Oxford Desk Reference: Nephrology 2nd Edition

Jonathan Barratt Updated 2025

https://ebookmass.com/product/oxford-desk-reference-nephrology-2nd-
edition-jonathan-barratt/

★★★★★
4.6 out of 5.0 (22 reviews )

Instant PDF Download

ebookmass.com
 Oxford Desk Reference: Nephrology 2nd Edition Jonathan
Barratt Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Here are some recommended products for you. Click the link to
download, or explore more at ebookmass.com

The Product Manager's Desk Reference, 3rd Edition Steven

Haines

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-product-managers-desk-reference-3rd-
edition-steven-haines/

The Oxford Handbook of Jonathan Edwards (Oxford Handbooks)

Douglas A. Sweeney

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-jonathan-edwards-
oxford-handbooks-douglas-a-sweeney/

The Oxford Reference Guide to Lexical Functional Grammar

Mary Dalrymple

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-oxford-reference-guide-to-lexical-
functional-grammar-mary-dalrymple/

Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology 6th Edition John

Feehally

https://ebookmass.com/product/comprehensive-clinical-nephrology-6th-
edition-john-feehally/
Nephrology secrets 4th Edition Matthew A. Sparks (Editor)

https://ebookmass.com/product/nephrology-secrets-4th-edition-matthew-
a-sparks-editor/

Contemporary Debates in Philosophy of Mind 2nd edition

Edition Jonathan Cohen

https://ebookmass.com/product/contemporary-debates-in-philosophy-of-
mind-2nd-edition-edition-jonathan-cohen/

Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Nursing 2nd Edition Terry

Robinson

https://ebookmass.com/product/oxford-handbook-of-respiratory-
nursing-2nd-edition-terry-robinson/

Python Graphics: A Reference for Creating 2D and 3D

Images, 2e 2nd Edition Bernard Korites

https://ebookmass.com/product/python-graphics-a-reference-for-
creating-2d-and-3d-images-2e-2nd-edition-bernard-korites/

Nephrology and Hypertension Board Review Pap/Psc Edition,

(Ebook PDF)

https://ebookmass.com/product/nephrology-and-hypertension-board-
review-pap-psc-edition-ebook-pdf/
OXFORD DESK
REFERENCE
NEPHROLOGY
SECOND E D I T I O N

Edited by
Jonathan Barratt| Peter Topham | Sue Carr
Mustafa Arid | Adrian Liew

OXFORD DESK REFERENCE

OXFORD MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS

Oxford Desk Reference

Nephrology
ii

Oxford Desk Reference: Acute Medicine Oxford Desk Reference: Major Trauma
Edited by Richard Leach, Derek Bell, and Kevin Moore Edited by Jason Smith, Ian Greaves, and Keith Porter

Oxford Desk Reference: Cardiology Oxford Desk Reference: Obstetrics and

Edited by Hung-​Fat Tse, Gregory Y. Lip, and Gynaecology
Andrew J. Stewart Coats Edited by Sabaratnam Arulkumaran, Lesley Regan,
Aris Papageorghiou, Ash Monga, and David Farquharson
Oxford Desk Reference: Clinical Genetics,
Second Edition Oxford Desk Reference: Oncology
Helen V. Firth and Jane A. Hurst Edited by Thankamma V. Ajithkumar, Ann Barrett,
Helen Hatcher, and Natalie Cook
Oxford Desk Reference: Critical Care,
Second Edition Oxford Desk Reference: Respiratory Medicine
Edited by Carl Waldmann, Andrew Rhodes, Edited by Nick Maskell and Ann Millar
Neil Soni, and Jonathan Handy
Oxford Desk Reference: Rheumatology
Oxford Desk Reference: Endocrinology Edited by Richard Watts, Gavin Clunie, Frances Hall, and
Edited by Helen E. Turner, Richard Eastell, and Tarnya Marshall
Ashley Grossman
Oxford Desk Reference: Toxicology
Oxford Desk Reference: Geriatric Medicine Edited by Nicholas Bateman, Robert Jefferson,
Edited by Margot Gosney, Adam Harper, and Simon Thomas, John Thompson, and Allister Vale
Simon Conroy
Oxford Desk Reference
Nephrology
Second Edition

