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PALGRAVE SERIES IN
INDIAN OCEAN WORLD STUDIES

Animal Trade Histories

in the Indian Ocean World

Edited by
Martha Chaiklin
Philip Gooding
Gwyn Campbell
Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies

Series Editor
Gwyn Campbell
Indian Ocean World Centre
McGill University
Montreal, QC, Canada
This is the first scholarly series devoted to the study of the Indian Ocean
world from early times to the present day. Encouraging interdisciplinarity,
it incorporates and contributes to key debates in a number of areas ­including
history, environmental studies, anthropology, sociology, ­political science,
geography, economics, law, and labor and gender studies. Because it breaks
from the restrictions imposed by country/regional studies and Eurocentric
periodization, the series provides new frameworks through which to inter-
pret past events, and new insights for present-day ­policymakers in key areas
from labor relations and migration to diplomacy and trade.

More information about this series at

http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14661
 Martha Chaiklin • Philip Gooding
Gwyn Campbell
Editors

Animal Trade
Histories in the Indian
Ocean World
Editors
Martha Chaiklin Philip Gooding
Historian Indian Ocean World Centre
Columbia, MD, USA McGill University
Montreal, QC, Canada
Gwyn Campbell
Indian Ocean World Centre
McGill University
Montreal, QC, Canada

Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies

ISBN 978-3-030-42594-4    ISBN 978-3-030-42595-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42595-1

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
­publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The
publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
­institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: © Archivart / Alamy Stock Photo

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To Joseph B. Chaiklin (1929–2019), devoted to dogs and good writing.

And to Émilie, Adèle, and Mathis, two of whom gave us the pleasure of
joining us during the writing of this book.
 Contents

1 Introduction: Investigating Animals, Their Products,

and Their Trades in the Indian Ocean World  1
Martha Chaiklin and Philip Gooding

2 The Dutch East India Company and the Transport of

Live Exotic Animals in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth
Centuries 27
Ria Winters

3 Can the Oyster Speak? Pearling Empires and the

Marine Environments of South India and Sri Lanka,
c. 1600–1900 65
Samuel Ostroff

4 Chank Fishing in South India Under the English East

India Company, 1800–40 99
Sundar Vadlamudi

5 Horses and Power in the Southern Red Sea Region Since

the Seventeenth Century125
Steven Serels

vii
viii Contents

6 The Donkey Trade of the Indian Ocean World in the

Long Nineteenth Century147
William Gervase Clarence-Smith

7 Commercialisation of Cattle in Imperial Madagascar,

1795–1895181
Gwyn Campbell

8 Ayutthaya’s Seventeenth-Century Deerskin Trade in the

Extended Eastern Indian Ocean and South China Sea217
Ilicia J. Sprey and Kenneth R. Hall

9 The Ivory Trade and Political Power in Nineteenth-­

Century East Africa247
Philip Gooding

10 The Flight of the Peacock, or How Peacocks Became

Japanese277
Martha Chaiklin

Index315
 Notes on Contributors

Gwyn Campbell is the founding Director of the Indian Ocean World

Centre at McGill University, Canada, General Editor of the Palgrave Series
in Indian Ocean World Studies, and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of
Indian Ocean World Studies. He holds degrees in Economic History from
the universities of Birmingham and Wales; has taught in India, Madagascar,
Britain, South Africa, Belgium, and France; and was an academic consul-
tant for South Africa in inter-governmental negotiations that resulted in
the formation of an Indian Ocean regional association in 1997. He held a
Canada Research Chair in Indian Ocean World History from 2005 to
2019, a Humboldt Award from 2017 to 2019, and directs a major inter-
national research project entitled “Appraising Risk, Past and Present:
Interrogating Historical Data to Enhance Understanding of Environmental
Crises in the Indian Ocean World.” His publications include Africa and
the Indian Ocean World from Early Times to 1900 (2019), David Griffiths
and the Missionary “History of Madagascar” (2012), and An Economic
History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895 (2005).
Martha Chaiklin received her PhD from Leiden University, the
Netherlands. She first became interested in animals when researching her
first book, Cultural Commerce and Dutch Commercial Culture (2003)
and noticed many references to birds in Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie
(VOC) documents. This resulted in “Exotic Bird Collecting in Early
Modern Japan,” in JAPANimals, Greg Pflugfelder and Brett Walker eds.
(2005). Since then she has combined her interest in material culture and
animals with publications on elephants, live animal gifts, tortoiseshell,
and ivory.
ix
x NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

