Terrorism as a political tool may be abhorrent; however,
you need to identify and recognize the grievances of a
particular terrorist group and—for lack of a better
word—respect the intelligence and tenacity they use to
perform terrible deeds. Why were they motivated to
take up their cause? How effective are their tactics? If
you disregard a demonstrated capability, or dismiss
their ability to analyze weak spots and work around
them, because you think terrorists are inferior, you may
create a blind spot in your security. To get an edge on
terrorists, you must learn to see the world from behind
their mask.
2. Observe street-level behaviors:
Learn the terrorist attack pre-incident indicators of a
 YOUR MISSION: CRITICAL AWARENESS 5

terrorist operation in the works. No matter how clever

terrorists may be, they’re not ghosts. Terrorists and their
support personnel must perform certain behaviors in
order to carry out their plans. They have specific roles
and duties, many of which are observable to the trained
eye.
3. Analyze source information:
Basic analysis must be applied to any data or evi-
dence collected by integrating intelligence assets, using
computerized analytical programs, or just asking the
right questions. Clearly, as we learned in the September
11 attacks, without cross checking the data and apply-
ing common sense the analytical process breaks down.
Field officers must make every effort to match the
observed or suspected criminal behaviors with terrorist
intelligence. Analysis does not have to be a long, drawn-
out process. Even the simplest key-word associations
comparing known intelligence to known capability can
find potential TAPIs. Prior to September 11, the words
Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda and pilot training in the
same sentence should have spelled out suicide skyjack-
ing to most people who worked the al-Qaeda mission.
All of these words were found in one FBI agent’s report
prior to the attack. Al-Qaeda’s global capabilities,
matched with Bin Laden’s personal animosity toward
America and a previous skyjacking for this purpose by
a group associated with al-Qaeda (the skyjacking of an
Air France airliner by the Algerian GIA in 1994), should
have made even the coolest intelligence analyst spill his
coffee and issue a dire warning. Several did just that.
These key steps—respect, observe, and analyze—
represent an intelligence-
based approach to predict- Stereotype-based views of terror-
ing terrorist actions. With a ism don’t help us fight the threat
few exceptions, the intelli-
gence-based approach is but blind us to it.
surprisingly new to many
law enforcement agencies; stereotypes and heavy
reliance on technology still dominate our security per-
spective to a great degree.
6 PART ONE: KNOW THE TERRORIST

Avoid a Stereotype-Based Approach to Antiterrorism

Why do we stereotype terrorists? Let’s look at a basic
fact: America is new to terrorism. We have a hard time
understanding who would carry out such acts, and so to
answer our own questions, we create stereotypes of “the
terrorist” in the absence of facts. Some people see terror-
ists as incompetent cowards who can’t stand up to us;
others consider them brilliant but suicidal bogeymen
who can’t be stopped. Until September 11, the predomi-
nant image of a terrorist in many people’s minds was a
cartoon character carry-
Terrorism against America can only ing a big bomb with a lit
be defeated through careful intelli- fuse.
gence collection, surveillance, and In educating mem-
cooperative efforts among law bers of the armed forces
and law enforcement, I
enforcement and intelligence agen- often hear terrorists
cies. referred to as “crazy rag-
heads” or “camel jock-
eys.” One senior member of the U.S. House of
Representatives, in an oblique reference to al-Qaeda, rec-
ommended arresting anyone with “diapers on their
heads.” These attitudes may have contributed to our
intelligence community’s focus on finding the stereotypi-
cal terrorist while the atypical ones operated with com-
plete impunity within our borders.
But there is another damaging stereotype at work:
that of the current counterterrorism effort. Some
inflamed political rhetoric has created an inaccurate
stereotype of how fast and effective the “war on terror-
ism” has been. Americans now believe that we can stop
terrorism by sending out our military forces to get them,
“dead or alive.” That may be true to some extent, but not
entirely. Terrorism cannot be defeated in a grand war.
Trying to preemptively hunt down every person in the
world who might carry out or participate in an act of ter-
rorism is akin to trying to hunt and catch a few specific
ants in Texas: a nearly impossible task.
Terrorism against America can only be defeated
through careful intelligence collection, surveillance,
cooperative efforts among law enforcement and intelli-
gence agencies, and resolving the root complaints of the
terrorist-supporting population. One thing is certain: We
 YOUR MISSION: CRITICAL AWARENESS 7

may not get every operative, but we can stop key people
at critical junctures before an attack occurs. This book will
assist you in this effort.
Defensive Action: The Detect, Deter, Defend (3D)
Doctrine
Your role in stopping terrorism is to learn how to use
the information presented in this manual to see terrorists,
make terrorists stop their planning, and/or stop terrorists
as they attack. The U.S. government’s force-protection
doctrine is based on the “3D” concept of “detect, deter,
and defend.” It is a highly effective concept that can be
applied to the homeland security community as well.
You, as a professional, will detect the terrorist act in
its planning stages through intelligence collection, use
the intelligence-based approach of analysis and by taking
aggressive action to deter an attack before the terrorists
leave their safe house. These are the fundamentals neces-
sary to defend our nation from attack.
But before we can truly use this process, it helps to
know a few things about the terrorists themselves.
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