Edited by

Jonathan Barratt
Professor and Honorary Consultant Nephrologist, John Walls Renal Unit,
Leicester General Hospital, Leicester

Peter Topham
Consultant Nephrologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer, John Walls Renal Unit,
Leicester General Hospital, Leicester

Sue Carr
Consultant Nephrologist and Honorary Professor of Medical Education
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester

Mustafa Arici
Professor of Medicine, Department of Nephrology, Hacettepe University
Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

Adrian Liew
Senior Consultant and Director, The Kidney and Transplant Practice,
Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital, Singapore

1
iv

1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Oxford University Press 202 2020
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition Published in 2008
Second Edition Published in 202
Impression: 
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
98 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 006, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 202933373
ISBN 978–​0–​9–​87778–​2
DOI: 0.093/​med/​97809877782.00.000
Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the
drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check
the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-​to-​date
published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers
and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and
the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the
text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where
otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-​pregnant
adult who is not breast-​feeding
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
 v

Preface

All clinicians will encounter patients with kidney disease in their routine clinical prac-
tice. Care of the patient with kidney disease is increasingly multidisciplinary and
multiprofessional. This Oxford Desk Reference (ODR) is written for clinicians who need
easy to access information on the diagnosis, investigation, and treatment of patients
with kidney disease. The ODR is presented in a way that is easy to read and digest,
but detailed enough to allow an in depth understanding of the complex mix of meta-
bolic, immunological, and genetic causes of both acute and chronic kidney disease. The
kidneys are rarely affected by disease in isolation and we comprehensively cover the
multisystem disorders that require a multidisciplinary approach. In parallel, it extensively
describes the myriad multi-​system complications of progressive chronic kidney disease,
with practical advice on how these should be investigated and managed. As specialists
in adult nephrology, we recognize the importance of understanding the evolution of
kidney disease in children and young adults. We also acknowledge that in many parts of
the world there is no distinction between adult and paediatric nephrology; therefore,
it is important that all nephrologists have a sound grasp of both paediatric and adult
kidney diseases. The number of patients with advanced kidney disease who are treated
with a kidney transplant or who receive dialysis is increasing in all parts of the world. All
doctors will encounter patients on dialysis or who have a kidney transplant; thus, we dis-
cuss these treatments and the commonly encountered medical problems such patients
experience in a way that is both accessible to the non-​nephrologist and comprehensive
for the specialist. Welcome to the world of nephrology.
 vii

Acknowledgements

The editors thank their families, all of the authors, and Oxford University Press for
their help and support during the preparation of this second edition. It is a pleasure and
privilege to care for patients with kidney disease, many of whom have helped shape the
physicians we have become over our careers. Kidney disease is multifaceted, complex,
and impacts on every other organ system of the body. We hope this book delivers an
easily accessible entry into the fascinating world of the nephrology.
 ix

