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Speculative Imperialisms Monstrosity and Masquerade in
Postracial Times Susana Loza Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Susana Loza
ISBN(s): 9781498507967, 1498507964
Edition: Hardcover
File Details: PDF, 4.42 MB
Year: 2017
Language: english
Speculative Imperialisms
Speculative Imperialisms
Monstrosity and Masquerade in
Postracial Times

Susana Loza

LEXINGTON BOOKS
Lanham • Boulder • New York • London
Published by Lexington Books
An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.rowman.com

Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB

Copyright © 2018 by Lexington Books

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available

ISBN 978-1-4985-0796-7 (cloth: alk. paper)

ISBN 978-1-4985-0797-4 (electronic)

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of

American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America

In memory of my beloved brother,
Antonio Loza Jr.
(1975–2014)
 Contents

Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1

1 Playing Alien in Postracial Times 25

2 Colonial Cosplay: Steampunk and the After-Life of Empire 47
3 Imperial Fictions, Postracial Fantasies: Doctor Who in the
Age of Neoliberal Multiculturalism 81
4 M
 onkeys, Monsters, and Minstrels in Rise and Dawn of the
Planet of The Apes 109

Afterword: Trumpacolypse Now, Decolonized Tomorrows 145

Bibliography 153
Index 183
About the Author 193

vii
 Acknowledgments

This book has been my companion for five years. It is just a few months
younger than my child. They gestated together. They brought wonder and
chaos into my world. And when my brother died three years ago, they kept
me moving forward. They gave me purpose.
I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to many people for their generosity
and assistance. First and foremost, my parents for their unstinting support of
what they viewed as a skeptical enterprise. Without their endless hours of
childcare, I would never have had the time to conceive, research, and write
this book.
Writing and research can be tremendously lonely activities. The support I
received from friends and colleagues ensured that I never felt alone as I was
working on this book. Thank you Michele for providing beer, encouraging
dancing, and talking through my inchoate ideas. Your emotional, physical,
and intellectual sustenance was essential to the completion of this project.
Thank you Alicia and DHM for abetting my rants about Planet of the Apes,
for debating Doctor Who, for unpacking District 9, for always having faith
in my writing and me. Thank you Katherine for inviting me to present my
work, for your invaluable feedback, and for commiserating about how to
balance life and work without cloning oneself. Thank you Sonya for sharing
your sharp SF insights and always pushing my analysis. Thank you Tom for
being as obsessed with SF as I am and always responding with just the right
gif. Thank you Dawn for being the loveliest friend, sweetest booster, and
fiercest thinker. Thank you Caren and Tim former mentors turned friends, for
championing my writing and me. Thank you Marina and Diem-My for taking
a chance on “Playing Alien.” Thank you Wilson, Tina, Chris, and Jennifer
for insisting that we are scholars. Thank you to Uditi, Mei-Ann, Djola, Omar,

ix
x Acknowledgments

Branwen, Constance, and kara for reminding me that we are always more
than our work. We are laughter, joy, poetry, and dance.
I have been fortunate to have the opportunity to present much of this re-
search at academic conferences. I thank the organizers of those conferences
and the audience members of the panels that I presented on. I am deeply
appreciative of the grants that I received from Hampshire College that made
it possible for me to conduct and present this research. Last but not least, I
want to thank my students. Teaching has given me the opportunity to flesh
out the ideas in this book. I am extremely appreciative of their willingness to
grapple with difficult subject matter. While the ideas in this book have infil-
trated many of the courses I’ve taught over the past five years, the students
in Alien/Freak/Monster, The Postracial State, and Deviant Bodies have indel-
ibly shaped and refined it. Thank you.
 Introduction

Speculative Imperialisms
Monstrosity and Masquerade in
Postracial Times

While race itself remains a scientific fiction, one as potent as the white
supremacist Victorian fantasies that produced and once sustained it, no-
tions of race continue to inscribe artifacts of popular culture and perhaps
no where as deeply as science fiction and fantasy, where it often assumes
the guise of allegory and metaphor by which race is disguised as some-
thing else.
—John G. Russell, “Don’t It Make My Black Face Blue:
Race, Avatars, Albescence and the Transnational Imaginary”

