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 One-Dimensional Man

"In One-Dimensional Man Herbert Marcuse has moved

on to what is the central problem of our civilization—
how to reconcile orginality and spontaneity and all the
creative aspects of our human nature with a prevailing
drive to rationality that tends to reduce all varieties of
temperament and desire to one universal system of
thought and behavior. He does not claim to solve this
problem, but by presenting the alternatives in clear and
critical terms, he makes the choice inevitable to every
socially responsible individual. That is to say, he makes
us realize that the choice is now between the life and
the death of our civilization."
Herbert Read

"This is a provocative book of fundamental

significance."
Transaction

"One of the most radical and forceful thinkers of this

time."
The Nation

"The foremost literary symbol of the New Left."

The New York Times
Herbert

Marcuse
One-Dimensional Man
Studies in the ideology of
advanced industrial society

With an introduction by Douglas Kellner

London and New York

First published the United Kingdom 1964
by Routledge & Kegan Paul

Second edition published 1991

Reprinted 1994, 1999, 2002

First published in Routledge Classics 2002

by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
27o Madison Avenue, New York, NY iooi6

Reprinted 2006, 2007

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor at Francis Group, an informa business

© 1964 Herbert Marcuse

Introduction to second edition © 1991 Beacon Press

Typeset in Joanna by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk

Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddies Ltd,
King's Lynn, Norfolk

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or

reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical,or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN 978-0-415-28976-4 (hbk)

ISBN 978-0-41 5-28977-1 (pbk)
For Inge
 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix
INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION
by Douglas Kellner xi
INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION
The Paralysis of Criticism: Society
Without Opposition

PART I One - Dimensional Society

- 1 The New Forms of Control 3

2 The Closing of the Political Universe 21
3 The Conquest of the Unhappy
Consciousness: Repressive Desublimation 59
4 The Closing of the Universe of Discourse 87

PART II One - Dimensional Thought

5 Negative Thinking: the Defeated

Logic of Protest 127
VI I I CONTENTS

6 From Negative to Positive Thinking:

Technological Rationality and the
Logic of Domination 147
7 The Triumph of Positive Thinking:
One-Dimensional Philosophy 1 74

PART ill The Chance of the Alternatives

8 The Historical Commitment of Philosophy 207
9 The Catastrophe of Liberation 229
,o Conclusion 251

INDEX 263
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My wife is at least partly responsible for the opinions expressed

in this book. I am infinitely grateful to her.
My friend Barrington Moore, Jr., has helped me greatly by his
critical comments; in discussions over a number of years, he has
forced me to clarify my ideas.
Robert S. Cohen, Arno J. Mayer, Hans Meyerhoff, and David
Ober read the manuscript at various stages and offered valuable
suggestions.
The American Council of Learned Societies, the Louis M.
Rabinowitz Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the
Social Science Research Council have extended to me grants
which greatly facilitated the completion of these studies.
 INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION

by Douglas Kellner

Herbert Marcuse's One-Dimensional Man was one of the most

important books of the 1960s. 1 First published in 1964, it was
immediately recognized as a significant critical diagnosis of the
present age and was soon taken up by the emergent New Left as
a damning indictment of contemporary Western societies, capit-
alist and communist. Conceived and written in the 1950s and
early 1960s, the book reflects the stifling conformity of the era
and provides a powerful critique of new modes of domination
and social control. Yet it also expresses the hopes of a radical
philosopher that human freedom and happiness could be greatly
expanded beyond the one-dimensional thought and behavior
prevalent in the established society. Holding onto the vision of
liberation articulated in his earlier book Eros and Civilization,'

`For a fuller discussion of the themes, contributions, and influence of One-

Dimensional Man, see Chapters 7-10 of my book Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of
Marxism (London and Berkeley- MacMillan Press and University of California
Press, 1984) .
2 Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955).
xi i INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION

Marcuse, in his critique of existing forms of domination and

oppression, urges that what is be constantly compared with
what could be: a freer and happier mode of human existence.
On one hand, One-Dimensional Man is an important work of
critical social theory that continues to be relevant today as the
forces of domination that Marcuse dissected have become even
stronger and more prevalent in the years since he wrote the
book. In a prospectus describing his work, Marcuse writes:
"This book deals with certain basic tendencies in contemporary
industrial society which seem to indicate a new phase of civil-
ization. These tendencies have engendered a mode of thought
and behavior which undermines the very foundations of the
traditional culture. The chief characteristic of this new mode of
thought and behavior is the repression of all values, aspirations,
and ideas which cannot be defined in terms of the operations
and attitudes validated by the prevailing forms of rationality The
consequence is the weakening and even the disappearance of all
genuinely radical critique, the integration of all opposition in
the established system."'
The book contains a theory of "advanced industrial society"
that describes how changes in production, consumption, cul-
ture, and thought have produced an advanced state of conform-
ity in which the production of needs and aspirations by the
prevailing societal apparatus integrates individuals into the estab-
lished societies. Marcuse describes what has become known as
the "technological society," in which technology restructures
labor and leisure, influencing life from the organization of labor
to modes of thought. He also describes the mechanisms through
which consumer capitalism integrates individuals into its world
of thought and behavior. Rather than seeing these developments
as beneficial to the individual, Marcuse sees them as a threat to

3Herbert Marcuse, prospectus for One-Dimensional Man, Beacon Press archives, no

date.
 INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION Xiii

human freedom and individuality in a totally administered

society.
Justifying these claims requires Marcuse to develop a critical,
philosophical perspective from which he can criticize existing
forms of thought, behavior, and social organization. Thus, One-
Dimensional Man is also Marcuse's major philosophical work,
articulating his Hegelian-Marxian concept of philosophy and
critique of dominant philosophical and intellectual currents:
positivism, analytic philosophy, technological rationality, and a
variety of modes of conformist thinking. In this text, he both
explicates his conception of dialectical philosophy and produces
analyses of society and culture which exemplify his dialectical
categories and method. Consequently, One-Dimensional Man pres-
ents a model both of Marcuse's critical social theory and of his
critical philosophy inspired by his philosophical studies and his
work with the Frankfurt School.'

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL AND

ONE-DIMENSIONAL MAN
During the 1920s and early 1930s Marcuse studied with Martin
Heidegger in Freiburg, Germany and intensely appropriated the
works of Hegel, Marx, phenomenology, existentialism, German
idealism, and the classics of the Western philosophical tradition.
While he later broke with Heidegger after the rise of National
Socialism in Germany and Heidegger's affiliation with the Nazi
party, he was influenced by Heidegger's critique of Western
philosophy and his attempts to develop a new philosophy. He
followed Heidegger and existentialism in seeking to deal with
the concrete problems of the existing individual and was
On the Frankfurt School, see Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination (Boston:
Little, Brown and Company, 1973) and Douglas Kellner, Critical Theory, Marxism,
and Modernity (Cambridge and Baltimore: Polity Press and Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1989).
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