Brief contents

Detailed contents xi
Contributors xv
Abbreviations xxiii

 General considerations in patients with

renal disease 1

2 Hypertension 43

3 Fluid and electrolyte disorders 62

4 Glomerular disease 104

5 Tubular and interstitial disease 140

6 The kidney in systemic disease 185

7 Diabetes and the kidney 285

8 Infection and the kidney 298

9 Inherited renal disease 339

0 Pregnancy and the kidney 402

 The child with kidney disease 433

2 Acute kidney injury (AKI) 490

3 Chronic kidney disease (CKD) 526

4 Management of advanced chronic kidney

disease (CKD) 608
x

x Brief contents

5 Renal transplantation 689

6 Urological aspects of renal disease 741

Appendices 775

Index 789
 xi

Detailed contents

Contributors xv
Abbreviations xxiii

 General considerations in 5 Tubular and interstitial

patients with renal disease  disease 40
. History and clinical examination of 5. Epidemiology of tubular and interstitial
patients with kidney disease 2 disease around the world 4
.2 Urinalysis and microscopy 9 5.2 Clinical presentation of tubular and
.3 Clinical assessment of renal function 4 interstitial disease 42
.4 Immunological investigation of renal 5.3 Isolated defects of tubular
disease 8 function 46
.5 Imaging in renal disease 2 5.4 Fanconi syndrome 50
.6 Kidney biopsy 32 5.5 Renal tubular acidosis 54
.7 Prescribing in patients with kidney 5.6 Hypokalaemic tubular disorders 59
disease 36 5.7 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 65
5.8 Allergic interstitial nephritis 69
2 Hypertension 43 5.9 Analgesic nephropathy 7
2. Clinical approach to hypertension 44 5.0 Uric acid and kidney 74
2.2 Renovascular disease 49 5. Nephrotoxic metals 77
2.3 Malignant hypertension 58 5.2 Balkan nephropathy 80
5.3 Aristolochic acid nephropathy and
3 Fluid and electrolyte other rare causes of chronic interstitial
nephritis 83
disorders 62
3. Hypo-​/​hypernatraemia: disorders of 6 The kidney in systemic
water balance 63
3.2 Hypo-​/​hyperkalaemia 70 disease 85
3.3 Hypo-​/​hypercalcaemia 76 6. Oncology drugs and the kidney 86
3.4 Hypo-​/​hyperphosphataemia 80 6.2 Electrolyte abnormalities and the
3.5 Hypo-​/​hypermagnesaemia 84 cancer patient 90
3.6 Clinical acid–​base disorders 88 6.3 Tumour lysis syndrome 94
3.7 Clinical use of diuretics 99 6.4 AKI and membranous nephropathy in
malignancy 97
4 Glomerular disease 04 6.5 Drug-​induced renal disease 200
4. Epidemiology of glomerular diseases 6.6 Amyloid and immunotactoid
around the world 05 glomerulopathy 23
4.2 Clinical presentation of glomerular 6.7 Plasma cell dyscrasias 220
disease 08 6.8 Cryoglobulinaemia 225
4.3 Minimal change disease 2 6.9 Sarcoidosis 228
4.4 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 7 6.0 Haemolytic uremic syndrome and
4.5 Membranous nephropathy 22 thrombotic thrombocytopenic
4.6 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and purpura 230
IgA vasculitis 28 6. Anti-​glomerular basement antibody
4.7 Membranoproliferative (Goodpasture’s) disease 235
glomerulonephritis 34 6.2 Systemic vasculitis 239
4.8 Acute endocapillary glomerulonephritis/​ 6.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus 250
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis 37 6.4 Scleroderma/​systemic sclerosis 256
xii

xii Detailed contents

6.5 Rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue 9.5 Inherited disorders of purine

diseases, and Sjögren’s syndrome 259 metabolism and transport 392
6.6 Sickle cell nephropathy 263 9.6 Rare syndromes with renal
6.7 Hepatorenal syndrome 267 involvement 397
6.8 Cardiorenal syndrome 273
6.9 Pigment-​induced renal disease 28 0 Pregnancy and the
kidney 402
7 Diabetes and the 0. Pre-​conception management of the
kidney 285 patient with renal disease 403
7. Epidemiology and pathology of kidney 0.2 Hypertensive disorders in
disease in diabetes 286 pregnancy 409
7.2 Clinical features of kidney disease in 0.3 Urinary tract infections in
diabetes 288 pregnancy 45
7.3 Treatment approaches in diabetic 0.4 Acute kidney injury in
kidney disease 29 pregnancy 49
7.4 Nephrology care for the patient with 0.5 Chronic kidney disease in
diabetic kidney disease 295 pregnancy 426
0.6 Renal transplantation and
8 Infection and the kidney 298 pregnancy 429
8. Epidemiology of infections and the
kidney 299  The child with kidney
8.2 Sepsis and the kidney 304 disease 433
8.3 Blood-​borne viruses and the . Renal function in the newborn
kidney 309 infant 434
8.4 Lower and upper urinary tract .2 Congenital abnormalities of the
infection in adults 33 kidney and urinary tract 436
8.5 Renal tuberculosis and other .3 Renal dysplasia 44
mycobacterial infections 32 .4 Medullary sponge kidney 444
8.6 Schistosomiasis 326 .5 Vesicoureteric reflux and reflux
8.7 Fungal infections and the kidney 330 nephropathy 446
8.8 COVID-​9 and the kidneys 335 .6 Childhood hypertension 450
.7 Urinary tract infection in
9 Inherited renal disease 339 children 455
9. Clinical approach to inherited renal .8 Renal stone disease in children 459
disease 340 .9 Acute kidney injury in infants and
9.2 Polycystic kidney disease in children 46
children 345 .0 Chronic kidney disease in
9.3 Autosomal dominant polycystic children 467
kidney disease 35 . Renal replacement therapy in
9.4 Tuberous sclerosis 358 childhood 472
9.5 von Hippel–​Lindau disease 360 .2 The transition from childhood to
9.6 Nephronophthisis 362 adult 486
9.7 Thin membrane nephropathy 368
9.8 Alport syndrome 370 2 Acute kidney injury
9.9 Nail–​patella syndrome 374 (AKI) 490
9.0 Congenital and infantile nephrotic 2. Epidemiology of acute kidney injury
syndrome 376 around the world 49
9. Fabry disease 380 2.2 Clinical approach to acute kidney
9.2 Other metabolic storage disorders injury 493
with renal involvement 384 2.3 Acute kidney injury in tropical
9.3 Cystinosis 386 countries 503
9.4 Primary hyperoxalurias 389 2.4 Acute kidney injury in the
elderly 509
 Detailed contents xiii