Science fiction is less a genre—a body of writing from which one can expect
specific tropes and plot elements1—than a discursive style and speculative
mode.2 Fabulist fictions imagine pasts that never were and futures that might
be. In Framing Monsters: Fantasy Film and Social Alienation, Joshua David
Bellin suggests that what makes speculative narratives such a rich terrain of
study is that they simultaneously reveal how societal fantasies are shaped
by their social contexts and how “they are constructive of their social con-
texts: that they both produce and reproduce social discourse and practice.”3
Speculative Imperialisms: Monstrosity and Masquerade in Postracial Times
is an inquiry into the (settler) colonial ideologies underpinning the monstrous
imaginings of contemporary popular culture in Britain and the United States.4
It engages with both classic colonialism (which aims to exploit natural and
human resources for the benefit of the metropole) and settler colonialism
(whose objective is the acquisition of land so that colonists can settle perma-
nently and form their own communities).5 My case studies—District 9 (2009),
Avatar (2009), the Ood episodes of the second series of Doctor Who (2005–),
the recent prequels to Planet of the Apes (Rise [2011] and Dawn [2014]), and
steampunk culture—illuminate the durability of (settler) colonialism through

1
2 Introduction

an examination of two linked yet distinct forms of racial mimicry: monster-

ization and minstrelsy. I contemplate the radical and reactionary potential of
mimicry, how it can operate as a strategy of the disempowered and a tech-
nology of white supremacist control. I elucidate how such masquerades can
be co-opted for conservative neocolonial, neoliberal, and postracial political
agendas.6 Finally, I contemplate how mimicry can promote the racial stereo-
types it would dismantle.7
This study focuses on science fiction, horror, and fantasy—speculative
genres that rely upon racialized metaphors of difference, otherness, and mon-
strosity. Throughout the text, I utilize the shorthand SF to indicate narratives
and spaces that embody such a speculative perspective.8 My analysis samples
and remixes the voices of scholars, fans, and critics to illustrate the ubiquity
and intractability of (settler) colonialism in SF. The discursive properties of
Speculative Imperialisms—its generous use of quotation, its repurposing of
Others’ words, its juxtaposition of high theory and popular commentary, its
polyphony of voices from disparate cultural and social locations, its sharp
humor and passionate polemics—are designed to provoke new insights and
recognitions about the relationship of monstrosity to mimicry and colonialism
to contemporary SF.9

OF MONSTERS AND MINSTRELS

The European has only been able to become a man through creating slaves
and monsters.
—Jean-Paul Sartre, Preface to Frantz Fanon’s Wretched of the Earth

In his introduction to The Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and

Monster Studies, Asa Simon Mittman posits that monsters challenge and
question societal assumptions: “they trouble, they worry, they haunt.”10
Monsters expose how a culture defines itself, how it delimits its racial and
sexual boundaries; “what it respects and desires is revealed in these portraits
of scorn and disgust.”11 Or, to put it another way, “monsters are meaning
machines.”12 The West has long utilized the monster as a figure to draw lines
“between ‘evil beings’ and ‘moral beings,’ between persons and nonpersons,
human beings qua citizens and those who cannot be citizens because they are
‘not human like us.’”13 Monstrosity is a crucial regulatory construct of mo-
dernity,14 an essential cog in the machinery of (settler) colonialism. Questions
of civilizational development and cultural adaptability have always “haunted
its figuration.”15 Seeing monstrosity as a technology, a vehicle by which race
is made, helps us understand why the West is so consumed with this liminal
 Speculative Imperialisms 3