William Gervase Clarence-Smith is Emeritus Professor of History at

SOAS (the School of Arts, Sciences & Education), University of London,
UK. He has written on the history of various animals around the world,
notably on the trade and transport of equids in the Indian Ocean, the rais-
ing of equids in Mainland Southeast Asia, and the global spread of
Trypanosoma evansi (surra) as a disease of equids and camels. He is
researching a global history of mules from around 1400 CE.
Philip Gooding is a postdoctoral fellow at the Indian Ocean World
Centre, McGill University, Canada, and a course lecturer in McGill’s
Department of History and Classical Studies. He holds a PhD in History
(2017) from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
London. He has written articles in Slavery and Abolition and The Journal
of African History, among other journals, and is broadly interested in
examining the commercial, cultural, and environmental linkages between
the history of the East African Great Lakes and the history of the wider
Indian Ocean World.
Kenneth R. Hall is Professor of History at Ball State University, USA. He
studies the history of the Indian Ocean and South China and Java Seas
with a focus on India and Southeast Asia. He has written several mono-
graphs, most recently A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade
and Societal Development 100–1500 (2010); and Networks of Trade, Polity,
and Societal Integration in Chola-Era South India c. 875–1400 (2013). He
has also written many academic journal articles and book chapters, and has
edited several volumes that are focal on revisionist historiography with
specific focus on transitional Asian urban and societal networking. These
include The Growth of Non-Western Cities: Primary and Secondary Urban
Networking in the Non-West c. 900–1900 (2011); Secondary Cities and
Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm c. 1400–1800 (2008); and
Cross-Cultural Networking in the Eastern Indian Ocean Realm, c.
100–1800 (2019).
Samuel Ostroff holds a joint PhD in History and South Asia Studies
from the University of Pennsylvania, USA. He holds an MA in South Asia
Studies from the University of Pennsylvania; an MA in Middle Eastern,
South Asian, and African Studies from Columbia University; and a BA in
History from Bucknell University. Based on primary archival research in
India, England, and the Netherlands, Ostroff’s dissertation examines the
intersection of the pearling economy, Dutch and British imperialism, and
the marine environment in the Gulf of Mannar in the eighteenth and
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xi