2.5 Renal replacement therapies in 4.8 Medical management of the dialysis

acute kidney injury 53 patient 665
2.6 Dialysis and haemoperfusion 4.9 Dietary management in kidney
treatment of acute poisoning 52 failure 676
2.7 Long-​term outcomes 4.0 Psychological aspects of treatment
following AKI 524 for renal failure 680
4. Conservative management of
3 Chronic kidney disease advanced chronic kidney disease and
end-​of-​life care 685
(CKD) 526
3. Epidemiology of chronic kidney 5 Renal transplantation 689
disease around the world 527
5. Selection and preparation of the
3.2 Clinical approach to chronic kidney
recipient 690
disease 532
5.2 Assessment of live renal
3.3 Endocrine disorders in chronic
donors 694
kidney disease 542
5.3 Transplant surgery and surgical
3.4 Sexual disorders in chronic kidney
complications 697
disease 546
5.4 Kidney pancreas
3.5 Hypertension in chronic kidney
transplantation 70
disease 548
5.5 Early management of transplant
3.6 Cardiovascular risk factors in
recipients 705
chronic kidney disease 555
5.6 Immunosuppression for renal
3.7 Gastrointestinal disorders in chronic
transplantation 70
kidney disease 56
5.7 Management of acute allograft
3.8 Liver disorders in chronic kidney
dysfunction 75
disease 565
5.8 Management of chronic allograft
3.9 Haematological disorders in chronic
dysfunction 720
kidney disease 570
5.9 Recurrent and de novo disease post
3.0 Skeletal disorders in chronic kidney
renal transplantation 727
disease 576
5.0 Long-​term medical complications of
3. β2-​Microglobulin amyloidosis in
renal transplantation 732
chronic kidney disease 58
5. Outcome of renal
3.2 Immune function in chronic kidney
transplantation 736
disease 584
3.3 Coagulation disorders in chronic
kidney disease 587 6 Urological aspects of
3.4 Dermatologic disorders in chronic renal disease 74
kidney disease 593 6. Renal stone disease 742
3.5 Neuropsychiatric disorders in 6.2 Obstruction to the urinary
chronic kidney disease 597 tract 748
3.6 Chronic kidney disease in the 6.3 Tumours of the kidney 754
elderly 602 6.4 Wilms’ tumour 759
6.5 Tumours of the renal pelvis and
4 Management of advanced ureter 763
chronic kidney disease 6.6 Tumours of the bladder 766
(CKD) 608 6.7 Tumours of the prostate 770
4. Dialysis strategies 609
4.2 Preparation for renal replacement
Appendices 775
therapy (RRT) 69 Anatomy of the kidney and nephron 776
4.3 Vascular access 622 Biochemistry conversion table 778
4.4 Haemodialysis, haemofiltration, and
haemodiafiltration 627 Calculations for acid–​base balance and
4.5 Haemodialysis at home 638 extracellular fluid volume 779
4.6 Peritoneal dialysis (PD) 644 Calculations of the glomerular
4.7 Adequacy of dialysis 656
filtration rate 780
xvi

xiv Detailed contents

Relationship of glomerular filtration rate Clinical practice guidelines and renal

with age and gender 78 registries 787
Calculations of dialysis adequacy 782 Kidney patient organizations and
Current CKD nomenclature used by advocacy groups 788
KDIGO 784
Internet resources 785 Index 789
Professional societies 786
 xv