figure.16 Since SF film, television, and fandom are prolific purveyors of

monsters and monstrosities, it is vital that we scrutinize them carefully. For,
as Adilifu Nama insists in Black Space: Imagining Race in Science Fiction
Film, “Just beneath the special effects, monster make-up, and futuristic narra-
tives churn and bubble repressed racial conflicts, mythologies, desires, sexual
impulses, wishes, and fears.”17
Speculative Imperialisms grapples with the anxieties that monsters pro-
voke and symbolize. It considers how racialized monsters simultaneously
threaten and uphold the sanctity of whiteness, serving as a deviant category
or marginal extreme through which the limits of normal, natural, white hu-
manity are defined and secured.18 It asks: Does the ambiguity of the monster,
its proximity to (white) humanity, challenge or reify the hierarchical binary
dualisms of the West?19 The possibility that the racialized monster will breach
the border between human and non-human is the plot of countless contagion
narratives. The horror of racial adulteration manifested in such narratives
arise from—and exacerbate—the (settler) colonial subject’s fear of miscege-
nation, pollution, and the collapse of the boundary between Self and Other.
The terror of contamination is less about biomedical pragmatism than the af-
fective “result of epistemological, cosmological categories being violated.”20
The fact that enslaved aliens (Doctor Who), extraterrestrial refugees (District
9), and genetically altered apes (Rise and Dawn) are the accidental agents
of apocalypse in these narratives suggest that it is the body and presence of
the colonized Other that is the ultimate threat.21 But, these imperialist fic-
tions are not unique. As Robert Booth carefully documents in “Organisms
and Human Bodies as Contagions in the Post-Apocalyptic State,” foreign
matter and foreign bodies are frequently the “spark that ignites apocalyptic
destruction.”22 Speculative Imperialisms explores the continued conflation of
infection, infestation, and racial Otherness in popular SF narratives via the
body of the monster.
Speculative Imperialisms also contemplates the pivotal role that racial mas-
querade plays in SF narratives. Racial impersonation is an embodied form
of representation intimately and irrevocably bound up with corporeality.23
Like monstrosity, it is a primary technology through which race is produced
and white supremacy maintained. Numerous theorists have documented how
cross-racial performance helped convert sojourners into settlers and immi-
grants into whites.24 In a settler colonial state like the United States, whiteness
is an imperial fiction that takes material shape by contrasting itself against the
figure of the Black Slave, the Red Savage, and the Yellow Peril. Each figure
is connected to a distinct form of racial performance with specific functions.
Blackface minstrelsy guarantees the slaveability of the African. Thus, as po-
litical scientist Michael Rogin once asserted: “Blackface, whatever desire lay
4 Introduction

buried in the form, assaulted the people through whose mouths it claimed to
speak.”25 Playing Indian, on the other hand, erases the native and fixes him or
her in the past. It conflates an “urge to idealize and desire Indians and a need
to despise and dispossess them.”26 Yellowface conjures the subservient yet
treacherous Oriental Other, those that reside within and beyond the boundar-
ies of the nation. It provides a matrix through which to exclude the foreign,
indeed as a way to signify foreignness itself.27 Speculative Imperialisms ex-
amines how these racial technologies—separately and in tandem—operate in
the realm of SF to consolidate whiteness and sustain its supremacy.
As myriad critical race scholars aver, whiteness is not a biological reality
but a sociohistorical construct.28 It is constantly made and remade through
its participation in unequal social relations. It secures its influence in “dif-
ferent ways through different sites—all of which nonetheless, secures its
hegemony in a highly racialized global system.”29 Whiteness maintains its
power through its invisibility: “to be white is not to be of a race, it is just to be
‘human,’ ‘a person,’ ‘an individual.’” 30 Whiteness is “simultaneously a prac-
tice, a social space, a subjectivity, a spectacle, an erasure, an epistemology, a
strategy, a historical formation, a technology, and a tactic.”31 It is a coloniz-
ing way of life.32 Whiteness defines the ideological terrain on which race is
constructed, deployed, and debated.33 It dictates the “very terms in which its
own ascendancy is understood and might be challenged.”34 In all of its mani-
festations, whiteness is “unified through privilege and the power to name, to
represent, and to create opportunity and to deny access.”35 Inherent in notions
of whiteness are also notions of “innocence” that suggest that “White rule is
not merely the result of outside imposition by force; rather, it is a natural con-
sequence of racial, moral, and biological superiority of Whiteness itself.”36
In order to preserve its dominion, whiteness has always had to exhibit some
flexibility. Like late capital, white domination works with “scope, not scales,
of influence, especially in times of crisis. It must accommodate subjects pre-
viously marked as Other in order to preserve its group power.”37
In The Racial Contract, political philosopher Charles Mills declares that
misunderstanding, misrepresentation, evasion, and self-deception on matters
related to race are central to whiteness. They are the foundations of the “cog-
nitive and moral economy psychically required for conquest, colonization,
and enslavement.”38 And, these mental phenomena are in no way accidental,
but essential to establishing and maintaining the supremacy of the white pol-
ity.39 This requires that

[Whites] live in an invented delusional world, a racial fantasyland, a “consen-

sual hallucination,” to quote William Gibson’s famous characterization of cy-
berspace, though this particular hallucination is located in real space. There will
be white mythologies, invented Orients, invented Africas, with a correspond-
 Speculative Imperialisms 5

ingly fabricated population, countries that never were, inhabited by people who
never were—Calibans and Tontos, Man Fridays and Sambos—but who attain a
virtual reality through their existence in travelers’ tales, folk myth, popular and
highbrow fiction, colonial reports, scholarly theory, Hollywood cinema, living
in the white imagination and determinedly imposed on their alarmed real-life
counterparts.40

