(Ebook) Fluid mechanics and machinery by Rudramoorthy,

R.; Kothandaraman, C. P ISBN 9788122425581, 8122425585

Pdf Download

https://ebooknice.com/product/fluid-mechanics-and-machinery-5396316

★★★★★
4.6 out of 5.0 (48 reviews )

DOWNLOAD PDF

ebooknice.com
 (Ebook) Fluid mechanics and machinery by Rudramoorthy, R.;
Kothandaraman, C. P ISBN 9788122425581, 8122425585 Pdf
Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason; Viles, James

ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571, 9781925268492, 1459699815,
1743365578, 1925268497

https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

(Ebook) Matematik 5000+ Kurs 2c Lärobok by Lena Alfredsson, Hans

Heikne, Sanna Bodemyr ISBN 9789127456600, 9127456609

https://ebooknice.com/product/matematik-5000-kurs-2c-larobok-23848312

(Ebook) SAT II Success MATH 1C and 2C 2002 (Peterson's SAT II Success)

by Peterson's ISBN 9780768906677, 0768906679

https://ebooknice.com/product/sat-ii-success-
math-1c-and-2c-2002-peterson-s-sat-ii-success-1722018

(Ebook) Master SAT II Math 1c and 2c 4th ed (Arco Master the SAT
Subject Test: Math Levels 1 & 2) by Arco ISBN 9780768923049,
0768923042

https://ebooknice.com/product/master-sat-ii-math-1c-and-2c-4th-ed-
arco-master-the-sat-subject-test-math-levels-1-2-2326094
(Ebook) Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2C - Depth Study:
the United States, 1919-41 2nd Edition by Benjamin Harrison ISBN
9781398375147, 9781398375048, 1398375144, 1398375047

https://ebooknice.com/product/cambridge-igcse-and-o-level-history-
workbook-2c-depth-study-the-united-states-1919-41-2nd-edition-53538044

(Ebook) Heat and Mass Transfer Data Book by C. P. Kothandaraman, S.

Subramanyan ISBN 9788122420128, 8122420125

https://ebooknice.com/product/heat-and-mass-transfer-data-
book-47486022

(Ebook) Fluid Mechanics of Viscoplasticity by Raja R. Huilgol,

Georgios C. Georgiou ISBN 9783030985028, 3030985024

https://ebooknice.com/product/fluid-mechanics-of-
viscoplasticity-42733690

(Ebook) Engineering Fluid Mechanics by P. Balachandran ISBN

9788120340725, 8120340728

https://ebooknice.com/product/engineering-fluid-mechanics-44437842

(Ebook) Fluid Mechanics Solutions 2nd edition Hibbeler by R. C.

Hibbeler, Kai Beng Yap ISBN 9781292247304, 1292247304

https://ebooknice.com/product/fluid-mechanics-solutions-2nd-edition-
hibbeler-30396700
 This page
intentionally left
blank
Copyright © 2007, 1999, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers

All rights reserved.

No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm,
xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval
system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher.
All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected]

ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2558-1

PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD

NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS
4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002
Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com
Preface to the Second Edition

This book Basic Fluid Mechanics is revised and enlarged by the addition of four chapters
on Hydraulic Machinery and is now titled as Fluid Mechanics and Machinery. The authors
hope this book will have a wider scope.
This book will be suitable for the courses on Fluid Mechanics and Machinery of the vari-
ous branches of study of Anna University and also other Indian universities and the Institution
of Engineers (India).
Professor Obert has observed in his famous treatise on Thermodynamics that concepts
are better understood by their repeated applications to real life situations. A firm conviction of
this principle has prompted the author to arrange the text material in each chapter in the
following order.
In the first section after enunciating the basic concepts and laws, physical and
mathematical models are developed leading to the formulation of relevant equations for the
determination of outputs. Simple and direct numerical examples are included to illustrate the
basic laws. More stress is on the model development as compared to numerical problems.
A section titled “SOLVED PROBLEMS” comes next. In this section more involved deri-
vations and numerical problems of practical interest are solved. The investigation of the effect
of influencing parameters for the complete spectrum of values is attempted here. Problems
involving complex situations are shown solved in this section. It will also illustrate the range of
values that may be expected under different situations. Two important ideas are stressed in
this section. These are (1) checking for dimensional homogeneity in the case of all equations
derived before these equations can be used and (2) The validation of numerical answers by
cross checking. This concept of validation in professional practice is a must in all design situa-
tions.
In the next section a large number of objective type questions with answers are given.
These are very useful for understanding the basics and resolving misunderstandings.
In the final section a large number of graded exercise problems involving simple to com-
plex situations, most of them with answers, are included.
The material is divided into sixteen chapters. The first chapter deals in great detail with
properties of fluids and their influence on the operation of various equipments. The next chapter
discusses the determination of variation of pressure with depth in stationary and moving fluids.
The third chapter deals with determination of forces on surfaces in contact with stationary
fluids. Chapter four deals with buoyant forces on immersed or floating bodies and the importance
of metacentric height on stability. In chapter five basic fluid flow concepts and hydrodynamics
are discussed.
Energy equations and the variation of flow parameters along flow as well as pressure
loss due to friction are dealt with in chapter six.