­ ineteenth centuries. He is the Publications Officer at the Institute for

n
Health Metrics and Evaluation and an affiliate lecturer in the Henry
M. Jackson School of International Studies at the University of Washington,
Seattle.
Steven Serels is a research fellow at the Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient
in Berlin, Germany. He holds a Master’s (2007) and a PhD in History
(2012), both from McGill University, and a Bachelor of Fine Arts from
The Cooper Union (2005). He is the author of Starvation and the State:
Famine, Slavery and Power in Sudan 1883–1956 (2013) and The
Impoverishment of the African Red Sea Littoral, c1640–1945 (2018).
Ilicia J. Sprey is Professor of History and the Dean of the School of Arts,
Sciences & Education at Ivy Tech Community College, Lafayette Campus,
Indiana, USA. She focuses on fifteenth- through eighteenth-century
Cochinchina, the Vietnamese littoral, and the Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya,
and she is particularly interested in these regions’ contributions to com-
merce and the political treatment of minority populations within them.
Her work has been published in Southeast Asian- and European-focused
journals, and she has contributed to multiple edited volumes related to
maritime trade, cultural influences and exchanges, and the ecological and
human impact of trade on indigenous peoples. These volumes include
India and Southeast Asia: Cultural Discourses (2018), Subversive Sovereigns
Across the Seas: Indian Ocean Ports-of-Trade from Early Historic Times to
Late Colonialism, Asiatic Society (2017), Rethinking Connectivity: Region,
Place and Space in Asia (2016), and Vanguards of Globalization: Port-
Cities from the Classical to the Modern (2013).
Sundar Vadlamudi is Assistant Professor of History at the American
University of Sharjah, UAE. He is a historian of South Asia and the Indian
Ocean World. His research areas include Islam in South Asia, Indian
Ocean trade, economic history of South Asia, and socio-religious reform
movements in India. His current research focuses on the participa-
tion of Tamil-speaking Muslims in the maritime trade in the Indian
Ocean during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
Ria Winters is a Dutch historian and artist who specialises in animal his-
tory and the culture of the Dutch Golden Age. She works at the Allard
Pierson Museum and Institute of the University of Amsterdam. Her most
recent subjects involve the history of South African society and l­iterature,
for which she is developing a deeper understanding by attending master
classes at the African Studies Center of Leiden University.
 List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Boyd Smith, ‘The Arab and the Camel.’ From Aesop’s Fables
(New York: Century Company, 1911), 159. Collection of the
Library of Congress3
Fig. 2.1 A rare instruction written in 1624 from the central
management of the VOC (Heeren XVII), with the request to
bring back rare animals—‘Rare gedierten’—on the ships. The
heading is captured in the rectangular outline. National
Archive, The Hague. NL-HaNA, VOC, 1.04.02,
inv.nr. 5001, unfoliated manuscript 33
Fig. 2.2 Engraving of a cassowary by Crispijn van den Queborn,
approx. 1614. The bird was a gift of shipmaster Willem
Jacobsz to Prince Maurits of Orange. Rijksmuseum
Amsterdam, inv.nr. RP-P-OB-79.498 34
Fig. 2.3 Zebu, gouache by Jan Velten, Amsterdam, approx. 1700.
Artis Library of the University of Amsterdam, Collection
Jan Velten, inv.nr. 17R 41
Fig. 2.4 Chukar partridge, gouache by Jan Velten, Amsterdam,
approx. 1700. Artis Library of the University of Amsterdam,
Collection Jan Velten, inv.nr. 7R 46
Fig. 2.5 Engraving of the Dutch in Mauritius, published in the travel
narrative published in 1601, the ‘True report,’ by Jacob van
Neck and Wybrant van Warwijck: Het tvveede boeck, iournael
oft dagh-register, inhoudende een warachtich verhael ende
historische vertellinghe vande reyse, gedaen door de acht schepen
van Amstelredamme, gheseylt inden maent martij 159852
Fig. 3.1 Oysters. De Jonville Manuscript, British Library 74
Fig. 3.2 Oysters. De Jonville Manuscript, British Library 74

xiii
xiv List of Figures

Fig. 7.1 Cattle horns ritually displayed. From: Louis Catat, Voyage à
Madagascar (Paris: Hachette, 1895), 165 184
Fig. 7.2 Fattening cattle. From: William Ellis, History of Madagascar.
Comprising also the Progress of the Christian Mission
Established in 1818; and an Authentic Account of the Recent
Martyrdom of Rafaravavy; and of the Persecution of the Native
Christians, vol. I (London: Fisher, Son, & Co., 1838), 46 189
Fig. 7.3 Fandroana bullock c. 1896. From: 5.3 IMP-NMS-A02-104
in: Gwyn Campbell, David Griffiths and the Missionary
‘History of Madagascar’ (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 559 191
Fig. 7.4 Embarking cattle at the port of Tamatave, Madagascar.
From: Illustrated London News (17 September 1864), Neg
No: 58_2303, National Maritime Museum 202
Fig. 8.1 Eastern Indian Ocean trade, c.1600–1850, ‘Map showing
the early European agencies, factories & Settlements [sic] in
the Indian archipelago, to illustrate [the] Report of the India
Office Records by Fered; Chas, Danvers, 1887. Collection of
the British Library 224
Fig. 8.2 French map of Ayutthaya (1686) showing the various
resident communities. From: ‘A Map of the City of Siam,’ in
La Loubère, A New Historical Relation of the Kingdom of
Siam (London: Thomas Horne, Francis Saunders, and
Thomas Bennet, 1693), 7 235
Fig. 9.1 Sketch map of major commercial centres in nineteenth-
century East Africa 252
Fig. 10.1 Archaeopteryx. The Thermopolis specimen found in Bavaria.
Jurassic Period. Photograph by Dr. Burkhard Pohl.
Collection of the Wyoming Dinosaur Center 280
Fig. 10.2 Tengu with feather fan, centre. Tengu nado [Tengu and
miscellaneous]. Hokusai school, mid-nineteenth century.
Collection of the Library of Congress 286
Fig. 10.3 Utagawa Toyoharu. Kyo¯to Sanjūsangendo¯ no zu [Illustration
of Kyoto Sanjūsangendō]. Between 1764 and 1772.
Collection of the Library of Congress. The archery target can
be seen at the end of the veranda 287
Fig. 10.4 Kubo Shunman, Hama-Yumi, and Buriburi-Gitcho, Boy’s
Toys, for the New Year Celebration, nineteenth century.
Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 288
Fig. 10.5 Torii Kiyotomo, Woman with Battledore and Shuttlecock,
1815–1820. Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art 290
 List of Figures  xv