Contributors

Reem Al Jayyousi Anne Barton

Consultant Nephrologist and Honorary Professor of Rheumatology
Senior Lecturer Centre for Musculoskeletal Research
John Walls Renal Unit The University of Manchester
Leicester General Hospital Manchester
Leicester
Linda M Barton
Jennifer H Adam Consultant Haematologist
North Cumbria Integrated Care Trust Department of Haematology
Carlisle University Hospitals of Leicester
NHS Trust
Marie-Hélène Antoine Leicester
Professor of Pharmacology
Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology Sunita Bavanandan
Faculty of Medicine Consultant Nephrologist
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Department of Nephrology
Brussels Hospital Kuala Lumpur
Belgium Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Mustafa Arici
Professor of Medicine Ricky Bell
Department of Nephrology Consultant Intensive Care and
Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine Nephrology
Ankara Renal Medicine
Turkey Leicester General Hospital
Leicester
Atul Bagul
Consultant Transplant and Endocrine Daniel G Bichet
Surgeon Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology,
Renal & Transplant and Physiology
University Hospitals of Leicester University of Montreal
Leicester Montreal
Quebec
Richard Baines Canada
Consultant Nephrologist
Leicester General Hospital Gemma Bircher
Leicester Department of Nephrology University
Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust
Richard Baker Leicester
Renal Consultant
Honorary Clinical Associate Professor Hannah Blakey
University of Leeds, Joint National Renal SpR
Clinical Lead for Governance Renal Medicine
NHSBT ODT Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham
St. James’s Hospital Birmingham
Leeds
Detlef Bockenhauer
Jonathan Barratt Professor of Paediatric Nephrology
Professor and Honorary Consultant Renal Medicine
Nephrologist University College London and Great
John Walls Renal Unit Ormond Street Hospital NHS
Leicester General Hospital Foundation Trust
Leicester London
Rashad Barsoum Edwina Brown
Emeritus Professor Faculty of Medicine
Internal Medicine Department of Immunology and
Cairo University Inflammation
Egypt Imperial College London
London
xvi

xvi Contributors

Nigel John Brunskill Chee Kay Cheung

Professor of Renal Medicine Consultant Nephrologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer
Department of Cardiovascular Department of Renal Medicine
Sciences John Walls Renal Unit
University of Leicester Leicester
Leicester
Constantina Chrysochou
Katharine Buck Consultant Nephrologist
Consultant Nephrologist Salford Royal Hospital
Queen Margaret Hospital Honorary Lecturer, Cardiovascular Sciences,
Dunfermline The School of Medical Sciences,
University of Manchester
Valérian Bunel Manchester
Experimental Nephrology Unit,
Faculty of Medicine Christian Combe
Université Libre de Bruxelles Professor of Nephrology
Brussels Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux
Belgium Service de Néphrologie
Université de Bordeaux,
Hannah Burton Unité INSERM U889
Renal Registrar and Clinical Research Training Fellow Bordeaux
Centre for Nephrology, Urology, and Transplantation,
School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences Andrew Davenport
King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital Professor of Dialysis and ICU Nephrology
Maidenhead UCL Department of Renal Medicine
Royal Free Hospital
James Burton Hampstead
Professor of Renal Medicine London
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences
University of Leicester Ritienne Debono
Leicester Resident Specialist Nephrology
Nephrology Division
Giovambattista Capasso Department of Medicine
Professor Mater Dei Hospital
Department of Translational Medical Sciences Malta
University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli
Naples Christopher Denton
Italy Professor of Experimental Rheumatology
Division of Medicine
J. Stewart Cameron Royal Free Hospital and University College
Emeritus Professor of Renal Medicine London
Nephrology and Transplantation
Kings College London Stalin Dharmayan
London Transplant Surgery
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Giovambattista Capasso Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Professor of Nephrology USA
Department of Internal Medicine
Second University of Naples Haresh Dodeja
Naples Clinical Coordinator
Italy Renal Sciences
Fortis Hospital, Mulund
Fernando Caravaca-​Fontan Mumbai
Nephrology Maharashtra
Hospital Universitario 2 de Octubre India
Madrid
Spain Anthony Dorling
Professor of Transplant Inflammation and Repair and
Sue Carr Honorary Consultant Nephrologist
Consultant Nephrologist and Honorary Professor of Centre for Nephrology, Urology, and Transplantation,
Medical Education School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust King’s College London
Leicester London
Janice Chan Harriet Douthwaite
Senior Pharmacist Renal Registrar and Clinical Research Training Fellow
Pharmacy Centre for Nephrology, Urology, and Transplantation,
Tan Tock Seng Hospital School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences
Singapore King’s College London and NIHR Biomedical Research
Centre, Transplant Theme
London
 Contributors xvii