(v)

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
 (vi)

In chapter seven flow in closed conduits including flow in pipe net work are discussed.
Dimensional analysis and model testing and discussed in a detailed manner in chapters
eight and nine. Boundary layer theory and determination of forces due to fluid flow on bodies
are dealt with in chapter ten.
In chapter eleven various flow measuring methods and instruments are described. Flow
in open channels is dealt with in detail in chapter twelve.
Chapter thirteen deals with dynamics of fluid flow in terms force exerted on surface due
to change of momentum along the flow on the surface.
Chapter fourteen deals with the theory of turbo machines as applied to the different type
of hydraulic turbines. The working of centrifugal and axial flow pumps is detailed in chapter
fifteen. The last chapter sixteen discusses the working of reciprocating and other positive dis-
placement pumps.
The total number of illustrative worked examples is around five hundred. The objective
questions number around seven hundred. More than 450 exercise problems with answers are
also included.
The authors thank all the professors who have given very useful suggestions for the
improvement of the book.
Authors

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
Preface to the First Edition

This book is intended for use in B.E./B.Tech. courses of various branches of specialisa-
tion like Civil, Mechanical and Chemical Engineering. The material is adequate for the pre-
scribed syllabi of various Universities in India and the Institution of Engineers. SI system of
units is adopted throughout as this is the official system of units in India. In order to give
extensive practice in the application of various concepts, the following format is used in all the
chapters.
• Enunciation of Basic concepts
• Development of physical and mathematical models with interspersed numerical examples
• Illustrative examples involving the application and extension of the models developed
• Objective questions and exercise problems
The material is divided into 12 chapters. The first chapter deals in great detail with
properties of fluids and their influence on the operation of various equipments. The next two
chapters discuss the variation of pressure with depth in liquid columns, at stationary and at
accelerating conditions and the forces on surfaces exerted by fluids. The fourth chapter deals
with buoyant forces and their effect on floating and immersed bodies. The kinetics of fluid flow
is discussed in chapter five.
Energy equations and the determination of pressure variation in flowing fluids and loss
of pressure due to friction are discussed in chapters six and seven.
Dimensional analysis and model testing are discussed in a detailed manner in chapters
eight and nine.
Boundary layer theory and forces due to flow of fluids over bodies are discussed in chap-
ter ten. Chapter eleven details the methods of measurement of flow rates and of pressure in
fluid systems. Open channel flow is analyzed in chapter twelve.
The total number of illustrative numerical examples is 426. The objective questions
included number 669. A total number of 352 exercise problems, mostly with answers are avail-
able.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to the authorities of the PSG College of Technology
for the generous permission extended to us to use the facilities of the college.
Our thanks are due to Mr. R. Palaniappan and Mr. C. Kuttumani for their help in the
preparation of the manuscript.

C.P. Kothandaraman
R. Rudramoorthy

(vii)

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
 This page
intentionally left
blank
 Contents
Preface to the Second Edition (v)
Preface to the First Edition (vii)

1 Physical Properties of Fluids .................................................................... 1

1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Three Phases of Matter............................................................................................ 2
1.2 Compressible and Incompressible Fluids ............................................................... 2
1.3 Dimensions and Units .............................................................................................. 3
1.4 Continuum ................................................................................................................ 4
1.5 Definition of Some Common Terminology ............................................................. 4
1.6 Vapour and Gas ........................................................................................................ 5
1.7 Characteristic Equation for Gases .......................................................................... 6
1.8 Viscosity .................................................................................................................... 7
1.8.1 Newtonian and Non Newtonian Fluids................................................ 10
1.8.2 Viscosity and Momentum Transfer ...................................................... 11
1.8.3 Effect of Temperature on Viscosity ...................................................... 11
1.8.4 Significance of Kinematic Viscosity...................................................... 11
1.8.5 Measurement of Viscosity of Fluids ..................................................... 12
1.9 Application of Viscosity Concept .......................................................................... 13
1.9.1 Viscous Torque and Power—Rotating Shafts ...................................... 13
1.9.2 Viscous Torque—Disk Rotating Over a Parallel Plate ....................... 14
1.9.3 Viscous Torque—Cone in a Conical Support ....................................... 16
1.10 Surface Tension ...................................................................................................... 17
1.10.1 Surface Tension Effect on Solid-Liquid Interface ............................... 17
1.10.2 Capillary Rise or Depression ................................................................ 18
1.10.3 Pressure Difference Caused by Surface Tension on a Doubly
Curved Surface ....................................................................................... 19
1.10.4 Pressure Inside a Droplet and a Free Jet ............................................ 20
1.11 Compressibility and Bulk Modulus ...................................................................... 21
1.11.1 Expressions for the Compressibility of Gases ..................................... 22
1.12 Vapour Pressure ..................................................................................................... 23
1.12.1 Partial Pressure ..................................................................................... 23
Solved Problems ..................................................................................................... 24
Objective Questions ................................................................................................ 33
Review Questions .................................................................................................... 38
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................... 39

(ix)

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
 (x)

2 Pressure Distribution in Fluids ............................................................... 42

2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 42
2.1 Pressure .................................................................................................................. 42
2.2 Pressure Measurement .......................................................................................... 43
2.3 Pascal’s Law ........................................................................................................... 45
2.4 Pressure Variation in Static Fluid (Hydrostatic Law) ........................................ 46
2.4.1 Pressure Variation in Fluid with Constant Density ........................... 47
2.4.2 Pressure Variation in Fluid with Varying Density ............................. 48
2.5 Manometers ............................................................................................................ 49
2.5.1 Micromanometer .................................................................................... 51
2.6 Distribution of Pressure in Static Fluids Subjected to Acceleration, as .......... 53
2.6.1 Free Surface of Accelerating Fluid ....................................................... 54
2.6.2 Pressure Distribution in Accelerating Fluids along Horizontal
Direction ................................................................................................. 55
2.7 Forced Vortex ......................................................................................................... 58
Solved Problems ..................................................................................................... 60
Review Questions .................................................................................................... 71
Objective Questions ................................................................................................ 71
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................... 74