Whiteness is maintained by a steady supply of imperialist imagery.41 The ra-

cialized monsters and minstrels of SF cinema, television, and fandom feed its
appetite but never satiate it. The endless repetition of the same (settler) colonial
fantasies unmasks the inherent instability of whiteness. It betrays the fact that
“all white performances are simulacra, falsely stabilized by master narratives
that themselves are suspect.”42 Whiteness is a fractured construct in need of
constant upkeep. By focusing on these cracks and fissures in its foundation, by
questioning its racial performances and proclivities, we can begin dismantling
whiteness as the norm.43 We can dislodge whiteness from its position of power
and undercut the authority with which it speaks and acts on the world.44
As Esther Godfrey stresses in “‘To Be Real’: Drag, Minstrelsy and Identity
in the New Millennium,” even the most problematic racial masquerade serves
“dual purposes—dismantling stereotypical notions of racial identity while
recreating and reaffirming them in the process.”45 Racial impersonation re-
veals that race is not a coherent ontological category but rather a “performed
system of affiliation and exclusion that is constantly reinvented.”46 Minstrelsy
thus always functions as a form of double address that simultaneously speaks
“to the dupe who sees mimesis and the witness who sees drag.”47 But, before
I delve any further into how racial masquerade troubles whiteness while
reifying it, how its caricatures and stereotypes function as “makers of social
boundaries and devices of domination,”48 how monsters and minstrels nor-
malize and routinize racial dominance, how imperial relations are encoded
and replicated in SF, I must clarify the relationship between white suprema-
cist (settler) colonialism, anti-blackness, indigenous erasure, and monsteriza-
tion of the Racial Other.

THE SINCERE FICTIONS OF WHITE

SUPREMACIST (SETTLER) COLONIALISM

Whiteness has been constructed and defended as a rigidly exclusive cate-

gory precisely because it is not a descriptor of national origin but a marker
of entitlement to colonial power, privilege and property.
—Natsu Taylor Saito, “Race and Decolonization: Whiteness as
Property in the American Settler Colonial Project”
6 Introduction

White supremacist (settler) colonialism initially emerged out of the West-

ern imperialist drive to accumulate wealth and land.49 European nations
justified their (settler) colonial desires by claiming that they were bringing
“civilization” and “democracy” to the darker nations of the world. The equa-
tion of “progress” with European civilization concealed the catastrophic con-
sequences of racial capitalism.50 The actual reality was—and is—barbaric,
bloody, oppressive, and genocidal for those colonized.51 The social construct
of race emerged out of Western imperialism and its methodical oppression
of the colonized. Racial oppression involves acts of sexual violence, terror-
ism, extermination, conquest, enslavement, economic exploitation, subjuga-
tion, and exclusion.52 Racial oppression encompasses—but is not limited
to—organized and systematic efforts to inhibit and obstruct the development
of human potential; blocking access to the alimentation necessary for hu-
man growth; cutting off educational and employment opportunities; denying
people living wages; and diluting people’s votes, silencing their voices, and
rendering them politically powerless.53
From its inception, European imperialism has utilized what Joe Feagin
calls “the white racial frame” to rationalize its oppression of people of color.
The white racial frame provides important understandings, images, narratives,
emotions, and operational norms that protect and shape the West’s inegalitar-
ian structure of resources and hierarchy of power.54 A critical part of the domi-
nant framing of white imperial conquest of people of color—for example, kill-
ing off countless indigenous populations, enslaving millions of Africans, and
subjugating the Indian subcontinent—has included much collective forgetting
and mythmaking in regard to these gruesome historical realities. Centuries of
Western domination have been scrubbed from public consciousness or been
falsely mythologized.55 Until the eruption of decolonial struggles in the 1940s,
most whites in the United States and Europe openly and aggressively espoused
this white supremacist (settler) colonial worldview.56 Led by elites, whites
“took pride in forthrightly professing their racist perspectives on other peoples
and their racist rationalizations for Western imperialistic adventures. Brutal
discrimination and overt exploitation were routinely advocated.”57 Indeed,
white domination of the globe was “seen as proof of white racial superior-
ity.”58 The (settler) colonial racial frame has persisted for several centuries
because it validates, and is constantly validated by, the West’s immoral ac-
cumulation of social, economic, and political resources.59
The (settler) colonial white racial frame is supple and takes many shapes.
However, at its core, white racism is meant to justify the destruction of hu-
man talents, energies, and resources of targeted racial groups.60 To absolve
itself for its imperial sins and excesses, the West has crafted “sincere fic-
tions.” According to the authors of White Racism: The Basics, sincere fic-
tions are misconceptions and myths about people of color and about whites
 Speculative Imperialisms 7