Fig. 10.6 Brush with peacock feathers. Feather-brush with Doran

(a kind of medicine case) with a Netsuke of a Rat. Toyota
Hokkei, c. 1816. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
H. O. Havemeyer Collection, Bequest of Mrs.
H. O. Havemeyer, 1929 292
Fig. 10.7 Stage one from Ehon takara no itosuji [Picture Book of
Brocades with Precious Threads] showing use of feathers.
Katsukawa Shunsho and Kitao Masashige 1786. 1917
reprint owned by D.G. Wittner 293
Fig. 10.8 Detail of figured silk jinbaori with peacock feathers. c.
1700–1800. ©Victoria and Albert Museum. Given by
T. B. Clarke-Thornhill 298
Fig. 10.9 Writing desk with feather brush. Peacock feathers are partially
visible to the left. From the series: Yoshiwara keisei bijin
awase jihitsu kagami [The actual mirror of a group of
beauties from the Yoshiwara]. 1784. Collection of the
Library of Congress. Gift of Crosby Stuart Noyes 300
Fig. 10.10 Kubo Shunman. Courtesan Dreaming of the New Year’s
Procession. 1814. Collection of the Metropolitan
Museum of Art  301
Fig. 10.11 Japonesque birthday cards depicting peacock feather and
other fans. c. 1884. Publishers Proofs of the Publications of
L. Prange & Co. Collection of the New York Public Library  306
Fig. 10.12 James McNeill Whistler. The Peacock Room. Oil paint and
gold leaf on canvas, leather, mosaic tile, and wood. Freer and
Sackler Gallery of Art. Gift of Charles Lang Freer 308
 List of Tables

Table 4.1 EIC proclamation issued by the district collector of Tinnevelly

announcing the fishery for fasli 1229 (July 1819–June 1820) 105
Table 4.2 Terms of cowle (grant) issued for chank fishing in Tinnevelly
for fasli 1217 109
Table 4.3 List of offers made for renting Ramnad chank fishery (1800–01) 111
Table 4.4 Names of renters of chank fishery in Tuticorin from
1801 to 1833 112
Table 4.5 List of offers made for renting Tinnevelly chank fishery
(July 1819–June 1820) 113
Table 4.6 Government’s revenue from chank fisheries conducted
in Tinnevelly and Tanjore 117
Table 7.1 Mauritius: Malagasy cattle, meat and rice imports, 1824–26 196
Table 7.2 Morondava: Exports in October 1879–October 1880, &
1882 ($ Malagasy)  210

xvii
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction: Investigating Animals, Their

Products, and Their Trades in the Indian
Ocean World

Martha Chaiklin and Philip Gooding

Introduction
Aesop may be as much a fable as the stories attributed to him, but some
place his origins in the Indian Ocean World (IOW), in Ethiopia to be pre-
cise.1 He was described as ugly, almost bestial, and in the early part of his
life, like an animal, unable to speak, but very wise. His liminal existence
made him both a suitable interlocutor for the various oral traditions about

1
Martinus Scriblerus, ‘In an essay concerning the origin of sciences’ (1741) seems to be
the origin of this idea that thereafter spread widely as fact. This collection of essays and paro-
dies were written by Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, and others. It was an attack on ped-
antry and excessive attention to detail.