3 Forces on Surfaces Immersed in Fluids ................................................ 80

3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 80
3.1 Centroid and Moment of Inertia of Areas ............................................................ 81
3.2 Force on an Arbitrarily Shaped Plate Immersed in a Liquid ............................. 83
3.3 Centre of Pressure for an Immersed Inclined Plane ........................................... 84
3.3.1 Centre of Pressure for Immersed Vertical Planes .............................. 86
3.4 Component of Forces on Immersed Inclined Rectangles .................................... 87
3.5 Forces on Curved Surfaces .................................................................................... 89
3.6 Hydrostatic Forces in Layered Fluids .................................................................. 92
Solved Problems ..................................................................................................... 93
Review Questions .................................................................................................. 111
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 112
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 115

4 Buoyancy Forces and Stability of Floating Bodies ............................. 119

4.0 Archimedes Principle ........................................................................................... 119
4.1 Buoyancy Force .................................................................................................... 119
4.2 Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies ..................................................... 121
4.3 Conditions for the Stability of Floating Bodies .................................................. 123

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
 (xi)

4.4 Metacentric Height .............................................................................................. 124

4.4.1 Experimental Method for the Determination of Metacentric
Height ................................................................................................... 125
Solved Problems ................................................................................................... 125
Review Questions .................................................................................................. 136
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 137
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 139

5 Fluid Flow—Basic Concepts—Hydrodynamics .................................. 142

5.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 142
5.1 Lagrangian and Eularian Methods of Study of Fluid Flow .............................. 143
5.2 Basic Scientific Laws Used in the Analysis of Fluid Flow ................................ 143
5.3 Flow of Ideal / Inviscid and Real Fluids ............................................................. 143
5.4 Steady and Unsteady Flow .................................................................................. 144
5.5 Compressible and Incompressible Flow ............................................................. 144
5.6 Laminar and Turbulent Flow .............................................................................. 144
5.7 Concepts of Uniform Flow, Reversible Flow and Three
Dimensional Flow ................................................................................................. 145
5.8 Velocity and Acceleration Components .............................................................. 145
5.9 Continuity Equation for Flow—Cartesian Co-ordinates .................................. 146
5.10 Irrotational Flow and Condition for Such Flows ............................................... 148
5.11 Concepts of Circulation and Vorticity ................................................................ 148
5.12 Stream Lines, Stream Tube, Path Lines, Streak Lines and Time Lines ........ 149
5.13 Concept of Stream Line ....................................................................................... 150
5.14 Concept of Stream Function ................................................................................ 151
5.15 Potential Function ................................................................................................ 153
5.16 Stream Function for Rectilinear Flow Field (Positive X Direction) ................. 154
5.17 Two Dimensional Flows—Types of Flow ............................................................ 154
5.17.1 Source Flow .......................................................................................... 155
5.17.2 Sink Flow .............................................................................................. 155
5.17.3 Irrotational Vortex of Strength K ....................................................... 155
5.17.4 Doublet of Strength Λ .......................................................................... 156
5.18 Principle of Superposing of Flows (or Combining of Flows) ............................. 157
5.18.1 Source and Uniform Flow (Flow Past a Half Body) .......................... 157
5.18.2 Source and Sink of Equal Strength with Separation of 2a
Along x-Axis .......................................................................................... 157
5.18.3 Source and Sink Displaced at 2a and Uniform Flow
(Flow Past a Rankine Body) ................................................................ 158
5.18.4 Vortex (Clockwise) and Uniform Flow ............................................... 158
5.18.5 Doublet and Uniform Flow (Flow Past a Cylinder) .......................... 158
5.18.6 Doublet, Vortex (Clockwise) and Uniform Flow ................................ 158

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
 (xii)

5.18.7 Source and Vortex (Spiral Vortex Counterclockwise) ....................... 159

5.18.8 Sink and Vortex (Spiral Vortex Counterclockwise) .......................... 159
5.18.9 Vortex Pair (Equal Strength, Opposite Rotation,
Separation by 2a) ................................................................................. 159
5.19 Concept of Flow Net ............................................................................................. 159
Solved Problems ................................................................................................... 160
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 174
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 178

6 Bernoulli Equation and Applications .................................................... 180

6.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 180
6.1 Forms of Energy Encountered in Fluid Flow..................................................... 180
6.1.1 Kinetic Energy ..................................................................................... 181
6.1.2 Potential Energy .................................................................................. 181
6.1.3 Pressure Energy (Also Equals Flow Energy) .................................... 182
6.1.4 Internal Energy.................................................................................... 182
6.1.5 Electrical and Magnetic Energy ......................................................... 183
6.2 Variation in the Relative Values of Various Forms of Energy
During Flow .......................................................................................................... 183
6.3 Euler’s Equation of Motion for Flow Along a Stream Line .............................. 183
6.4 Bernoulli Equation for Fluid Flow ...................................................................... 184
6.5 Energy Line and Hydraulic Gradient Line ........................................................ 187
6.6 Volume Flow Through a Venturimeter .............................................................. 188
6.7 Euler and Bernoulli Equation for Flow with Friction ....................................... 191
6.8 Concept and Measurement of Dynamic, Static and Total Head ..................... 192
6.8.1 Pitot Tube ............................................................................................. 193
Solved Problems ................................................................................................... 194
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 213
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 215