Christopher Dudley Leyshon Griffiths

Consultant Renal Physician Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Urological
Richard Bright Renal Unit Surgeon
North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Hospital Urology Section
Bristol Department of Cancer Studies & Molecular Medicine
University of Leicester Clinical Sciences Unit
Francesco Emma Leicester General Hospital
Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu Leicester
Italià
Pankaj Gupta
Lynette Fairbanks Honorary Associate Professor
Consultant Clinical Scientist Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic
Purine Research Laboratory at St Thomas’ Hospital Medicine and Department of Cardiovascular
Viapath Medicine
London University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and
John Feehally University of Leicester
Professor of Renal Medicine Leicester
The John Walls Renal Unit Jenny Hainsworth
University Hospitals of Leicester Psychologist
Leicester Medical Psychology
Martyn Fredlund Leicester General Hospital and Leicestershire
Nephrology Specialist Registrar Partnership NHS Trust
Department of Renal Medicine Leicester
Southmead Hospital Andrew Hall
Bristol Clinical Research Fellow
Trevor Friedman Centre for Nephrology
Consultant Psychiatrist Royal Free and University College Medical School
Spire Leicester Hospital London
Leicester Matthew Hall
Daniel Gale Consultant Nephrologist
Professor of Nephrology Nottingham Renal and Transplant Centre
Department of Renal Medicine Nottingham University Hospitals
University College London Nottingham
London Lorraine Harper
Mamta Garg Professor of Nephrology
Consultant Haematologist Institute of Applied Health Research
Department of Haematology College of Medical and Dental Science
Leicester Royal Infirmary University of Birmingham
Leicester Birmingham

Julian Gillmore Kevin Harris

Professor of Medicine and Honorary Consultant Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs
Nephrologist College of Life Sciences
National Amyloidosis Centre, Division of Medicine University of Leicester
University College London Leicester
London Wesley Hayes
Su Mein Goh Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist
Tan Tock Seng Hospital Department of Nephrology
Singapore Great Ormond Street Hospital
London
Ester Gonzàlez
Nephrologist Richard Holt
Nephrology Department Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist
University Hospital 2 de Octubre Department of Paediatric Nephrology
Madrid Alder Hey Children’s Hospital
Spain Liverpool

Matthew Graham-​Brown Shaymaa Hosni

NIHR Academic Clinical Lecturer Department of Nephrology, University Hospitals of
Department of Cardiovascular Sciences Leicester NHS Trust
University of Leicester Leicester
Leicester
xvii