themselves; these fictions provide the foundation for white dominance and
supremacy.61 The sincere fictions of whites are composed of positive images
and beliefs about their own group and negative ones about people of color.
In these fictions, whites depict themselves as “not racist,” as “good people,”
even as they think and act as officiants, acolytes, or passive participants in
(settler) colonial white supremacy.62
Anti-black racism has been a staple of these sincere fictions for centuries.
The white tendency to view people of African descent as deviant, threatening,
and monstrous can be traced as far back as the 1400s. Since then, “Europeans
have projected their ignorance and fears onto the blackness of Africans, creat-
ing in the other a distorted image of themselves.”63 These negative views of
African peoples preceded European colonization of the continent but devel-
oped into a comprehensive racial ideology in the 1700s. These anti-African
images, born of European ignorance, were imported by the North American
colonies and used to justify the subjugation and enslavement of Africans. By
the early 1600s, white theologians and political leaders had devised a host
of racist theories that purportedly proved the biological, mental, moral, and
aesthetic inferiority of Africans.64 White settlers even denounced the dark skin
color of African slaves as ugly. By the 1700s, the racist defenders of slavery
were routinely portraying Africans as an inferior species, subhuman and ape-
like. Meanwhile in Europe, Africans were being depicted as intellectually
and sexually primitive. By the 1800s, the African and African American had
come to symbolize depravity and deviance, the very antithesis of European
mores and beauty. The abolition of slavery did not destroy whites’ sincere
fictions about black moral and intellectual inferiority. In fact, such anti-black
misconceptions and myths were fundamental to maintaining racial apartheid
in white settler colonial states like the United States and South Africa. Today,
this entrenched white mythology continues to churn out anti-black stereotypes,
ideas, and images. Contemporary social science research testifies to the tragic
ubiquity of these racial fictions and the concomitant belief that blacks are in-
herently violent, criminal, unintelligent, lazy, and hypersexual.65 Born during
the era of slavery, blackface minstrelsy has been a reliable source for such de-
meaning stereotypes. The ubiquity of racist theme parties on American college
campuses testifies to the robustness of blackface minstrelsy and the enduring
allure of anti-black representations.66 As will become clear in later chapters
of Speculative Imperialisms, blackface minstrelsy and the monsterization of
blacks are inextricably linked in the white supremacist imagination.
Another sincere fiction of white supremacist (settler) colonialism is that
natives are backward savages that deserve to be supplanted if not wholly
eliminated. Settlers see indigenous peoples as obstacles to overcome.67 As
Mahmood Mamdani reminds us, “Settlers are made by conquest, not immi-
gration.”68 Settler colonization is “at base a winner-take-all project whose
8 Introduction

dominant feature is not exploitation but replacement.”69 Settler colonial

narratives move “forward along a story line that cannot be turned back.”70
The settlers’ fantasy of “establishing a new, superior, and more civilized
society undergirds their claims to legitimacy and justifies their assertion of
sovereign prerogative.”71 Settlers do not assimilate into indigenous cultures,
which they view as primitive and inferior. Settlers found white ethnostates
over which they wield complete control. This includes “determining who
would be allowed to remain within the boundaries claimed by the settlers,
who could enter from without those boundaries, which peoples would be
accorded particular civil or political rights, and the extent to which settler
privilege would be promoted and protected by the state.”72 In the United
States, the unequal relations between settler and native are enshrined in the
American legal system. Throughout the world, indigenous peoples’ lands
remain occupied and the racialized hierarchy established by white settlers
persists.73 The invasion never ended. Settlers continue to enact rites of
conquest to confirm and extend their dominion over native communities.74
Playing Indian has been essential to the perpetuation of asymmetrical rela-
tions of power.75 Just as whites used blackface minstrelsy to craft self-serv-
ing images of Africans as animalistic beings in need of subjugation, they
have utilized playing Indian to create images of natives as savages in need
of elimination. Playing Indian depends upon the physical and psychologi-
cal removal of real Indians. It does not signify love and identification with
the native Other but a rather more genocidal settler colonial phenomenon:
“Indian hating.”76
White supremacist (settler) colonialism is built upon indigenous erasure
and anti-black racism. It “functions by making its victims both Indian and
black.”77 The (settler) colonial paradigm did not perish with the formal end
of imperialism. The persistence of (settler) colonial tropes and imperial fan-
tasies testify to the durability of colonialism and the settler’s desire to dabble
with racial difference but retain their “positional superiority.”78 The cultural
work of articulating (settler) colonial dominance depends on the creation and
propagation of these sincere fictions. Let us turn our attention to SF’s integral
role in designing and disseminating such imperial illusions.