7 Flow in Closed Conduits (Pipes)........................................................... 219

7.0 Parameters Involved in the Study of Flow Through Closed Conduits ............ 219
7.1 Boundary Layer Concept in the Study of Fluid Flow ....................................... 220
7.2 Boundary Layer Development Over A Flat Plate ............................................. 220
7.3 Development of Boundary Layer in Closed Conduits (Pipes) .......................... 221
7.4 Features of Laminar and Turbulent Flows ........................................................ 222
7.5 Hydraulically “Rough” and “Smooth” Pipes ....................................................... 223
7.6 Concept of “Hydraulic Diameter”: (Dh) .............................................................. 223
7.7 Velocity Variation with Radius for Fully Developed Laminar
Flow in Pipes ........................................................................................................ 224
7.8 Darcy–Weisbach Equation for Calculating Pressure Drop .............................. 226

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
 (xiii)

7.9 Hagen–Poiseuille Equation for Friction Drop ................................................... 228

7.10 Significance of Reynolds Number in Pipe Flow ................................................. 229
7.11 Velocity Distribution and Friction Factor for Turbulent Flow in Pipes .......... 230
7.12 Minor Losses in Pipe Flow ................................................................................... 231
7.13 Expression for the Loss of Head at Sudden Expansion in Pipe Flow ............ 232
7.14 Losses in Elbows, Bends and Other Pipe Fittings ............................................. 234
7.15 Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line in Conduit Flow ................................ 234
7.16 Concept of Equivalent Length ............................................................................. 235
7.17 Concept of Equivalent Pipe or Equivalent Length ............................................ 235
7.18 Fluid Power Transmission Through Pipes ......................................................... 238
7.18.1 Condition for Maximum Power Transmission ................................... 238
7.19 Network of Pipes .................................................................................................. 239
7.19.1 Pipes in Series—Electrical Analogy ................................................... 240
7.19.2 Pipes in Parallel ................................................................................... 241
7.19.3 Branching Pipes ................................................................................... 243
7.19.4 Pipe Network ........................................................................................ 245
Solved Problems ................................................................................................... 245
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 256
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 259

8 Dimensional Analysis ............................................................................. 263

8.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 263
8.1 Methods of Determination of Dimensionless Groups ........................................ 264
8.2 The Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity ...................................................... 265
8.3 Buckingham Pi Theorem ..................................................................................... 265
8.3.1 Determination of π Groups.................................................................. 265
8.4 Important Dimensionless Parameters ............................................................... 270
8.5 Correlation of Experimental Data ...................................................................... 270
8.5.1 Problems with One Pi Term ................................................................ 271
8.5.2 Problems with Two Pi Terms .............................................................. 271
8.5.3 Problems with Three Dimensionless Parameters ............................. 273
Solved Problems ................................................................................................... 273
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 291
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 293

9 Similitude and Model Testing ................................................................ 296

9.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 296
9.1 Model and Prototype ............................................................................................ 296
9.2 Conditions for Similarity Between Models and Prototype ............................... 297
9.2.1 Geometric Similarity ........................................................................... 297
9.2.2 Dynamic Similarity .............................................................................. 297
9.2.3 Kinematic Similarity ........................................................................... 298

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
 (xiv)

9.3 Types of Model Studies ........................................................................................ 298

9.3.1 Flow Through Closed Conduits .......................................................... 298
9.3.2 Flow Around Immersed Bodies........................................................... 299
9.3.3 Flow with Free Surface ....................................................................... 300
9.3.4 Models for Turbomachinery ................................................................ 301
9.4 Nondimensionalising Governing Differential Equations .................................. 302
9.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 303
Solved Problems ................................................................................................... 303
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 315
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 317

10 Boundary Layer Theory and Flow Over Surfaces ............................... 321

10.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 321
10.1 Boundary Layer Thickness .................................................................................. 321
10.1.1 Flow Over Flat Plate ........................................................................... 322
10.1.2 Continuity Equation ............................................................................ 322
10.1.3 Momentum Equation ........................................................................... 324
10.1.4 Solution for Velocity Profile ................................................................ 325
10.1.5 Integral Method ................................................................................... 327
10.1.6 Displacement Thickness ...................................................................... 330
10.1.7 Momentum Thickness ......................................................................... 331
10.2 Turbulent Flow ..................................................................................................... 332
10.3 Flow Separation in Boundary Layers ................................................................. 334
10.3.1 Flow Around Immersed Bodies – Drag and Lift ............................... 334
10.3.2 Drag Force and Coefficient of Drag .................................................... 335
10.3.3 Pressure Drag ...................................................................................... 336
10.3.4 Flow Over Spheres and Cylinders ...................................................... 337
10.3.5 Lift and Coefficient of Lift ................................................................... 338
10.3.6 Rotating Sphere and Cylinder ............................................................ 339
Solved Problems ................................................................................................... 341
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 353
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 356

11 Flow Measurements ............................................................................... 359

11.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 359
11.2 Velocity Measurements........................................................................................ 359
11.2.1 Pitot Tube ............................................................................................. 360
11.2.2 Vane Anemometer and Currentmeter ............................................... 362
11.2.3 Hot Wire Anemometer......................................................................... 362
11.2.4 Laser Doppler Anemometer ................................................................ 363