xviii Contributors

Osasuyi Iyasere Robert Kleta

Consultant Nephrologist Professor of Nephrology
John Walls Renal Unit Centre for Nephrology
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust Royal Free and University College Medical School
Leicester London
Benjamin Jackson Ellen Knox
Consultant Urological Surgeon Department of Obstetrics Birmingham Women’s
Department of Urology Hospital
Leicester General Hospital Birmingham
Leicester
Roger Kockelbergh
Kalpa Jayanatha Consultant Urologist
Consultant Nephrologist Urology
Department of Renal Medicine University Hospitals of Leicester
Middlemore Hospital Leicester
Counties Manukau District Health Board
Auckland George Kosmadakis
New Zealand Nephrologist
Department of Nephrology and Dialysis
David Jayne Aura Sante
Professor of Medicine France
University of Cambridge
Cambridge Andy Lewington
Consultant Renal Physician/Honorary Clinical Associate
Jorge A. Jesus-Silva Professor
Consultant Associate Medical Director LTHT
Nephrology Renal Department
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust St. James’s University Hospital
Leicester Leeds
Vivekanand Jha Adrian Liew
Executive Director and Chair of Global Kidney Health Senior Consultant and Director
School of Public Health The Kidney and Transplant Practice
George Institute for Global Health India and Imperial College Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital
London Singapore
Graham Johnston Soo Kun Lim
Consultant Dermatologist and Honorary Associate Consultant Nephrologist, Associate Professor
Professor Renal Division, Department of Medicine
Department of Dermatology University of Malaya
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust Kuala Lumpur
Leicester Malaysia
Philip A Kalra Graham Lipkin
Professor of Nephrology Department of Renal Medicine
Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
University of Manchester Birmingham
Manchester
Iain MacDougall
Manish Kaushik Consultant Nephrologist and Professor of Clinical
Senior Consultant Nephrology
Renal Medicine Department of Renal Medicine
Singapore General Hospital King’s College Hospital
Singapore London
David Kavanagh Robert Mactier
Professor of Complement Therapeutics Consultant Nephrologist
National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre Renal Unit
Newcastle University NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde
Newcastle upon Tyne Glasgow
Kunaal Kharbanda Webster Madira
Consultant Nephrologist Consultant Chemical Pathologist
Department of Renal Medicine Leicester Royal Infirmary
Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust Leicester
Brighton
 Contributors xix

Rupert Major Albert Ong

Academic Clinical Lecturer Professor of Renal Medicine
Health Sciences Academic Nephrology Unit, Infection Immunity and
University of Leicester Cardiovascular Disease
Leicester University of Sheffield
Sheffield
Shafi Malik
Consultant Transplant Nephrologist Louise Oni
Renal and Transplant Senior Lecturer in Paediatric Nephrology
University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire Department of Women’s and Children’s Health
Coventry Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences
Liverpool
Anthony Marinaki
Consultant Clinical Scientist Boavojuvie Oseya
Purine Research Laboratory at St Thomas’ Hospital Consultant Nephrologist
Viapath Nephrology
London Northampton General Hospital
Leicester
Stephen D Marks
Reader and Consultant Prashanth Patel
Paediatric Nephrology Consultant
UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Metabolic Diseases and Chemical Pathology
London University Hospitals of Leicester
Leicester
Tony Marinaki
Consultant Clinical Scientist Sue Pavord
Purine Research Laboratory Consultant Haematologist Director of Haematology
St Thomas’ Hospital Laboratories
London Lead Clinician for Immunohaematology and
Obstetric Haematology
Simon Maxwell Oxford University Hospitals NHS FT
Senior Lecturer in Clinical Pharmacology Oxford
Medical Education Centre
Western General Hospital Jennifer Pinney
Edinburgh Consultant Nephrologist
Renal Department
Goh Su Mein University Hospital Birmingham
Senior Consultant Birmingham
Department of Renal Medicine
Tan Tock Seng Hospital Liam Plant
Singapore Clinical Professor in Renal Medicine
Department of Renal Medicine
John K Mellon Cork University Hospital and University College Cork
Consultant Urological Surgeon and Head of Service Cork
Department of Urology Ireland
Leicester General Hospital
Leicester Lucy Plumb
Doctoral Research Fellow
Sandip Mitra Population Health Sciences
Professor University of Bristol Medical School
Renal Medicine Bristol
Manchester Academy of Health Sciences Centre,
Manchester University Hospitals Manuel Praga
Manchester Nephrology
Hospital 2 de Octubre
Michael Nicholson Madrid
Professor of Transplant Surgery Spain
Department of Transplant Surgery
Leicester General Hospital Faizanur Rahman
Leicester Consultant Metabolic Medicine and Chemical Pathology
Metabolic Diseases and Chemical Pathology
Joëlle L Nortier University Hospitals of Leicester
Head of the Dialysis Clinic Leicester
Nephrology
Erasme University Hospital, Université libre Rameez Rahman
de Bruxelles Speciality Registrar (CT3)
Brussels Anaesthesia
Belgium Yorkshire and Humber Deanery
Leeds
x