M. Chaiklin (*)
Historian, Columbia, MD, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Gooding
Indian Ocean World Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s) 2020 1

M. Chaiklin et al. (eds.), Animal Trade Histories in the Indian
Ocean World, Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42595-1_1
2 M. CHAIKLIN AND P. GOODING

human and animal behaviour that are attributed to him and an early
expression of the still common anthropomorphism of animals. In one of
Aesop’s lesser-known fables, a caravan merchant loads up his camel with
merchandise. The so-called ship of the desert can carry as much as a thou-
sand pounds, depending on breed, and were vital to the transport of goods
around the Indian Ocean. The merchant then asked, ‘Camel, would you
prefer to take the uphill road or the downhill road?’ The animal responded
sarcastically, ‘Why, is the flat one closed?’ This is generally interpreted to
mean that one should not ask obvious questions. Another reading is that
one should not purposely make things harder than needed. In this parable,
are we the merchants or the camel?
At first glance, it might seem like we are the merchants, loading up a
rich historiography with more baggage to carry across a road well-­travelled.
But we would suggest that in fact we are the irascible camel, pointing out
not so much a gap in this historiography, but a way to shape it that has
frequently been bypassed for different roads. Until the development of
synthetics in the late nineteenth century (the first synthetic polymer was
patented in 1869), nearly everything humans used, like the beginning of
the game of 20 questions, was made from or dependent on animal, vege-
table, or mineral. Animals, domesticated, wild, or no longer animate,
therefore elucidate human history by evidencing their relationship with
their environment. If we take our surly camel as an example, these animals
were integral to trade throughout the IOW. They did not just provide an
efficient mode of transport for commodities over rough terrain, they
themselves were traded, and provided humans with meat, milk, and pro-
tection from the elements through clothing, blankets, and tents made
from their hair. Camel hair was also widely traded, and put to a variety of
uses, even artists brushes.2 Ignoring our brethren of the animal world is
like ignoring the flat road. Trade is only one of many potential avenues in
which to examine this relationship but it is an important one.
This volume is focused on the IOW, a macro-region that stretches from
southern and eastern Africa, through the Middle East, South Asia,
Southeast Asia, and East Asia and Australasia. It is the region that is
affected directly or indirectly by the Indian Ocean monsoon system of
winds, currents, and rains, which underpins agriculture, trade, and animal

2
Thomas Mortimer, A General Dictionary of Commerce, Trade and Manufacture (London:
Richard Phillips, 1810), n.p.
 1 INTRODUCTION: INVESTIGATING ANIMALS, THEIR PRODUCTS… 3

Fig. 1.1 Boyd Smith,

‘The Arab and the
Camel.’ From Aesop’s
Fables (New York:
Century Company,
1911), 159. Collection of
the Library of Congress

habitats in IOW history.3 Animals, especially charismatic megafauna, are

central to popular imaginations of this ‘world.’ Whether they be the ‘Big
Five’ (lion, elephant, rhinoceros, leopard, and buffalo) of East Africa,
camels of the Middle East, tigers of South Asia, orangutans of Southeast
Asia, or koalas and kangaroos of Australasia, visions of different IOW
regions are intimately connected with their indigenous fauna.

3
Gwyn Campbell, Africa and the Indian Ocean World from early times to circa 1900
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 1–21.
4 M. CHAIKLIN AND P. GOODING