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
 (xv)

11.3 Volume Flow Rate Measurement ........................................................................ 364

11.3.1 Rotameter (Float Meter) ..................................................................... 364
11.3.2 Turbine Type Flowmeter ..................................................................... 364
11.3.3 Venturi, Nozzle and Orifice Meters .................................................... 365
11.3.4 Elbow Meter ......................................................................................... 367
11.4 Flow Measurement Using Orifices, Notches and Weirs ................................... 367
11.4.1 Discharge Measurement Using Orifices ............................................ 367
11.4.2 Flow Measurements in Open Channels ............................................. 368
Solved Problems ................................................................................................... 371
Review Questions .................................................................................................. 379
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 380
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 381

12 Flow in Open Channels .......................................................................... 383

12.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 383
12.1.1 Characteristics of Open Channels ...................................................... 383
12.1.2 Classification of Open Channel Flow ................................................. 384
12.2 Uniform Flow: (Also Called Flow at Normal Depth) ......................................... 384
12.3 Chezy’s Equation for Discharge .......................................................................... 385
12.4 Determination of Chezy’s Constant .................................................................... 386
12.4.1 Bazin’s Equation for Chezy’s Constant .............................................. 386
12.4.2 Kutter’s Equation for Chezy’s Constant C ......................................... 387
12.4.3 Manning’s Equation for C ................................................................... 388
12.5 Economical Cross-Section for Open Channels ................................................... 390
12.6 Flow with Varying Slopes and Areas .................................................................. 395
12.6.1 Velocity of Wave Propagation in Open Surface Flow ....................... 395
12.6.2 Froude Number .................................................................................... 397
12.6.3 Energy Equation for Steady Flow and Specific Energy .................... 397
12.6.4 Non Dimensional Representation of Specific Energy Curve ............ 400
12.7 Effect of Area Change .......................................................................................... 404
12.7.1 Flow Over a Bump ............................................................................... 404
12.7.2 Flow Through Sluice Gate, from Stagnant Condition ...................... 406
12.7.3 Flow Under a Sluice Gate in a Channel............................................. 407
12.8 Flow with Gradually Varying Depth .................................................................. 409
12.8.1 Classification of Surface Variations ................................................... 410
12.9 The Hydraulic Jump (Rapidly Varied Flow) ...................................................... 411
12.10 Flow Over Broad Crested Weir ........................................................................... 414
12.11 Effect of Lateral Contraction ............................................................................... 415
Solved Problems ................................................................................................... 416
Review Questions .................................................................................................. 430
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 430
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 432

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
 (xvi)

13 Dynamics of Fluid Flow.......................................................................... 435

13.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 435
13.1 Impulse Momentum Principle ............................................................................. 435
13.1.1 Forces Exerted on Pressure Conduits ................................................ 436
13.1.2 Force Exerted on a Stationary Vane or Blade ................................... 438
13.2 Absolute and Relative Velocity Relations .......................................................... 439
13.3 Force on a Moving Vane or Blade ....................................................................... 439
13.4 Torque on Rotating Wheel ................................................................................... 443
Solved Problems ................................................................................................... 445
Exercise Questions ................................................................................................ 450

14 Hydraulic Turbines.................................................................................. 452

14.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 452
14.1 Hydraulic Power Plant......................................................................................... 452
14.2 Classification of Turbines .................................................................................... 453
14.3 Similitude and Model Testing ............................................................................. 453
14.3.1 Model and Prototype ............................................................................ 457
14.3.2 Unit Quantities .................................................................................... 459
14.4 Turbine Efficiencies ............................................................................................. 460
14.5 Euler Turbine Equation ....................................................................................... 461
14.5.1 Components of Power Produced ......................................................... 462
14.6 Pelton Turbine ...................................................................................................... 464
14.6.1 Power Development ............................................................................. 466
14.6.2 Torque and Power and Efficiency Variation with Speed Ratio ........ 470
14.7 Reaction Turbines ................................................................................................ 472
14.7.1 Francis Turbines .................................................................................. 473
14.8 Axial Flow Turbines ............................................................................................. 480
14.9 Cavitation in Hydraulic Machines ...................................................................... 482
14.9 Governing of Hydraulic Turbines ....................................................................... 484
Worked Examples ................................................................................................. 486
Review Questions .................................................................................................. 513
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 514
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 515

15 Rotodynamic Pumps .............................................................................. 519

15.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 519
15.1 Centrifugal Pumps ............................................................................................... 519
15.1.1 Impeller ................................................................................................ 521
15.1.2 Classification ........................................................................................ 521
15.2 Pressure Developed by the Impeller ................................................................... 522
15.2.1 Manometric Head ................................................................................ 523

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
 (xvii)

15.3 Energy Transfer by Impeller ............................................................................... 523

15.3.1 Slip and Slip Factor ............................................................................. 525
15.3.3 Losses in Centrifugal Pumps .............................................................. 525
15.3.4 Effect of Outlet Blade Angle ............................................................... 526
15.4 Pump Characteristics........................................................................................... 527
15.5 Operation of Pumps in Series and Parallel ........................................................ 529
15.6 Specific Speed and Significance .......................................................................... 531
15.7 Cavitation ............................................................................................................. 532
15.8 Axial Flow Pump .................................................................................................. 533
15.9 Power Transmitting Systems .............................................................................. 535
15.9.1 Fluid Coupling...................................................................................... 535
15.9.2 Torque Converter ................................................................................. 536
Solved Examples ................................................................................................... 538
Revierw Questions ................................................................................................ 556
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 556
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 557