THE IMPERIAL ROOTS OF SF

… [W]e live in a world which has been foundationally shaped for the past
five hundred years by the realities of European domination and the gradual
consolidation of global white supremacy.
—Charles Mills, The Racial Contract
 Speculative Imperialisms 9

Colonialism is not “science fiction’s hidden truth,” but rather “part of the
genre’s texture, a persistent, important component of its displaced references
to history, its engagement in ideological production, and its construction of
the possible and imaginable.”79 Born at the peak of Euro-American impe-
rialism, SF is a genre obsessed with questions of space (secret landscapes,
unknown topographies, alien zones, galactic spaces, etc.).80 Many of its nar-
ratives grapple with “questions of exploration (of territory), exploitation (of
resources) and control (of others, usually via technology).”81 Much like the
body of literature that Victorian studies scholar Patrick Brantlinger dubbed
“Imperial Gothic,” SF compulsively re-enacts colonial scenarios in hopes of
managing the plethora of anxieties that attend the climax of Empire.82 The
most acute anxiety, of course, being that of losing dominion over the savages
and slaves conquered in the name of Empire. SF explores and ultimately
contains this fear through the trope of reverse colonization.83 As political
scientist Robert Saunders notes in “Imperial Imaginaries,” reverse coloniza-
tion narratives invert the “genuine threat that Euro-American imperialism has
posed to the non-white peoples of the world, presenting instead an imaginary
realm where ‘white people’ are threatened with subjugation or annihilation
by a hostile alien force.”84 For example, in The War of the Worlds (1898),
H. G. Wells famously compares the Martian invasion of Earth to the Eu-
ropean conquest of Tasmania, thus encouraging British readers to imagine
themselves not as the colonizers but as the colonized. Unfortunately, this
reversal of positions stays entirely within the framework of what John Rieder
calls the “colonial gaze.”85 As Rieder elaborates in Colonialism and the Emer-
gence of Science Fiction, the colonial gaze “distributes knowledge and power
to the subject who looks, while denying or minimizing access to power for
its object, the one looked at. This structure—a cognitive disposition that both
rests upon and helps to maintain and reproduce the political and economic
arrangements that establish the subjects’ respective positions––remains strik-
ingly present and effective in spite of the reversal of perspective.”86
The anti-imperial potential of early SF narratives, like The War of the
Worlds, are tragically undercut by their colonial gaze and the related tendency
to represent alien Others as barbaric savages in need of human civilization
and, if that fails, annihilation. Such constructions not only justified invasion,
colonization, and extermination but reinforced the racial hierarchies erected
by European imperialism. Early SF’s violent erasure and appropriation of the
experiences of the colonized by the colonizer can be best understood through
the theorizing of Frantz Fanon. In his anti-colonial classic The Wretched of
the Earth, Fanon asserts that “colonialism is not satisfied merely with holding
a people in its grip and emptying the native’s brain of all form and content.
By a kind of perverted logic, it turns to the past of the oppressed people, and
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Economics - Lab Manual
First 2022 - College

Prepared by: Teacher Davis

Date: August 12, 2025

Practice 1: Historical development and evolution

Learning Objective 1: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 3: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 7: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 2: Key terms and definitions
Example 10: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 11: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 18: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 3: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 22: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 26: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 29: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 4: Current trends and future directions
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 33: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 34: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 38: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Part 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 41: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 42: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 43: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 46: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 47: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 48: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 6: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 55: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 58: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Topic 7: Key terms and definitions
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 62: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 63: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 65: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 8: Theoretical framework and methodology
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 74: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 75: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 76: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 79: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Chapter 9: Key terms and definitions
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 81: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 89: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Lesson 10: Study tips and learning strategies
Example 90: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 91: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 92: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 92: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 95: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 96: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 97: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 11: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 102: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 103: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 105: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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