Creatures of Commerce
The fauna of the IOW is as diverse as the region is capacious. They never-
theless form a cohesive field of study because they are connected beyond
their natural habitat or migration patterns through their exploitation by
human beings. Animals, their products, and their trades provide this vol-
ume with two key threads. Firstly, they inform historical understandings of
the connections around the IOW and from the IOW to other regions over
the longue-dureé. Secondly, they express how human history has been
shaped by human interactions with the changing natural world. Human
beings are ‘creatures of commerce,’ and animals were an important part of
that commerce. Homo sapiens, as part of the natural world, have interacted
with and utilized animals for their entire existence. The transition from
antagonism to a more complex relationship probably began with the
domestication of dogs some 15,000 years ago. Domestication is the pro-
cess of adaptation to assist human needs, and is generally considered to
involve physiological change. It occurs through a symbiotic relationship
based on mutual benefit, a pragmatic relationship that was until modern
times, the dominant relationship. Hunting is the most likely reason dogs
were domesticated. Ungulates like camels were not domesticated until
perhaps 6000 years ago. As Jared Diamond noted, domestication of ani-
mals as part of food production was ‘a prerequisite for the development of
guns, germs, and steel.’4 In other words, the domestication of animals was
not an abstract expression of power, but the foundation upon which pop-
ulation growth and technological development occurred. Thus maritime
trade, which is an element of each of the chapters in this book, is partly a
result of domestication of animals.
Intellectually, one significant way of understanding animals was through
classification, principally as a way to deal with human health. Animals are
found in many early texts because many of them were partially written
about medicinal practice. Aristotle (384–322 BCE) in the West and The
Classic of Mountain and Seas from China (third- to second-century BCE)
show the age and universality of classification. From the late Renaissance,
most intellectual engagement with animals was focused on their classifica-
tion, as exemplified perhaps by Konrad Gessner’s (1516–1565) De historia
animalium (1551–1558). At the same time, there was a developing

4
Jared Diamond, Guns, Germans and Steel (New York: W.W. Norton & Company,
1997), 86.
 1 INTRODUCTION: INVESTIGATING ANIMALS, THEIR PRODUCTS… 5

discourse on the existence or lack of animal souls and what that ethical
concern would imply towards their treatment.5 Modern taxonomy is usu-
ally considered to date from Linnaeus. Nevertheless, it was Charles
Darwin’s The Origin of the Species (1859) that bridged the philosophical
gap to create a wider public discussion about what is human and what is
animal. The idea that humans were related to apes was considered demean-
ing and conflicted with biblical dogma. Darwin expanded on his position
in later, lesser-known works such The Expression of Emotions in Man and
Animals (1872), where he argued that expressions of emotion are univer-
sal across humanity and in the animal kingdom.6 The outrage that Darwin’s
contemporaries felt at being related to the animal kingdom in general and
apes in particular led to a deeper consideration of just what defined
humanity.7
Modern approaches to animal studies derive largely from the philo-
sophical approaches that evolved from Enlightenment thinkers, spread
through the work of Darwin, and accelerated through the environmental
consciousness and animal rights activism of the last half century.8 These
works often focus on moral or ethical perspectives, opposing the ‘specie-
sism’ that places human beings above other sentient beings to focus on the
emotional lives of animals, their agency, and the ‘anthropomorphisation’
of animal existence. This book was neither conceived nor executed to
advance these particular debates, although they will nonetheless contrib-
ute to them. Rather, it is a book about the IOW framed around animals.
This collection had its origins in a conference in October 2014, entitled
‘Trade in Animals and Animal Products in the Indian Ocean World from
Early Times to c.1900,’ organized by Omri Bassewich-Frenkel as part of
the Indian Ocean World Centre, McGill University. It lies more firmly in
trends in world history through its environmental elements, chronological

5
See, for example, the various works in: Aaron Garrett, ed. Animal Rights and Souls in the
Eighteenth Century (Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 2000), 6 vols.
6
Charles Darwin, The Origin of the Species (London: John Murray, 1859); Charles Darwin,
The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (London: John Murray, 1872).
7
Contemporary critics included Adam Sedgwick, John Herschel, and John Stewart Mill,
but also included many anonymous pamphlets and articles.
8
For a summary of existing output in one IOW region, see: Sandra Swart, ‘Animals in
African history,’ Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History (2019), 1–16. Richard
Grove also traces aspects of this ‘environmental consciousness’ to the deeper past. See:
Richard Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial expansion, tropical island Edens, and the origins
of environmentalism, 1600–1860 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
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 Ethics - Book Review
Fall 2023 - Laboratory

Prepared by: Lecturer Miller

Date: July 28, 2025

Test 1: Research findings and conclusions

Learning Objective 1: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 4: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 6: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 8: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 2: Research findings and conclusions
Example 10: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 15: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 15: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 18: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 3: Historical development and evolution
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 24: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 25: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 30: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Appendix 4: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 36: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Part 5: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 43: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 44: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 45: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 46: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 49: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 6: Fundamental concepts and principles
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 56: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 58: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 59: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 7: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 61: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 63: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 8: Case studies and real-world applications
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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