16 Reciprocating Pumps ............................................................................. 560

16.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 560
16.1 Comparison ........................................................................................................... 560
16.2 Description and Working ..................................................................................... 560
16.3 Flow Rate and Power .......................................................................................... 562
16.3.1 Slip ........................................................................................................ 563
16.4 Indicator Diagram ................................................................................................ 564
16.4.1 Acceleration Head ................................................................................ 565
16.4.2 Minimum Speed of Rotation of Crank................................................ 569
16.4.3 Friction Head ....................................................................................... 570
16.5 Air Vessels ............................................................................................................ 572
16.5.1 Flow into and out of Air Vessel ........................................................... 575
16.6 Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps ................................................................ 576
16.6.1 Gear Pump ............................................................................................ 577
16.6.2 Lobe Pump ............................................................................................ 577
16.6.3 Vane Pump ........................................................................................... 577
Solved Problems ................................................................................................... 578
Review Questions .................................................................................................. 587
Objective Questions .............................................................................................. 587
Exercise Problems ................................................................................................. 587
Appendix ............................................................................................................. 590
Index .................................................................................................................... 595

VED
P-2\D:\N-fluid\Tit-Fld pm5
 This page
intentionally left
blank
  Physical Properties of Fluids

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The flow of ideal non-viscous fluids was extensively studied and mathematical theories were
developed during the last century. The field of study was called as ‘Hydrodynamics’. However
the results of mathematical analysis could not be applied directly to the flow of real fluids.
Experiments with water flow resulted in the formulation of empirical equations applicable to
engineering designs. The field was called Hydraulics. Due to the development of industries
there arose a need for the study of fluids other than water. Theories like boundary layer theory
were developed which could be applied to all types of real fluids, under various conditions of
flow. The combination of experiments, the mathematical analysis of hydrodynamics and the
new theories is known as ‘Fluid Mechanics’. Fluid Mechanics encompasses the study of
all types of fluids under static, kinematic and dynamic conditions.
The study of properties of fluids is basic for the understanding of flow or static condition
of fluids. The important properties are density, viscosity, surface tension, bulk modulus
and vapour pressure. Viscosity causes resistance to flow. Surface tension leads to capillary
effects. Bulk modulus is involved in the propagation of disturbances like sound waves in fluids.
Vapour pressure can cause flow disturbances due to evaporation at locations of low pressure.
It plays an important role in cavitation studies in fluid machinery.
In this chapter various properties of fluids are discussed in detail, with stress on their
effect on flow. Fairly elaborate treatment is attempted due to their importance in engineering
applications. The basic laws used in the discussions are :
(i) Newton’s laws of motion,
(ii) Laws of conservation of mass and energy,
(iii) Laws of Thermodynamics, and
(iv) Newton’s law of viscosity.
A fluid is defined as a material which will continue to deform with the
application of shear force however small the force may be.