xx Contributors

Yvonne Rees Neil Sheerin

Consultant Radiologist Professor of Nephrology
Department of Radiology Translational and Clinical Research Institute
Leicester General Hospital Newcastle University
Leicester Newcastle upon Tyne
Helen Riddleston Kate Smith-Jackson
Specialty Doctor MRC Clinical Research Fellow
Department of Nephrology Translational and Clinical Research Institute
University Hospitals of Leicester Faculty of Medical Sciences
Leicester Newcastle University
Newcastle
Michael Sagmeister
Specialist Registrar in Nephrology Neveen A. Soliman
Department of Renal Medicine Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham Faculty of Medicine
Birmingham Kasr Al Ainy School of Medicine
Cairo University
Alan D Salama Egypt
Professor of Nephrology and Nephrology Consultant
Department of Renal Medicine Adrian Stanley
University College London Consultant Physician and Clinical Pharmacologist
London Leicester Royal Infirmary
Leicester
Moin Saleem
Professor of Paediatric Renal Medicine Edward Stern
Bristol Medical School St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
University of Bristol London
Bristol
Mark Thomas
Andrew Salmon Consultant Nephrologist
Renal Consultant Renal Medicine
Renal Service University Hospitals Birmingham
Waitemata DHB Birmingham
Takapuna
Auckland Charles Tomson
New Zealand Consultant Nephrologist
Renal Medicine
Nadia Sarween Newcastle upon Tyne University Hospitals
Cairo University NHS Trust
Egypt Newcastle upon Tyne
John Schollum Peter Topham
Consultant Nephrologist Southern District Health Board Consultant Nephrologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer
Senior Clinic Lecturer John Walls Renal Unit
University of Otago Leicester General Hospital
Dunedin Leicester
New Zealand
Kjell Tullus
Matthew Scorer Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist
Consultant Dermatologist Department of Nephrology
Department of Dermatology Great Ormond Street Hospital
University Hospitals of Leicester London
Leicester
A Neil Turner
Adrienne Seitz Professor of Nephrology
Renal Medicine Centre for Inflammation
St James’s University Hospital University of Edinburgh
Leeds Edinburgh
Edward Sharples Robert Unwin
Consultant Nephrology and Transplant Medicine Professor Emeritus
Oxford Kidney Unit Renal Medicine
Oxford University College London
London
 Contributors xxi

William Van’t Hoff Graham Woodrow

Consultant Paediatric Nephrologist Consultant Renal Physician and Honorary Clinical
Department of Nephrology Associate Professor
Great Ormond Street Hospital Renal Medicine
London St James’s University Hospital
Leeds
Diana Vassallo
Resident Specialist Nephrology G Xu
Department of Medicine University Hospitals of Leicester
Mater Dei Hospital NHS Trust
Malta Leicester
Stephen Walsh Rosnawati Yahya
Clinical Research Fellow Doctor
Centre for Nephrology Department of Nephrology
Royal Free and University College Medical School Kuala Lumpur Hospital
London Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Graham Warwick
Consultant Nephrologist See Cheng Yeo
John Walls Renal Unit Head and Senior Consultant
Leicester General Hospital Department of Renal Medicine
Leicester Tan Tock Seng Hospital
Singapore
Amy Webster
Consultant Haematologist Janak R de Zoysa
Clinical Haematology Consultant Nephrologist and Senior Lecturer in
University Hospitals of Leicester Medicine
Leicester Renal Service
North Shore Hospital
Stanley White Auckland
Senior Lecturer New Zealand
Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology
University of Leeds
Leeds
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 International Relations - Problem Set
Third 2024 - School

Prepared by: Researcher Brown

Date: July 28, 2025

Topic 1: Critical analysis and evaluation

Learning Objective 1: Experimental procedures and results
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 5: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 2: Fundamental concepts and principles
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 16: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Chapter 3: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 24: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Background 4: Ethical considerations and implications
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 31: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 34: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 36: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Exercise 5: Case studies and real-world applications
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 43: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 48: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 6: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 50: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 52: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 53: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookmasss.com