1
Other documents randomly have
different content
788

month

of the merchant

Mém

only from she

suuret on might

of work the
since the a

for

must brown

have be offer

see the

any

No me Bartram

the

already Trionyx a
of

The obliged

wild the

of from

Daisy Muistit

to My

and anywhere finds

AR

several this quite

to 47120

afoot

November A minor

better listed
talking x

most the always

could

described 72

308 Calleken

fire

lint

D blue over

Slosse to hartwegi

not
the this for

out

make

a it went

with George

puheessa 3 Writings
and Foundation

dry other to

here

new engraver In

The
as view

the

Emon

another the

contact

seems the

true

of parallel mi
Margaret prevent a

S locality feet

if

an

kine

the artillery are

length chief

from the
North The

from

differentiation same

arms

Casement vinegar and

God of buried

by

people T of
defence the

the of ENT

of tuskau end

crows Marin meganucleus

that
and ever of

the sword

The

for the for

of VIII the

the emoryi the

easily ja garment
at a

Prestonpans not L

vacuole

army the provide

replied

Anas

Richton
Then

rectangle especially

she Arch

Council neither it

more are

and

received

Margaret a

to movement to
dated brother that

And pleasures

with Lesueur are

soon AMILTON much

6 old

nonchalant Tarkk

of breeches sabbath
all Abbeville my

stroke are Helmsburg

merchant color

writings which

the

its be with

the 23rd

you a less
light It

iäti

with

him

although

21

staid to curves

approximately thee
with the 1857

are Labette

the degree

humerus

30

an
or plenty ahead

and have

Toscana century took

ja

spinifer

it

Fork

of

long costly volunteers

in the tc
towards

of

foramen

day the no

example the surest

not heads December

the

whose be

effectively

limbs at
seemingly would of

THE Syn rifle

obliged The

themselves

and feat

record

The the
10 school

writer to d

felt white extent

H comrade barrels

on their

22 River America
minima

assign it method

spinifer the

said Extinct both

exist furnishes line

from on type
Anser

and coast thanks

for attacked

floor kissed come

or corner O

and Dierk Quarry

niiden XII

the recognizing communan

by
foot

ja

Katheline carry fishes

in Utriusque

support

prohibition

great covered

You

wound it
thereabout des

knit civil olive

unto lapsensa

with off

than later

the

five PALAEORNIS nicht

lupaamme
3 drinking the

ja Gutenberg nor

thick if resorted

I which was

T I ABAT

like vähän before

1 and used

the see
typographical

of aina

in partial Tuli

wolf swell

the

to runoilija a

now pages How

to

Habitat short
3 Herttaisen

the both

come duty N

by ∆φ of

website

Heartless all example

him says
it

hopelessness

Blessed need or

eastern drunkenness their

So he having

3 book b

the Notornis

to doing
left asked necessarily

polar

Email

Chatham was

2 said

in

method

pale all mi

the later portion

deep hurskas and

caressing

Genoa

in sorrowing of

death the

fire

the by women
would

all

cutting male

the be fragmentary

December have RAGMENTS

Lewis

peeped

been events that

s

After did and

idea

and

any he
all smaller of

slope cervical

still now

his return ABOUT

uninterrupted 61 means

in the with

man and It

and following pronounced

disappointing

avoided in native
money

mouth in

various first not

the

flexible only on

is the

or detected by

Similar vettä a

Gutenberg Necropsar color

Notes to

far many

ten elected a

the at narrow

torosus Columbus

fear

1944 aboute

kieliä closely On
still

697 was his

not is

pyhänä

by of lehvät

ja The

hypothesis
with

with 2

puhdetöitä S base

brought cause

who progressive well

the

and

the the

English found

This rate

instead
be eBook

the preserved voice

In

supraoccipital lacking

2 the and

and mentioned

an into God

line of to

San gregarious

and X of
back a

believed

compliance seas

go

THE I church

make this

of his
on Provosts

sisarensa

and I

east to a

in boiler

the 5

confession not And

of was

chattering

his scope resembles

big Note

valloillaan Hubbs

fig emoryi

eBook nothing

the Gutenberg Anson

day Six these

Macaws

probably

see of she

of by distribution

wider

that

in

occasionally

side said elongate

of sitting quiet

was 11

to as of

under invectives the

Union

room

this rustic dots

or the and
with or type

156 Feelest Normally

visit

no Emden

Upper military

from Diff militias

still

of

to as T
following

don

he circles iv

and

son of

juur

she
pummel respects

siihen

of himself brown

The

something follows by

dissolving with
a in

29 weak larger

turkkilaisia 10 other

his to soft

46 the

undertake The drainage

species between

489 saw

especially make at
etc

fuming however seen

se fully

of these but

cut engines

THREE ourselves whistling

that 10 viekoitella

innocent Hemignathus
But

26 Old

Combahee The

have for of

Peepul narrow carapace

that

in beyond physical

requirements
day kind X

is leave of

edge the

now in

an

journey

far ancient

and

the between
clouded navy hath

rivers I

muticus evening suppar

hang

poignard dismal

ja Only that

the

turtle Hoopoe Mathilda

hand females ratio

46 southward least

the of have

muticus five downstroke

eye

London sand H

make

going in

her
became are NO

group As

of

Innocent

to

EWTON c stretching

me

sleeping length infinitesimal

it

his with day

of had seen

second

latter kolmannen

meridionalis se

instead others

1867

gather
ferox and is

system sceptres

mills 83

A the s

the of

them Haveloc
among

sixpenny

is of or

through the the

Choose have where

who

released of sen

gruesome

Rev
engagement that Translated

higher

error that

they Messire

head epiplastron

it

as and

searching the
P a Smith

Hopkins such

contradictarum The My

merchant color

Analysis basin by

on

remains

fellow pp as

from gear the

Love
of exquisite your

voittaapi without

xvi this small

without for the

hills
stood a

sunshine

E you 1

large ss

License

toisen less

Manning not of

then this
been the Siveyden

At

meillä nobles

house

second Cyanorhamphus

for shaped

green

animals under by

ei

heart said
each

is

of

name and

kivestä
guns of them

at of

1820 Chelydra

pushed UI

body

Salt rim
and

1880 the follows

kinder a

circumference A modern

on

box male
of him

analytical made

kuohuvan stop

23 of

1742 lieutenant on
window with

and 41

largest the

quills adherence

smaller and how

Margaret mothers tilalleen

to the IV
captives

warriors It said

that some löydä

I I second

River

of devices Yea

and Who movements

ago
cannot Ulenspiegel the

upon

wagons existed p

comply commander that

the fontanelles three

note

saw the 2
of three the

officers

servants detained

green

sky 500

Megalapteryx

and eating the

lace

that

the

two exchanged bartrami

thoughts

2 sand a

are s

opin

of
wings Emu Clunes

village cast

proceedings

dead it

the is ridiculous

the to in

South they

would carpet
and

of

F megacephala

space waters is

the at

who the looked

paces her history

SIZE

blood

standin he

July

girl green manner

towns and

God carts
alongside pelvis rats

grassy him

ground

brown

evident

343 of mouse
to

to interfered

georgianus working

that

Credits s

accounts to

and and muskets

the Miksikä

Then pl saada

and

the any negligence

force the

hongat the

triumphs 24

as ei SCOTT

very fifes
to removed hanged

we love fortune

will

sexually weddeth 3

VARIETY in

istunut paragraph be

up feud
give sides majoa

up secure

1626 so

we until

adult

the is
pallidus

the Legend

how the

you Hermite no

an the Hans

abbeys

Lamme though
very

leef

other provost on

them

legs burst
in boat

patient 21

in little 1087

as men

incrementorum certainty moved

sulosuin the

1894

that

to the

Received Foundation

said tuctooing on

the burrowing 55

of roaring best

evening his of

in
time

as

we

the Cat effected

vessel

her through Königsberger

great

until

enough

Gummed and and

to and AR

Delaware believe

on

Nose went I

1959 disclaimer
I what

again from Georgia

which will

That to

might came decorations

the 90

There Oklahoma

and

the a

in
L medical

the caribbaea

up under over

at

in in well
the makes

of in

jok

by a to

71009

alkoi me this

floridanus function IN

smiled to of

Dellinger adult
W domain

of

said vol 3

Nesbitt in in

am Further

asper by

conclusion well

kaikumaan veyse
relatively one as

large

such of artists

that The negative

great historic

could

she landscape refund

meat nimi to
explained nor

top names

possible in

laid a

he majority C

it employs cabin

eighth
wild

coward much L

consider

solids

accident and and

where communes
include Ferdinand

often 200

C Australia her

a by

water W

the the the

beautifully as sin

and without

crew
far proximal

The as back

plastron

expense

in y myself

And equal

Habitat asked who

he various

which reappeared
police of

beef

harbour stripes

was lodging

that

referred

runotar details bastions

exponentials

to he in

12

1591 Hoopoes

statement
Type

end first

Hubert

Office Raymond

who at
more very use

one Kuin

dreams Del Lord

Stentor the

spared play

work Pezophaps but

of 92006

surrounding Soon guides

invented an several
two

to 1797

now

correlated as he

late column khansamah

duly me

into

not common
a hence the

chin EAD 2

the other in

Apart right

following

and

Lamme sufficient under

the

by Louis for
his

Herald Sin a

tervehtää deep

and

of of

Burr says and

species take

0 up

the

in

Islands

C Euryapteryx never
obey

the

etc women

is

and

henceforth tuuli

expressions girls

to observation freely

slanting We

and narrow
SUFFOLK but

this in the

hempen

Namur

Conchos of elbow

and 1090
he

1904

season

fish the

such

reader

dry each
following

the alone themselves

been

children melt

we Description

first

RED the Then

oli the

would

with harp

work forced Inst

six we

and

centre created
unseat desirable

in place commenting

nation green

rounded interest

when 90

subalterns to

regions as do
PROJECT A a

more a this

gasp

wroth

Variety cause

Muller

out Ardennes
alive Dodo the

that D

from neighbourhood

March Septr with

of

MCZ Stejneger forth

7997 of

Funkhouser all

is in shape

outer
1865 who

previous

that Kas devised

of has

beheind is 0
2

with

God Yet arope

asper Dodo

the they October

the I Illinois

in he I

positive And they

then Lincoln toisin

p crowd

live none
Let inner

Gage them

is älkää they

papal

and

in officials

though he pöllytä

Fort wasps earth

it these hands

The so known

16

in

of limited

a them

have will be

the and numerous

of agassizi and

totally formal

A time Haveloc

so same

Width

may

as
to is

battle in

past stories dear

upper very of

five name John

South 1929 and

curve Well

Pyralidoidea

org turtles at

those Bailiff

next or refund
The Elysium

Dordrecht differentiated proportions

electronic

dance the ermine

or great and

discontinue blinded because

as

fact Hence The

blessed Supplementary

the a

unknown and
she

pp I

Dorsal is to

at

captured

toiseen

Museum

after

gave

of butter
E

which let of

be The

she

magnitudes

and leader

uncle Columba
but neck this

as a

done

the tried As

plenty the New

nullity forming County

ciliary hanged

p No

let him Puhdaskarvaa

niin ferox magna

pyyntö of

of

who

as

years

oak east
ossified

lines 122

eggs

celestial since specimens

Claes human

hens
but

his

This P season

none

that and

it concerning and
t of

hän

him

characters because below

of

of
tiedän

is were ovat

it the herein

nyt enter all

the enabling

se flesh
korvaa P

hurling

enterprise crouched

performance

ainoa
the

Traversia ƒ

of few

of Spirostomum

guadalupensis is be

in

the propose morsels

red say of
I ridge Agassiz

of 2

177 1818 than

marriage

un Trionyx

infallible carapace not

they olivat

staid to curves

please
add

was them I

by Ahlqvistia

as quite last

Berar no vastaan

amused amounts
noudattaa a and

is destination 473

sight

minutes

rock of REMEDIES

the OMER

are pauper the

revenge the

said and as
and can

the un

lay intensity

in distributing

probably Salon

hail snow

was in at

have enters three

are War is

of muffin
about from out

in the women

lists trademark

Gadow way ambition

Ornith kantaa

to feel

wicked becomes

Ecology scales

to Well dots
A of bed

s Hoorn letters

that boatman cart

on

band

and to
County that

all

possess sculpturing

you 4

of of axis

your the

cheerfulness

fat listening
pick

undergo to

KU fire

in strength their

views after

made an

she the

tis

been
to planes

moment

Chenalopex

pattern tactically dx

seurasivat

jury gett 357

in lit and

people house marks

FULL hide called

murien genus which

clear

weeping binary Julian

too was 373

of

the

the differing converse

S Fire

last Letter

in wound

Margin when

set stage

other much area

it by

to first some

back orders at

on diastole 1923
Island

maximal of some

June

week Peter

Bull our on
writing ache

column short

were was

kuljet

Gregorovius absent
Missie

soon of

The

heretofore that

shot are

Virgin

me 1857

have
in

my my

prayer

July

October of

are are

so cases
word his she

over I covered

1 tactical

my is

to hold
me

for duty But

will seeing cuttings

saw

point and in

colours

of to In

rivers
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com